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Le VS, Sharko A, Sharko O, Stepanchikov D, Buczkowska KE, Louda P. Multicriteria optimization of the composition, thermodynamic and strength properties of fly-ash as an additive in metakaolin-based geopolymer composites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10434. [PMID: 38714763 PMCID: PMC11076601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the construction of intelligent systems for selecting the optimum concentration of geopolymer matrix components based on ranking optimality criteria. A peculiarity of the methodology is replacing discrete time intervals with a sequence of states. Markov chains represent a synthetic property accumulating heterogeneous factors. The computational basis for the calculations was the digitization of experimental data on the strength properties of fly ashes collected from thermal power plants in the Czech Republic and used as additives in geopolymers. A database and a conceptual model of priority ranking have been developed, that are suitable for determining the structure of relations of the main factors. Computational results are presented by studying geopolymer matrix structure formation kinetics under changing component concentrations in real- time. Multicriteria optimization results for fly-ash as an additive on metakaolin-based geopolymer composites show that the optimal composition of the geopolymer matrix within the selected variation range includes 100 g metakaolin, 90 g potassium activator, 8 g silica fume, 2 g basalt fibers and 50 g fly ash by ratio weight. This ratio gives the best mechanical, thermal, and technological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Su Le
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 1409/7, 46001, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Artem Sharko
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 1409/7, 46001, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Sharko
- Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakov Ave., Kherson, 73000, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Stepanchikov
- Kherson National Technical University, Berislavske Shose, Kherson, 73008, Ukraine
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska
- Department of Material Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Louda
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kalisz, Nowy Świet 4, 62-800, Kalisz, Poland
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Abdullah GMS, Ahmad M, Babur M, Badshah MU, Al-Mansob RA, Gamil Y, Fawad M. Boosting-based ensemble machine learning models for predicting unconfined compressive strength of geopolymer stabilized clayey soil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2323. [PMID: 38282061 PMCID: PMC10822860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The present research employs new boosting-based ensemble machine learning models i.e., gradient boosting (GB) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of geopolymer stabilized clayey soil. The GB and AdaBoost models were developed and validated using 270 clayey soil samples stabilized with geopolymer, with ground-granulated blast-furnace slag and fly ash as source materials and sodium hydroxide solution as alkali activator. The database was randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) sets for model development and validation. Several performance metrics, including coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean squared error (MSE), were utilized to assess the accuracy and reliability of the developed models. The statistical results of this research showed that the GB and AdaBoost are reliable models based on the obtained values of R2 (= 0.980, 0.975), MAE (= 0.585, 0.655), RMSE (= 0.969, 1.088), and MSE (= 0.940, 1.185) for the testing dataset, respectively compared to the widely used artificial neural network, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, multivariable regression, and multi-gen genetic programming based models. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis result shows that ground-granulated blast-furnace slag content was the key parameter affecting the UCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamil M S Abdullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, P.O. 1988, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia.
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus), Bannu, 28100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Babur
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Badshah
- Water Wing, Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), WAPDA House Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Ramez A Al-Mansob
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor, 50728, Malaysia
| | - Yaser Gamil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Fawad
- Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Ilieva D, Angelova L, Radoykova T, Surleva A, Chernev G, Vizureanu P, Burduhos-Nergis DD, Sandu AV. Characterization of Bulgarian Copper Mine Tailing as a Precursor for Obtaining Geopolymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:542. [PMID: 38591411 PMCID: PMC10856451 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Valorization of high-volume mine tailings could be achieved by the development of new geopolymers with a low CO2 footprint. Materials rich in aluminum and silicon with appropriate solubility in an alkaline medium can be used to obtain a geopolymer. This paper presents a study of copper mine tailings from Bulgaria as precursors for geopolymers. Particle size distribution, chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as alkaline reactivity, acidity and electroconductivity of aqueous slurry are studied. The heavy metal content and their mobility are studied by leaching tests. Sequential extraction was applied to determine the geochemical phase distribution of heavy metals. The studied samples were characterized by high alkalinity, which could favor the geopolymerization process. The water-soluble sulphates were less than 4%. The Si/Al ratio in mine tailing was found to be 3. The alkaline reactivity depended more so on the time of extraction than on the concentration of NaOH solution. The main part of the heavy metals was found in the residual fraction; hence, in high alkaline medium during the geopolymerization process, they will stay fixed. Thus, the obtained geopolymers could be expected to exert low environmental impact. The presented results revealed that studied copper mine tailing is a suitable precursor for geopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Ilieva
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 “St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.I.); (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Lyudmila Angelova
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 “St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.I.); (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Temenuzhka Radoykova
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 “St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.I.); (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Andriana Surleva
- Faculty of Chemical Technologies, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 “St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.I.); (L.A.); (T.R.)
| | - Georgi Chernev
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 “St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 67 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (D.D.B.-N.); (A.V.S.)
- Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 26 Dacia Blvd., 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dumitru Doru Burduhos-Nergis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 67 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (D.D.B.-N.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 67 Prof. D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania; (D.D.B.-N.); (A.V.S.)
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Li W, Zhang P, Zhu X. Preparation and Application of Polyaluminum Ferric Sulfate from Red Mud: Behaviors of Leaching, Polymerizing, and Coagulation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2468-2479. [PMID: 38250350 PMCID: PMC10795153 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Red mud is a solid waste containing valuable components, such as aluminum and iron. This paper aims to recover aluminum and iron from red mud by acid leaching and prepare polyaluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS) to apply for the turbidity reduction treatment of coal slurry water. The behaviors of leaching, polymerizing, and coagulation were analyzed by leaching thermodynamics and advanced micro-detection methods. More than 90% of aluminum and 60% of iron in red mud were dissolved into the leaching solution by using 50% sulfuric acid (v/v) with 7 mL/g at 100 °C for 2 h, where the crystal lattice of cancrinite was significantly destroyed to promote the dissolution of aluminum. The low polymerization (Al + Fe)a, medium polymerization (Al + Fe)b, and high polymerization (Al + Fe)c could be generated in PAFS by adjusting the basicity of the leaching solution with 0.7-0.9. The removal efficiency of turbidity of wastewater could reach more than 95% by using PAFS at 25 mg/L in the pH range of 6.0-7.0. The turbidity reduction mechanism included not only the electric neutralization of (Al + Fe)a but also the adsorption of (Al + Fe)b and the entrapment effect of (Al + Fe)c. This current study contributes to the future development of red mud based on flocculants containing aluminum and iron for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, China
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Krebs R, Farrington KE, Johnson GR, Luckarift HR, Diltz RA, Owens JR. Biotechnology to reduce logistics burden and promote environmental stewardship for Air Force civil engineering requirements. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108269. [PMID: 37797730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides discussion of advances in biotechnology with specific application to civil engineering requirements for airfield and airbase operations. The broad objectives are soil stabilization, waste management, and environmental protection. The biotechnology focal areas address (1) treatment of soil and sand by biomineralization and biopolymer addition, (2) reduction of solid organic waste by anaerobic digestion, (3) application of microbes and higher plants for biological processing of contaminated wastewater, and (4) use of indigenous materials for airbase construction and repair. The consideration of these methods in military operating scenarios, including austere environments, involves comparison with conventional techniques. All four focal areas potentially reduce logistics burden, increase environmental sustainability, and may provide energy source, or energy-neutral practices that benefit military operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Krebs
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
| | - Karen E Farrington
- ARCTOS, LLC, 2601 Mission Point Blvd., Ste. 300, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA; Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite #2, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL 32403, USA.
| | - Glenn R Johnson
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite #2, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL 32403, USA.
| | - Heather R Luckarift
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201, USA; Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite #2, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL 32403, USA.
| | - Robert A Diltz
- Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite #2, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL 32403, USA.
| | - Jeffery R Owens
- Air Force Civil Engineer Center, 139 Barnes Drive, Suite #2, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL 32403, USA.
