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Astaneh ME, Fereydouni N. Silver Nanoparticles in 3D Printing: A New Frontier in Wound Healing. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:41107-41129. [PMID: 39398164 PMCID: PMC11465465 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the convergence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), three-dimensional (3D) printing, and wound healing, focusing on significant advancements in these fields. We explore the unique properties of AgNPs, notably their strong antibacterial efficacy and their potential applications in enhancing wound recovery. Furthermore, the review delves into 3D printing technology, discussing its core principles, various materials employed, and recent innovations. The integration of AgNPs into 3D-printed structures for regenerative medicine is analyzed, emphasizing the benefits of this combined approach and identifying the challenges that must be addressed. This comprehensive overview aims to elucidate the current state of the field and to direct future research toward developing more effective solutions for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahim Astaneh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Narges Fereydouni
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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2
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Vlăsceanu D, Popescu D, Baciu F, Stochioiu C. Examining the Flexural Behavior of Thermoformed 3D-Printed Wrist-Hand Orthoses: Role of Material, Infill Density, and Wear Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2359. [PMID: 39204579 PMCID: PMC11359674 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper examined the mechanical properties of wrist-hand orthoses made from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), produced through material extrusion with infill densities of 55% and 80%. These orthoses, commonly prescribed for wrist injuries, were 3D-printed flat and subsequently thermoformed to fit the user's hand. Experimental and numerical analyses assessed their mechanical resistance to flexion after typical wear conditions, including moisture and long-term aging, as well as their moldability. Digital Imaging Correlation investigations were performed on PLA and PETG specimens for determining the characteristics required for running numerical analysis of the mechanical behavior of the orthoses. The results indicated that even the orthoses with the lower infill density maintained suitable rigidity for wrist immobilization, despite a decrease in their mechanical properties after over one year of shelf life. PLA orthoses with 55% infill density failed at a mean load of 336 N (before aging) and 215 N (after aging), while PETG orthoses did not break during tests. Interestingly, PLA and PETG orthoses with 55% infill density were less influenced by aging compared to their 80% density counterparts. Additionally, moisture and aging affected the PLA orthoses more, with thermoforming, ongoing curing, and stress relaxation as possible explanations related to PETG behavior. Both materials proved viable for daily use, with PETG offering better flexural resistance but posing greater thermoforming challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vlăsceanu
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Baciu
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.V.); (C.S.)
| | - Constantin Stochioiu
- Department of Strength of Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (D.V.); (C.S.)
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Martins RF, Branco R, Martins M, Macek W, Marciniak Z, Silva R, Trindade D, Moura C, Franco M, Malça C. Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Polymeric Materials-PLA and PETG-For Biomechanical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1868. [PMID: 39000723 PMCID: PMC11243948 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The study presented herein concerns the mechanical properties of two common polymers for potential biomedical applications, PLA and PETG, processed through fused filament fabrication (FFF)-Material Extrusion (ME). For the uniaxial tension tests carried out, two printing orientations-XY (Horizontal, H) and YZ (Vertical, V)-were considered according to the general principles for part positioning, coordinates, and orientation typically used in additive manufacturing (AM). In addition, six specimens were tested for each printing orientation and material, providing insights into mechanical properties such as Tensile Strength, Young's Modulus, and Ultimate Strain, suggesting the materials' potential for biomedical applications. The experimental results were then compared with correspondent mechanical properties obtained from the literature for other polymers like ASA, PC, PP, ULTEM 9085, Copolyester, and Nylon. Thereafter, fatigue resistance curves (S-N curves) for PLA and PETG, printed along 45°, were determined at room temperature for a load ratio, R, of 0.2. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed fibre arrangements, compression/adhesion between layers, and fracture zones, shedding light on the failure mechanisms involved in the fatigue crack propagation of such materials and giving design reference values for future applications. In addition, fractographic analyses of the fatigue fracture surfaces were carried out, as well as X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and Thermogravimetric (TGA)/Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui F Martins
- UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado de Sistemas Inteligentes, LASI, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Branco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEMMPRE, ARISE, University of Coimbra, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Martins
- UNIDEMI, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Wojciech Macek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Marciniak
- Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, Opole University of Technology, Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland
| | - Rui Silva
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, CDRSP, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495 Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Trindade
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, CDRSP, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Applied Research Institute, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Moura
- Applied Research Institute, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society, CERNAS, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Franco
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, CDRSP, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
| | - Cândida Malça
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, CDRSP, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ISEC, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
