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Iqbal J, Khan MJ, Hafeez M, Siddiqui JA, Fahad M, Ali B, Imran M, Ahmad A, Fahad S. Impact of cement waste on soil fertility and crop productivity: a serious concern for food security. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41775-41790. [PMID: 38856853 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of urbanization and construction activities has led to a significant increase in cement production worldwide, resulting in a surge in cement waste generation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the repercussions of cement waste on soil fertility and crop productivity, emphasizing its critical implications for global food security. Through a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing field surveys, laboratory experiments, and statistical modeling, we assess the physicochemical alterations induced by cement waste in agricultural soils. Our findings reveal substantial declines in crucial soil parameters, including pH levels, organic matter content, and nutrient availability, which directly translate into diminished crop yields. Furthermore, the study identifies key mechanisms underlying these detrimental effects, including altered microbial communities and disrupted nutrient cycling processes. In addition, the findings underscore the severity of the issue, revealing substantial declines in soil fertility and crop yields in areas affected by cement waste contamination. Additionally, we discuss potential mitigation strategies and policy interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of cement waste on agricultural systems. By quantifying the extent of soil degradation and crop yield reduction attributed to cement waste, this research underscores the urgency for sustainable waste management practices and highlights the need for policy interventions to safeguard agricultural productivity and ensure global food security in the face of escalating urbanization and construction activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Civil, NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology Khanewal Road, Engineering, Multan, 6000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamal Khan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Fahad
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bahar Ali
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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Chyliński F. Microstructural Assessment of Pozzolanic Activity of Ilmenite Mud Waste Compared to Fly Ash in Cement Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2483. [PMID: 38893747 PMCID: PMC11172485 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the influence of adding rinsed ilmenite mud waste (R-MUD) on the microstructure of Portland cement composites, compared to similar composites containing fly ash (FA). The aim of the study is the assessment of the pozzolanic activity of ilmenite mud waste by its impact on the microstructure of the cement matrix in comparison to the undoubted pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The presented test results include pore size distribution, phase composition, pozzolanic activity using thermal analysis, R3 bound water test, and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tests were performed on mortars cured for up to 360 days. The results presented in this paper have shown that R-MUD has a pozzolanic activity level similar to FA or better, which influences pore size distribution in the composite and its microstructure. During the curing process, the microstructure of composites containing R-MUD became more compact and sealed than those with FA, which might also increase their durability. The results of the R3 tests have proven the pozzolanic activity of R-MUD but its level was lower than FA. R-MUD might be a useful substitute for fly ash, especially given the lack of good-quality fly ash on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Chyliński
- Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
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Shanks B, Howe C, Draper S, Wong H, Cheeseman C. Carbon capture and storage in low-carbon concrete using products derived from olivine. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231645. [PMID: 38699552 PMCID: PMC11061639 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel process is reported that produces amorphous silica and nesquehonite (MgCO3·3H2O) from the magnesium silicate mineral olivine ((Mg, Fe)2·SiO4). The amorphous silica forms a supplementary cementitious material for use in concrete. The formation of nesquehonite sequesters carbon making the overall process carbon negative. Nesquehonite can also be used to form low-carbon construction products such as bricks, blocks and boards. This article reports on key process optimization studies. The potential for amorphous precipitated silica derived from olivine to produce carbon-negative concrete is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney Shanks
- Centre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, , LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Howe
- Centre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, , LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sam Draper
- Centre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, , LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hong Wong
- Centre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, , LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christopher Cheeseman
- Centre for Infrastructure Materials, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, , LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
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Kalinowska-Wichrowska K, Pawluczuk E, Chyliński F, Chai HK, Joka Yildiz M, Chuczun A, Łuniewski S. Properties of Geopolymer Mixtures Incorporating Recycled Ceramic Fines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1740. [PMID: 38673097 PMCID: PMC11051182 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This research aimed to optimize the production conditions for geopolymer matrices by investigating the combination of heat curing conditions and the incorporation of recycled ceramic fines (CFs) as a partial replacement material for fly ash (FA). The obtained physical and mechanical properties of the composites confirmed the positive impact resulting from increasing the curing temperature from 65 °C to 85 °C and using CFs in the amount of 37.5% as a replacement for FA. The results were from laboratory tests performed to evaluate compressive strength, bending strength, bulk density, and water absorption of the geopolymer mixes. In addition, microscopic observations and porosity assessment were also performed, which confirmed that a further increase in the replacement of FA by CFs causes an increase in the porosity of the mixes and, thus, a decrease in all the assessed properties that are relevant to their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.Y.); (A.C.)
| | - Edyta Pawluczuk
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.Y.); (A.C.)
| | - Filip Chyliński
- Building Research Institute, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hwa Kian Chai
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FG, UK;
| | - Magdalena Joka Yildiz
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.Y.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Chuczun
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.J.Y.); (A.C.)
