1
|
Amir AL, Ishak MR, Yidris N, Zuhri MYM, Asyraf MRM, Zakaria SZS. Influence of Woven Glass-Fibre Prepreg Orientation on the Flexural Properties of a Sustainable Composite Honeycomb Sandwich Panel for Structural Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5021. [PMID: 37512295 PMCID: PMC10384950 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the high potential application need in the aerospace and structural industry for honeycomb sandwich composite, the study on the flexural behaviour of sandwich composite structure has attracted attention in recent decades. The excellent bending behaviour of sandwich composite structures is based on their facesheet (FS) and core materials. This research studied the effect of woven glass-fibre prepreg orientation on the honeycomb sandwich panel. A three-point bending flexural test was done as per ASTM C393 standard by applying a 5 kN load on different orientation angles of woven glass-fibre prepreg honeycomb sandwich panel: α = 0°, 45° and 90°. The results show that most of the sandwich panel has almost the same failure mode during the three-point bending test. Additionally, the α = 0° orientation angle shows a higher maximum load prior to the first failure occurrence compared to others due to higher flexibility but lower stiffness. In addition, the woven glass-fibre prepreg orientation angle, α = 0°, has the maximum stress and flexural modulus, which directly depend upon the maximum load value obtained during the flexural test. In addition, the experimental results and analytical prediction for honeycomb sandwich deflection show good agreement. According to the result obtained, it is revealed that woven glass-fibre honeycomb sandwich panels with an α = 0° orientation is a good alternative compared to 45° and 90°, especially when better bending application is the main purpose. The final result of this research can be applied to enhance the properties of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer composite (GFRPC) cross-arm and enhance the existing cross-arm used in high transmission towers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abd Latif Amir
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorfaizal Yidris
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Research Centre for Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alnadish AM, Singh NSS, Alawag AM. Applications of Synthetic, Natural, and Waste Fibers in Asphalt Mixtures: A Citation-Based Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1004. [PMID: 36850287 PMCID: PMC9959411 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of synthetic, natural, and waste fibers in asphalt mixtures is constantly increasing due to the capability of fibers to improve the mechanical performance of asphalt mixes. The combination of fibers in asphalt mixes contributes to ecological sustainability and cost benefits. The objective of this paper is to introduce a citation-based review on the incorporation of synthetic, natural, and waste fibers in bitumen, dense-graded asphalt mix, stone mastic asphalt, and porous asphalt mix. Additionally, this article aims to identify research gaps and provide recommendations for further work. The outputs of this article demonstrated that there has recently been a growing interest in the use of natural and waste fibers in asphalt mixtures. However, more future studies are needed to investigate the performance of fiber-modified stone mastic asphalt and porous asphalt mix in terms of resistance to aging and low-temperature cracking. Furthermore, the period of natural fibers' biodegradability in asphalt mixtures should be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adham Mohammed Alnadish
- Department of Civil Engineering, Thamar University, Dhamar 87246, Yemen
- Department of Transportation & Geotechnical Engineering, Balochistan Campus, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Aawag Mohsen Alawag
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chopra A, Singh S, Kanoungo A, Singh G, Gupta NK, Sharma S, Joshi SK, Eldin SM. Multi‑objective optimization of nitrile rubber and thermosets modified bituminous mix using desirability approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281418. [PMID: 36809361 PMCID: PMC9942971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of materials, including waste and rubber products, have been used in road construction to improve the performance of bituminous pavements. The present investigation is focused on modifying bitumen using Nitrile rubber (NBR) with different thermosets namely Bakelite (B), Furan Resin (FR), and Epoxy resin (ER). The emphasis of the problem is to arrive at a mix to achieve maximum Marshall Stability (MS) and minimum flow value of Modified Bituminous Concrete. Taguchi DOE technique has been used to design the experiments using Minitab software. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multi-objective optimization has been performed using the desirability approach in Design expert software. ANOVA analysis predicts that NBR, B, ER, and FR are the major significant parameters for Marshall Stability (MS) and Flow Value (FV). It has also been analyzed from SEM and EDS images of modified bitumen that sample S1 (5% NBR, 10% Bakelite, 10% FR, 2.5% ER) has a fine surface with small pores as compared to sample S34 (10% NBR, 0% Bakelite 10% FR, 2.5% ER). Multi-optimization results suggested the optimal conditions are achieved at NBR-7.6%, Bakelite-4.8%, FR-2.5%, and ER-2.6% for MS and FV. The maximum MS is 14.84 KN and the minimum FV is 2.84 mm is obtained using optimum conditions. To validate the optimization results, the confirmation runs have been conducted, and obtained results are within 5% error with optimal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avani Chopra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- * E-mail: (SME); (SS); , (SS)