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6
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Komaei A, Soroush A, Fattahi SM, Ghanbari H. Wind erosion control using alkali-activated slag cement: Experimental investigation and microstructural analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118633. [PMID: 37478719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to mitigate wind erosion of soil by employing alkali-activated slag. Wind tunnel tests were conducted on soil samples treated with varying percentages of slag at different wind speeds (7, 14, 21, and 28 m/s) and under a sand bombardment condition. In the absence of saltating particles, the erodibility ratios of the alkali-activated slag-treated samples with weight percentages of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% to the untreated sample at the highest wind speed (i.e., 28 m/s) correspond to 0.19%, 0.10%, 0.08%, and 0.06%, respectively. Moreover, in the presence of saltating particle bombardment, these samples exhibited erodibility reductions of 98.5%, 98.8%, 99.4%, and 99.6% compared to the untreated sample. The strength of the formed crusts, determined by penetrometer tests, increased significantly for the treated samples, ranging from 1300 to 6500 times greater than the untreated sample. The complementary analysis using x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of albite and anorthite crystals along with the formation of calcium aluminosilicate hydrate, sodium aluminosilicate hydrate, and calcium silicate hydrate gels in the cementation process. Overall, the study highlights the effectiveness of alkali-activated slag in forming strong crusts that provide substantial protection against wind erosion, resulting in a significant decrease in wind erodibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Komaei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Soroush
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Fattahi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Ghanbari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Ślosarczyk A, Klapiszewska I, Jędrzejczak P, Jędrzejczak W, Klapiszewski Ł. Synthesis and Characterization of Eco-Efficient Alkali-Activated Composites with Self-Cleaning Properties for Sustainable Construction. Molecules 2023; 28:6066. [PMID: 37630317 PMCID: PMC10458852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we aimed to design an eco-efficient composite based on alkali-activated materials (AAMs) with self-cleaning properties for sustainable construction. Significant emphasis was placed on determining the role of the type of precursor, the amount of sodium silicate, and the addition of titanium dioxide on the rheological and mechanical properties of AAMs. An important aspect of the research was the modification of AAM with titanium dioxide to obtain the self-cleaning properties. Titanium dioxide, thanks to its photocatalytic properties, enables the reduction of organic pollutants and nitrogen oxides in the urban atmosphere and promotes the cleaning of material surfaces. Blast furnace slag (BFS) was used as the source material, which was then substituted in subsequent formulations with metakaolinite at 50% and fly ash and zeolite at 30%. The best-activated AAMs, in which blast furnace slag and its mixture with metakaolinite were used as precursors, achieved compressive strengths of 50 MPa. BFS mixtures with pozzolans were more difficult to polymerize, although their final strengths were still relatively high, in the range of 33-37 MPa. Adding titanium dioxide (T) improved the final strengths and slightly lowered the heat of hydration and spreading of the AAM mortars. The best self-cleaning properties were achieved with composites that comprised a mixture of blast furnace slag, fly ash, and 2% titanium dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ślosarczyk
- Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (I.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Izabela Klapiszewska
- Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (I.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Patryk Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Weronika Jędrzejczak
- Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland; (I.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
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Huang T, Song D, Zhou L, Pan L, Zhang SW. Self-alkali-activated self-cementation achievement and mechanism exploration for the synergistic treatment of the municipal solid waste incineration fly ashes and the arsenic-contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138397. [PMID: 36925014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility and potential mechanisms of the self-alkali activation brought by municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes to the self-cementation of arsenic-contaminated soils were quantitatively evaluated and comprehensively analyzed to avoid the additional application of the alkali activators and binder materials traditionally. The employment of the two kinds of precursor materials achieved the self-alkali-activated self-cementation ('double self') under ambient conditions. The largest compressive strength (MPa) of 25.64 and lowest leaching toxicities (mg/L) of 21.05, 2.86, 0.08, 0.02, 2.05, and 0.34 for Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As were obtained in the solidified matrix. Geopolymerization kinetics of the 'double self' cementation can be mathematically fitted by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model. CaClOH and halite in the MSWI fly ashes set up the self-alkali activation by reacting with the kaolinite and quartz in soils contaminated with arsenic by forming layered hydration and three-dimensional geopolymerization products to push for self-cementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Ceramic Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China; School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Dongping Song
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Ceramic Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Longwei Pan
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 215500, China
| | - Shu-Wen Zhang
- Nuclear Resources Engineering College, University of South China, 421001, China