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Kwon S, Kwon S, Lee H, Subramaniyam M. Heat and Moisture Transfer Depending on 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Foam and the Presence of Holes for 3D Printing Clothing Development. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1684. [PMID: 38932034 PMCID: PMC11207354 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, clothing development 3D printing and the evaluation of its physical characteristics have been explored. However, few studies have tackled thermal comfort, which is a major contributor to the wearers' comfort. Therefore, this study was designed to suggest effective materials and hole sizes for clothing obtained by 3D printing to maintain a comfortable clothing environment. In particular, two main variables, namely five different materials and three-hole sizes, were analyzed. All samples were placed on a hot plate (36 °C), and their surface temperature and humidity were measured for 10 min. The samples with only thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) achieved the largest temperature change of 3.2~4.8 °C, whereas those with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam exhibited the lowest temperature change of -0.1~2.0 °C. Similarly, the samples with only TPU showed the greatest humidity change of -0.7~-5.5%RH. Moreover, the hole size had a larger effect on humidity change than material type. The samples with large holes achieved the largest humidity change of -4.4%RH, whereas the samples without holes had the smallest humidity change of -1.5%RH after 10 min (p < 0.001). Based on these results, various combinations of materials and hole sizes should be considered to fit the purpose of 3D printing clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Kwon
- Seckinger High School, Buford, GA 30519, USA; (S.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sungeun Kwon
- Seckinger High School, Buford, GA 30519, USA; (S.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Heeran Lee
- Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Materials Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Murali Subramaniyam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
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Mian SH, Abouel Nasr E, Moiduddin K, Saleh M, Alkhalefah H. An Insight into the Characteristics of 3D Printed Polymer Materials for Orthoses Applications: Experimental Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:403. [PMID: 38337292 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Knee orthoses assist patients with impaired gait through the amendment of knee abnormalities, restoration of mobility, alleviation of pain, shielding, and immobilization. The inevitable issues with laborious traditional plaster molding procedures for orthoses can be resolved with 3D printing. However, a number of challenges have limited the adoption of 3D printing, the most significant of which is the proper material selection for orthoses. This is so because the material used to make an orthosis affects its strength, adaptability, longevity, weight, moisture response, etc. This study intends to examine the mechanical, physical, and dimensional characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) printing materials (PLA, ABS, PETG, TPU, and PP). The aim of this investigation is to gain knowledge about these materials' potential for usage as knee orthosis materials. Tensile testing, Olympus microscope imaging, water absorption studies, and coordinate measuring machine-based dimension analysis are used to characterize the various 3D printing materials. Based on the investigation, PLA outperforms all other materials in terms of yield strength (25.98 MPa), tensile strength (30.89 MPa), and shrinkage (0.46%). PP is the least water absorbent (0.15%) and most flexible (407.99%); however, it is the most difficult to fabricate using 3D printing. When producing knee orthoses with 3D printing, PLA can be used for the orthosis frame and other structural elements, PLA or ABS for moving parts like hinges, PP for padding, and TPU or PP for the straps. This study provides useful information for scientists and medical professionals who are intrigued about various polymer materials for 3D printing and their effective utilization to fabricate knee orthoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hammad Mian
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Abouel Nasr
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaja Moiduddin
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Saleh
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkhalefah
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Rizzo D, Fico D, Montagna F, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. From Virtual Reconstruction to Additive Manufacturing: Application of Advanced Technologies for the Integration of a 17th-Century Wooden Ciborium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16041424. [PMID: 36837055 PMCID: PMC9965309 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
3D modelling and 3D printing techniques have become increasingly popular in different fields, including cultural heritage. In this field, there are still many challenges to overcome, such as the difficulty of faithfully reproducing complex geometries or finding materials suitable for restoration, due to the limited scientific studies. This work proposes an example of the application of advanced technologies for the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th century polychrome wooden ciborium. The difficulties of an automatic scan due to its reflective surface (water gilding and estofado decorations) were overcome by creating a 2D manual survey and a subsequent manual 3D redrawing. The CAD model was used to print the missing elements with fused filament fabrication (FFF) in polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), using the following printing parameters: nozzle 0.4 mm, infill 20%, extrusion temperature of PLA 200 °C and of PETG 220 °C, plate temperature 50 °C, printing speed 60 mm/s, layer height 0.2 mm. The conservation and restoration of the ciborium is nearing completion. This study highlights the importance of collaboration between different professionals for the correct design of a restoration, as well as the need to promote scientific research into the development of new high-performance 3D printing materials suitable for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rizzo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Fico
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Storm FA, Redaelli DF, Biffi E, Reni G, Fraschini P. Additive Manufacturing of Spinal Braces: Evaluation of Production Process and Postural Stability in Patients with Scoliosis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6221. [PMID: 36143533 PMCID: PMC9502321 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinal orthoses produced using additive manufacturing show great potential for obtaining patient-specific solutions in clinical applications, reducing manual operations, time consumption, and material waste. This study was conducted to evaluate the production process of spinal orthoses produced by additive manufacturing, and to test the effects of 3D-printed braces on postural stability in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. Ten patients were recruited consecutively and were asked to wear a spinal orthosis produced by additive manufacturing for 2 weeks. The four phases of the production process for each brace were evaluated separately on a scale from 0 (not acceptable) to 3 (optimal). Postural stability in the unbraced and the two braced conditions (3D-printed and conventional) was assessed using validated metrics obtained from a wearable inertial sensor. The production process was evaluated as good in four cases, acceptable in five cases, and not acceptable in one case, due to problems in the printing phase. No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the postural balance metrics between the 3D-printed and conventional brace. On the other hand, postural balance metrics improved significantly with both types of braces with respect to the unbraced condition. Spinal orthoses produced with an innovative production process based on digital scans, CAD, and 3D printing are valid alternatives to conventionally produced orthoses, providing equivalent postural stability.
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