| | - Abhishek Kanoungo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chitkara School of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Gupta
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Engineering and Technology, GLA University, Mathura, UP, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SME); (SS); , (SS)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Joshi
- Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sayed M. Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail: (SME); (SS); , (SS)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahman I, Singh P, Dev N, Arif M, Yusufi FNK, Azam A, Alam MM, Singh S, Chohan JS, Kumar R, Sharma L, Tag-Eldin E, Sharma S, Asyraf MRM. Improvements in the Engineering Properties of Cementitious Composites Using Nano-Sized Cement and Nano-Sized Additives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228066. [PMID: 36431551 PMCID: PMC9696350 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The findings of an extensive experimental research study on the usage of nano-sized cement powder and other additives combined to form cement-fine-aggregate matrices are discussed in this work. In the laboratory, dry and wet methods were used to create nano-sized cements. The influence of these nano-sized cements, nano-silica fumes, and nano-fly ash in different proportions was studied to the evaluate the engineering properties of the cement-fine-aggregate matrices concerning normal-sized, commercially available cement. The composites produced with modified cement-fine-aggregate matrices were subjected to microscopic-scale analyses using a petrographic microscope, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These studies unravelled the placement and behaviour of additives in controlling the engineering properties of the mix. The test results indicated that nano-cement and nano-sized particles improved the engineering properties of the hardened cement matrix. The wet-ground nano-cement showed the best result, 40 MPa 28th-day compressive strength, without mixing any additive compared with ordinary and dry-ground cements. The mix containing 50:50 normal and wet-ground cement exhibited 37.20 MPa 28th-day compressive strength. All other mixes with nano-sized dry cement, silica fume, and fly ash with different permutations and combinations gave better results than the normal-cement-fine-aggregate mix. The petrographic studies and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analyses further validated the above findings. Statistical analyses and techniques such as correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted to compose a predictive equation to calculate the 28th-day compressive strength. In addition to these methods, a repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also implemented to analyse the statistically significant differences among three differently timed strength readings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibadur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Nirendra Dev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad, Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Mohammed Arif
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faiz Noor Khan Yusufi
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ameer Azam
- Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - M. Masroor Alam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Lovneesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Elsayed Tag-Eldin
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.T.-E.); or (S.S.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
- Correspondence: (E.T.-E.); or (S.S.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadrmanesh V, Chen Y. Selected Properties of Two Alternative Plant Fibers: Canola and Sweet Clover Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7877. [PMID: 36431363 PMCID: PMC9699566 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying sustainable resources of natural fibers is essential due to their high demand in industrial applications such as automotive and biomedical materials. Two alternative fibers obtained from canola and sweet clover stalks were characterized for their properties using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle, and tensile test. Hemp and flax fibers, both in use as industrial fibers, were also characterized as conventional fibers. Results showed that all the fibers had the same chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and potassium) and chemical bonds. The crystallinity index for the alternative fibers ranged from 62 to 71%, which was close but lower than the conventional fibers (82% for hemp and 80% for flax). The thermal stability of the alternative fibers was around 220 °C, close to the conventional fibers (230 °C). The alternative fibers had contact angles of less than 90°, showing high surface energy. Since the alternative fibers had a low Young's modulus and tensile strength (5.57-8.52 GPa and 57.45-71.26 MPa, respectively), they are suitable for some specific applications in the biomedical industry. In contrast, conventional fibers are suitable where a higher stiffness and strength is required.