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Zhang T, Shi X, Wang Q, Peng W. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Performance and Benefits of SSA-GGBS Geopolymer Mortar. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114137. [PMID: 37297270 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The activity of sewage sludge ash (SSA) is not high; ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) has a high calcium oxide content that can accelerate polymerization rates and exhibit better mechanical performance. In order to improve the engineering application of SSA-GGBS geopolymer, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of its performance and benefits. In this study, the fresh properties, mechanical performance and benefits of geopolymer mortar with different SSA/GGBS, modulus and Na2O contents were studied. Taking the economic and environmental benefits, working performance and mechanical performance of mortar as evaluation indexes, the entropy weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the geopolymer mortar with different proportions. The results show that as SSA/GGBS increases, the workability of mortar decreases, the setting time first increases and then decreases, and the compressive strength and flexural strength decrease. By appropriately increasing the modulus, the workability of the mortar decreases and more silicates are introduced, resulting in increased strength in the later stage. By appropriately increasing the Na2O content, the volcanic ash activity of SSA and GGBS is better stimulated, the polymerization reaction is accelerated, and the early strength increases. The highest Ic (integrated cost index, Ctfc28) of geopolymer mortar is 33.95 CNY/m3/MPa, and the lowest is 16.21 CNY/m3/MPa, which is at least 41.57% higher than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The minimum Ie (embodied CO2 index, Ecfc28) is 6.24 kg/m3/MPa, rising up to 14.15 kg/m3/MPa, which is at least 21.39% lower than that of OPC. The optimal mix ratio is a water-cement ratio of 0.4, a cement-sand ratio of 1.0, SSA/GGBS of 2/8, a modulus content of 1.4, and an Na2O content of 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Failure Mechanics and Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenbin Peng
- Sichuan Huashi Green Homeland Building Material Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610081, China
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Sandu AV. Obtaining and Characterizing New Advanced Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1881. [PMID: 36902997 PMCID: PMC10003868 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This editorial highlights the results presented in the second Special Issue dedicated to obtaining and characterizing new materials, wherein one review paper and 13 research articles have been published. The most important field covered is that of materials involved in civil engineering, focusing on geopolymers and insulating materials alongside developing new methods for enhancing the characteristics of different systems. Another important field is that of the materials used for environmental issues, and finally, those involved in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Victor Sandu
- Department of Technologies and Equipment for Materials Processing, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Romanian Inventors Forum, St. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development in Environmental Protection INCDPM, Splaiul Independentei 294, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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Yazid MH, Faris MA, Abdullah MMAB, Ibrahim MSI, Razak RA, Burduhos Nergis DD, Burduhos Nergis DP, Benjeddou O, Nguyen KS. Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete Incorporation Nylon66 Fiber. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9050. [PMID: 36556857 PMCID: PMC9785590 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the diamond-shaped Interlocking Chain Plastic Bead (ICPB) on fiber-reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. In this study, geopolymer concrete was produced using fly ash, NaOH, silicate, aggregate, and nylon66 fibers. Characterization of fly ash-based geopolymers (FGP) and fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FRGPC) included chemical composition via XRF, functional group analysis via FTIR, compressive strength determination, flexural strength, density, slump test, and water absorption. The percentage of fiber volume added to FRGPC and FGP varied from 0% to 0.5%, and 1.5% to 2.0%. From the results obtained, it was found that ICBP fiber led to a negative result for FGP at 28 days but showed a better performance in FRGPC reinforced fiber at 28 and 90 days compared to plain geopolymer concrete. Meanwhile, NFRPGC showed that the optimum result was obtained with 0.5% of fiber addition due to the compressive strength performance at 28 days and 90 days, which were 67.7 MPa and 970.13 MPa, respectively. Similar results were observed for flexural strength, where 0.5% fiber addition resulted in the highest strength at 28 and 90 days (4.43 MPa and 4.99 MPa, respectively), and the strength performance began to decline after 0.5% fiber addition. According to the results of the slump test, an increase in fiber addition decreases the workability of geopolymer concrete. Density and water absorption, however, increase proportionally with the amount of fiber added. Therefore, diamond-shaped ICPB fiber in geopolymer concrete exhibits superior compressive and flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhd Hafizuddin Yazid
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
| | - Meor Ahmad Faris
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
| | | | - Rafiza Abdul Razak
- Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia
| | - Dumitru Doru Burduhos Nergis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Omrane Benjeddou
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khanh-Son Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology—HCMUT, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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12
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Ionescu BA, Chira M, Vermeșan H, Hegyi A, Lăzărescu AV, Thalmaier G, Neamțu BV, Gabor T, Sur IM. Influence of Fe 2O 3, MgO and Molarity of NaOH Solution on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6965. [PMID: 36234304 PMCID: PMC9571693 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of waste from industrial activities is of particular importance for environmental protection. Fly ash has a high potential in the production of construction materials. In the present study, the use of fly ash in the production of geopolymer paste and the effect of Fe2O3, MgO and molarity of NaOH solution on the mechanical strength of geopolymer paste are presented. Samples resulting from the heat treatment of the geopolymer paste were subjected to mechanical tests and SEM, EDS and XRD analyses. Samples were obtained using 6 molar and 8 molar NaOH solution with and without the addition of Fe2O3 and MgO. Samples obtained using a 6 molar NaOH solution where Fe2O3 and MgO were added had higher mechanical strengths compared to the other samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brăduț Alexandru Ionescu