| | - Stanisław Łuniewski
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, Eastern European University of Applied Sciences, Ciepła 40, 15-472 Bialystok, Poland;
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Lu H, You K, Feng W, Zhou N, Fridley D, Price L, de la Rue du Can S. Reducing China's building material embodied emissions: Opportunities and challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in building materials. iScience 2024; 27:109028. [PMID: 38433904 PMCID: PMC10906394 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Embodied emissions from the production of building materials account for 17% of China's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and are important to focus on as China aims to achieve its carbon neutrality goals. However, there is a lack of systematic assessments on embodied emissions reduction potential of building materials that consider both the heterogeneous industrial characteristics as well as the Chinese buildings sector context. Here, we developed an integrated model that combines future demand of building materials in China with the strategies to reduce CO2 emissions associated with their production, using, and recycling. We found that measures to improve material efficiency in the value-chain has the largest CO2 mitigation potential before 2030 in both Low Carbon and Carbon Neutrality Scenarios, and continues to be significant through 2060. Policies to accelerate material efficiency practices, such as incorporating embodied emissions in building codes and conducting robust research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) in carbon removal are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyou Lu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kairui You
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Material Sciences and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Material Sciences and Energy Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Fridley
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lynn Price
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Balagosa J, Lee MJ, Choo YW, Kim HS, Kim JM. Experimental Validation of the Cementation Mechanism of Wood Pellet Fly Ash Blended Binder in Weathered Granite Soil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6543. [PMID: 37834678 PMCID: PMC10573990 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In response to climate change, wood pellets have been increasingly utilized as a sustainable energy source. However, their growing utilization increases the production of wood pellet fly ash (WA) by-products, necessitating alternative recycling technologies due to a shortage of discharging landfills. Thus, this research seeks to utilize WA by developing a new sustainable construction material, called wood pellet fly ash blended binder (WABB), and to validate its stabilizing performance in natural soils, namely weathered granite soil (WS). WABB is made from 50% WA, 30% ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and 20% cement by dry mass. WS was mixed with 5%, 15%, and 25% WABB and was tested for a series of unconfined compressive strength (qu), pH, and suction tests at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. For the microstructural analyses, XRD, SEM, and EDS were employed. As the WABB dosage rate increased, the average qu increased by 1.88 to 11.77, which was higher than that of compacted WS without any binder. Newly cementitious minerals were also confirmed. These results suggest that the effects of the combined hydration mechanism of WABB are due to cement's role in facilitating early strength development, GGBS's latent hydraulic properties, and WA's capacity to stimulate the alkaline components of WABB and soil grains. Thus, this research validates a new sustainable binder, WABB, as a potential alternative to conventional soil stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebie Balagosa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea; (J.B.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Min-Jy Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea; (J.B.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Yun-Wook Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea; (J.B.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Ha-Seog Kim
- Department of Architectural and Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Architectural and Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea; (H.-S.K.); (J.-M.K.)
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Antunes M, Santos RL, Horta RB, Colaço R. Novel Amorphous-Wollastonitic Low-Calcium Hydraulic Binders: A State-of-the-Art Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4874. [PMID: 37445188 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of the severe environmental impact of the CO2 emissions associated with the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the increasing demand for this commodity material, the development of alternative products has become a global concern. One alternative to OPC, or alitic-based clinkers, are amorphous-wollastonitic low-calcium hydraulic binders (AWLCs). This new class of hydraulic binders, described in the literature for the first time in 2015, may significantly reduce the CO2 emissions associated with its production, resulting from its lower calcium content, but also from the fact that its production technology can be fully electrified. In this paper, a state-of-the-art review is presented, providing a comprehensive description of the latest research, summarizing both the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of this type of hydraulic binder, as well as possible routes for its production at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Antunes
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- IDMEC-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo L Santos
- CIMPOR-Cimentos de Portugal, SGPS S.A., 1099-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo B Horta
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rogério Colaço
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- IDMEC-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Odhiambo VO, Scheinherrová L, Abuodha SO, Mwero JN, Marangu JM. Effects of Alternate Wet and Dry Conditions on the Mechanical and Physical Performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Mortars Immersed in Sodium Sulfate Media. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8935. [PMID: 36556740 PMCID: PMC9786565 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate attack in concrete structures significantly reduces their durability. This article reports the experimental findings on the effects of sodium sulfate on limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in an alternate wet and dry media. The samples underwent wet-dry conditions of 28 cycles. Two types of LC3 were studied, one made from clay (LC3-CL) and the other made from fired rejected clay bricks (LC3-FR). The composition of each LC3 blend by weight was 50% clinker, 30% calcined clay, 15% limestone, and 5% gypsum. The reference compressive strength was evaluated at 2, 7, and 28 days of age. Then, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and LC3-CL blends were subjected to alternate wet-dry cycle tests, immersion in a 5% sodium sulfate solution, or in water. For all exposed samples, sorptivity tests and compressive strength were done. The results showed that LC3 blends met the requirements for KS-EAS 18-1:2017 standard, which specifies the composition and conformity criteria for common cements in Kenya. The LC3 blend also had a lower rate of initial absorption compared to OPC. Additionally, LC3 blend also showed good resistance to sodium sulfate when exposed to alternating wetting and drying environment. OPC showed higher compressive strength than LC3 blends for testing ages of 2, 7, and 28 days. However, the LC3 samples utilized in the sodium sulfate attack experiment, which were later tested after 84 days, exhibited higher compressive strengths than OPC tested after the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenka Scheinherrová
- Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - John Nyiro Mwero
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mwiti Marangu
- Department of Physical Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru 60200, Kenya
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Abstract
The discovery of an innovative category of inorganic geopolymer composites has generated extensive scientific attention and the kaleidoscopic development of their applications. The escalating concerns over global warming owing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a primary greenhouse gas, from the ordinary Portland cement industry, may hopefully be mitigated by the development of geopolymer construction composites with a lower carbon footprint. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the rheological, strength and durability properties of geopolymer composites, along with shedding light on their recent key advancements viz., micro-structures, state-of-the-art applications such as the immobilization of toxic or radioactive wastes, digital geopolymer concrete, 3D-printed fly ash-based geopolymers, hot-pressed and foam geopolymers, etc. They have a crystal-clear role to play in offering a sustainable prospect to the construction industry, as part of the accessible toolkit of building materials—binders, cements, mortars, concretes, etc. Consequently, the present scientometric review manuscript is grist for the mill and aims to contribute as a single key note document assessing exhaustive research findings for establishing the viability of fly ash-based geopolymer composites as the most promising, durable, sustainable, affordable, user and eco-benevolent building materials for the future.
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