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar M, Anand A, Chatterjee R, Sharma S, Maiti TK, Dwivedi SP, Saxena A, Li C, Eldin EMT. Investigation on Carbonation and Permeability of Concrete with Rice Hush Ash and Shop Solution Addition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15176149. [PMID: 36079530 PMCID: PMC9457775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the coefficient of permeability as well as the rate of carbonation of concrete constructed with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement (i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15%) and two different concentrations of soap solutions (i.e., 1 percent and 2 percent). The microstructural studies of RHA, and carbonated samples have been conducted by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. According to this study, the carbonation depth of concrete made with 1% and 2% soap solution concentration and without rice husk ash decreased by 11.89% and 46.55%, respectively. From the results, it may also be observed that the carbonation depth of concrete made with up to 10% replacement of cement by rice husk ash led to maximum carbonation resistance, while more than 10% replacement of cement showed higher carbonation depth. It is also observed that the coefficient of permeability of concrete with 2% soap solution significantly decreased as compared to the 1% soap solution and control mix. It may be observed from the SEM images that 0% soap solution (M1) concrete has a very rough concrete surface which may indicate more voids. However, 2% soap solution concrete has a much smoother surface, which indicates a smaller number of voids. Furthermore, the SEM images showed that the soap solution helps in filling the voids of concrete which ultimately helps in reduction in permeability. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) of concrete with 0% (M1) and 2% (M6) soap solution disclosed that the concrete with 2% soap solution (M6) exhibited more silica element formation than the concrete with no soap solution (M1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Ashutosh Anand
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rajeshwari Chatterjee
- Department of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | | | - Ambuj Saxena
- G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103632. [PMID: 35629658 PMCID: PMC9145382 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Concrete is a composite material that is commonly used in the construction industry. It will certainly be exposed to fires of varying intensities when used in buildings and industries. The major goal of this article was to look into the influence of mineral additions such as foundry sand and marble dust on the residual characteristics of concrete. To examine the behavior of residual characteristics of concrete after fire exposure, marble dust was substituted for cement and fine sand was substituted for foundry sand in varying amounts ranging from 0% to 20%. It aided in the better disposal of waste material so that it might be used as an addition. The purpose of the experiment was to see how increased temperatures affected residual properties of concrete, including flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, static as well as dynamic elastic modulus, water absorption, mass loss, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. At temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C, the typical fire exposure behavior of concrete was investigated. The effects of two cooling techniques, annealing and quenching, on the residual properties of concrete after exposure to high temperatures were investigated in this study. Replacement of up to 10% of the cement with marble dust and fine sand with foundry sand when concrete is exposed to temperatures up to 400 °C does not influence the behavior of concrete. At temperatures above 400 °C, however, the breakdown of concrete, which includes marble dust and foundry sand, causes a rapid deterioration in the residual properties of concrete, primarily for replacement of more than 10%.
Collapse
|
8
|
Eco-Friendly, High-Ductility Slag/Fly-Ash-Based Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) Reinforced with PE Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091760. [PMID: 35566929 PMCID: PMC9103343 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are a special class of ultra-ductile fiber-reinforced cementitious composites containing a significant amount of short discontinuous fibers. The distinctive tensile strain-hardening behavior of ECCs is the result of a systematic design based on the micromechanics of the fiber, matrix, and fiber-matrix interface. However, ECCs require extensive cement content, which is inconsistent with the goal of sustainable and green building materials. Consequently, the objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical performance of slag/fly-ash-based engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) reinforced with polyethylene (PE) fiber under axial compressive loading, as well as direct tensile and flexural strength tests. The composites' microstructure and mineralogical composition were analyzed using images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The experimental results reveal that a slag-containing composite mixture shows strain-hardening behavior and comparable ductility properties to those of fly-ash-based composite mixtures. A ternary system of binder materials with 5% and 15% slag can increase the compressive strength of ECC by 3.5% and 34.9%, respectively, compared to slag-free ECC composite. Moreover, the microstructural results show that the slag-based cementitious matrix has a more closely cross-linked and dense microstructure at the matrix-aggregate interface. In addition, the concentration of particles on the surface of the fibers was higher in the slag-based cementitious composites than in the fly ash-based composite. This supports the concept that there is a stronger bonding between the fibers and matrix in the slag-based cementitious matrix than in fly-ash-based matrix.
Collapse
|