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- IOSUD UTCN Doctoral School, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 15 Daicoviciu Street, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Chira
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horațiu Vermeșan
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Hegyi
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Gyorgy Thalmaier
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Viorel Neamțu
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Timea Gabor
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Monica Sur
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Kumar M, Anand A, Chatterjee R, Sharma S, Maiti TK, Dwivedi SP, Saxena A, Li C, Eldin EMT. Investigation on Carbonation and Permeability of Concrete with Rice Hush Ash and Shop Solution Addition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15176149. [PMID: 36079530 PMCID: PMC9457775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the coefficient of permeability as well as the rate of carbonation of concrete constructed with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement (i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15%) and two different concentrations of soap solutions (i.e., 1 percent and 2 percent). The microstructural studies of RHA, and carbonated samples have been conducted by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. According to this study, the carbonation depth of concrete made with 1% and 2% soap solution concentration and without rice husk ash decreased by 11.89% and 46.55%, respectively. From the results, it may also be observed that the carbonation depth of concrete made with up to 10% replacement of cement by rice husk ash led to maximum carbonation resistance, while more than 10% replacement of cement showed higher carbonation depth. It is also observed that the coefficient of permeability of concrete with 2% soap solution significantly decreased as compared to the 1% soap solution and control mix. It may be observed from the SEM images that 0% soap solution (M1) concrete has a very rough concrete surface which may indicate more voids. However, 2% soap solution concrete has a much smoother surface, which indicates a smaller number of voids. Furthermore, the SEM images showed that the soap solution helps in filling the voids of concrete which ultimately helps in reduction in permeability. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) of concrete with 0% (M1) and 2% (M6) soap solution disclosed that the concrete with 2% soap solution (M6) exhibited more silica element formation than the concrete with no soap solution (M1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Ashutosh Anand
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rajeshwari Chatterjee
- Department of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | | | - Ambuj Saxena
- G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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14
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Ramalingam M, Mohan P, Kathirvel P, Murali G. Flexural Performance and Microstructural Studies of Trough-Shaped Geopolymer Ferrocement Panels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5477. [PMID: 36013611 PMCID: PMC9410140 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer mortar is the best solution as an alternative to cement mortar in civil engineering. This paper deals with the effect of geopolymer mortar on the strength and microstructural properties under ambient curing conditions. In this research, geopolymer mortars were prepared with fly ash and steel slag (in the ratio 1:2.0, 1:2.5 and 1:3.0) as precursors with NaOH and Na2SiO3 as activator solution solutions (in the ratios of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) with concentrations of NaOH as 8 M, 10 M, 12 M and 14 M to study the compressive strength behaviour. From the experimental results, it was observed that the geopolymer mortar mix with the ratio of fly ash and steel slag 1:2.5, 12 M NaOH solution and the ratio of NaOH and Na2SiO3 0.5 exhibits the maximum compressive strength results in the range of 55 MPa to 60 MPa. From the optimized results, ferrocement panels of size 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 50 mm were developed to study the flexural behaviour. The experimental results of the flexural strength were compared with the analytical results developed through ABAQUS software. It was observed that the Trough-shaped geopolymer ferrocement panel exhibits 56% higher value in its ultimate strength than the analytical work. In addition to the strength properties, microstructural analysis was carried out in the form of SEM, EDAX and XRD from the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathy Ramalingam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Poornima Mohan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Kathirvel
- School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Condensation Behavior for Alkali-Activated Materials by Sodium Silicate. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To further enhance the compressive strength of alkali-activated materials and reveal their condensation behavior, the reactivity of alkali-activated slag materials was enhanced through the addition of different kinds and proportions of sodium silicate. The mechanical properties of the specimens were observed regularly and the condensation behavior was further analyzed. The results showed that both solid and liquid sodium silicate could significantly improve the compressive strength. The maximum increase in compressive strength was 123.7%, while the initial and final setting times were significantly shortened to 9 min. When solid sodium silicate content increased from 5% to 15%, the compressive strength first increased to 34.6 MPa and then decreased to 28.6 MPa, indicating that 10% was the optimum solid sodium silicate content. The large amount of crystallized solid sodium silicate in the specimen led to the decrease in mechanical properties. When liquid sodium silicate content increased from 5% to 15%, the compressive strength first increased to 52.8 MPa and then tended to be stable, implying that 10% was the optimum content. This shows that its reinforcement effect has a maximum limit. The activation effect of liquid sodium silicate was better than that of solid.
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Zhang K, Wang K, Liu Z, Ye Z, Zhang B, Lu D, Liu Y, Li L, Xiong Z. Effect of Magnesium Salt (MgCl2 and MgSO4) on the Microstructures and Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)-Based Geopolymer. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144911. [PMID: 35888384 PMCID: PMC9317973 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of seawater to prepare geopolymers has attracted significant research attention; however, the ions in seawater considerably influence the properties of the resulting geopolymers. This study investigated the effects of magnesium salts and alkaline solutions on the microstructure and properties of ground-granulated-blast-furnace-slag-based geopolymers. The magnesium salt–free Na2SiO4-activatied geopolymer exhibited a much higher 28 d compressive strength (63.5 MPa) than the salt-free NaOH-activatied geopolymer (31.4 MPa), with the former mainly containing an amorphous phase (C-(A)-S-H gel) and the latter containing numerous crystals. MgCl2·6H2O addition prolonged the setting times and induced halite and Cl-hydrotalcite formation. Moreover, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Na2SiO4-activated geopolymer containing 8.5 wt% MgCl2·6H2O exhibited a higher critical pore size (1624 nm) and consequently, a lower 28 d compressive strength (30.1 MPa) and a more loosely bound geopolymer matrix than the salt-free geopolymer. In contrast, MgSO4 addition had less pronounced effects on the setting time, mineral phase, and morphology. The Na2SiO4-activated geopolymer with 9.0 wt% MgSO4 exhibited a compressive strength of 42.8 MPa, also lower than that of the salt-free geopolymer. The results indicate that Cl− is more harmful to the GGBFS-based geopolymer properties and microstructure than SO42− is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China; (K.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China; (K.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhimao Liu
- China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China; (K.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhiwu Ye
- China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China; (K.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Baifa Zhang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.X.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Deng Lu
- China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China; (K.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Lijuan Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhe Xiong
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.X.)
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17
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Blast Furnace Slag, Post-Industrial Waste or Valuable Building Materials with Remediation Potential? MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the construction industry has struggled with a variety of issues such as material availability, supply channel management, and the increasing cost of construction materials. These issues have encouraged the search for replacements and substitutes for existing construction materials. Blast Furnace Slag is used in the construction industry as a mineral amendment or aggregate. Their use in Earth Construction, due to their post-industrial origin, may be associated with increased levels of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the immobilization potential of Blast Furnace Slag and to compare it with the addition of Blast Furnace Slag with Activated Carbon using different concentrations of these amendments. We were able to determine the concentrations of selected PTE (zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium and lead) in the soil, roots and aerial parts of Lolium perenne L., using different concentrations of Blast Furnace Slag (3%, 5% and 10%), and Blast Furnace Slag with Activated Carbon (3% and 5%) as soil amendments. Measurements were carried out with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). Both the addition of Blast Furnace Slag and Activated Carbon with Slag increased plant biomass. The addition of slag effectively reduced the zinc, copper, cadmium and lead content of the soil, while the addition of Activated Carbon slag significantly increased the content of selected PETs in the roots and aerial parts of plants. It was considered reasonable to use Blast Furnace Slag with the addition of Activated Carbon in supporting the processes of the assisted phytostabilization of PTE polluted soils.
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