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Reviansyah FH, Putra DRD, Supriatna JA, Takarini V, Komariah M. Green Dentistry in Oral Cancer Treatment Using Biosynthesis Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:1231-1245. [PMID: 39282609 PMCID: PMC11402364 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s477791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a worldwide health issue with high incidence and mortality, demands an effective treatment to improve patient prognosis. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) emerged as a candidate for oral cancer treatment due to their unique attributes, enabling a synergistic combination with its drug-delivery capabilities and hyperthermia when exposed to magnetic fields. SPIONs can be synthesized using biopolymers from agricultural waste like lignin from paddy, which produce biogenic nano iron oxide with superparamagnetic and antioxidant effects. In addition, lignin also acts as a stabilizing agent in creating SPIONs. This study aimed to explore how agricultural waste could be used to prepare SPIONs using the green synthesis method and to evaluate its potential for oral cancer specifically focusing on its effectiveness, side effects, biocompatibility, and toxicity. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases were exploited in the selection of articles published within the last decade. This study quality assessment uses OHAT for critical appraisal tools. Only 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that the use of agricultural waste in the preparation of SPIONs not only holds potency for oral cancer treatment through drug delivery and hyperthermia but also aligns with the concept of green dentistry. SPIONs as a treatment modality for oral cancer have demonstrated notable effectiveness and versatility. This study provides robust evidence supporting green dentistry by using agricultural waste in the preparation and formulation of SPIONs for managing oral cancer. Its multifunctional nature and ability to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects on healthy tissues highlights the potency of SPION-based oral cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veni Takarini
- Department of Dental Materials and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Oral Biomaterials Research Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Maria Komariah
- Department of Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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Dehghani M, Hajipour-Verdom B, Abdolmaleki P. Effect of precipitating agent, N 2 gas, extract volume and pH on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by green synthesis from aqueous pomegranate peel extract. Front Chem 2024; 12:1413077. [PMID: 39114264 PMCID: PMC11303184 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1413077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedicine, particularly magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment. However, the development of efficient and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing SPMNPs remains a challenge. This study reports on a green synthesis approach for SPMNPs using pomegranate peel extract as a stabilizing agent. The effects of various synthesis parameters, including the type of precipitating agent (NH3 and NaOH), N2 gas, extract volume, and pH, were systematically investigated with regard to the size, morphology, and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The results showed that reducing the volume of the extract increased the saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles. N2 gas was found to be essential in preventing the oxidation of the nanoparticles. The type of precipitating agent also affected the size and magnetization of the nanoparticles, with NaOH leading to the synthesis of SPMNPs with higher magnetization (∼4 times) compared to NH3. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized at pH 10 exhibited higher magnetization than those synthesized at pH 8 and 12. In conclusion, the optimized synthesis conditions significantly affected the magnetization and stability of SPMNPs. These nanoparticles are suitable for use in magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parviz Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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López-Alcántara EM, Colindres-Vásquez GM, Fodil N, Sánchez-Barahona M, Rivera-Flores O, Romero A, Abdullah JAA. Agro-Waste Sweet Pepper Extract-Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Antioxidant Enrichment and Sustainable Nanopackaging. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:564. [PMID: 38399941 PMCID: PMC10891991 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study synthesizes magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles from agro-waste sweet pepper extract, exploring their potential as antioxidant additives and in food preservation. Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate is the precursor, with sweet pepper extract as both a reducing and capping agent at pH 7.5. Characterization techniques, including microscopy and spectroscopy, analyze the sweet pepper extract-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Antioxidant capacities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl are assessed, incorporating nanoparticles into banana-based bioplastic for grape preservation. Microscopy reveals cubic and quasi-spherical structures, and spectroscopy confirms functional groups, including Fe-O bonds. X-ray diffraction identifies cubic and monoclinic magnetite with a monoclinic hematite presence. Sweet pepper extract exhibits 100% inhibitory activity in 20 min, while sweet pepper extract-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles show an IC50 of 128.1 µg/mL. Furthermore, these nanoparticles, stabilized with banana-based bioplastic, effectively preserve grapes, resulting in a 27.4% lower weight loss rate after 144 h compared to the control group (34.6%). This pioneering study encourages institutional research into the natural antioxidant properties of agro-waste sweet pepper combined with magnetic iron and other metal oxide nanoparticles, offering sustainable solutions for nanopackaging and food preservation. Current research focuses on refining experimental parameters and investigating diverse applications for sweet pepper extract-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in varied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia María López-Alcántara
- Research Management Unit, Agroindustrial Engineering, National Autonomous University of Honduras Technological Danlí, Danlí 13201, Honduras; (E.M.L.-A.); (G.M.C.-V.); (M.S.-B.); (O.R.-F.)
| | - Grecia Marcela Colindres-Vásquez
- Research Management Unit, Agroindustrial Engineering, National Autonomous University of Honduras Technological Danlí, Danlí 13201, Honduras; (E.M.L.-A.); (G.M.C.-V.); (M.S.-B.); (O.R.-F.)
| | - Nouzha Fodil
- Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Natural Ressources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Salhi Ahmad, P.O. Box 66, Naâma 45000, Algeria;
| | - Marlon Sánchez-Barahona
- Research Management Unit, Agroindustrial Engineering, National Autonomous University of Honduras Technological Danlí, Danlí 13201, Honduras; (E.M.L.-A.); (G.M.C.-V.); (M.S.-B.); (O.R.-F.)
| | - Octavio Rivera-Flores
- Research Management Unit, Agroindustrial Engineering, National Autonomous University of Honduras Technological Danlí, Danlí 13201, Honduras; (E.M.L.-A.); (G.M.C.-V.); (M.S.-B.); (O.R.-F.)
| | - Alberto Romero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Beheiry HR, Hasanin MS, Abdelkhalek A, Hussein HAZ. Potassium Spraying Preharvest and Nanocoating Postharvest Improve the Quality and Extend the Storage Period for Acid Lime ( Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3848. [PMID: 38005744 PMCID: PMC10674589 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are one of the most abundant crops globally in more than 140 countries throughout the world. Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia swingle) is one of the citrus fruits which popularly has rich nutritional and therapeutic features. The storage period is the important factor that affects the economic and quality properties of this fruit. This study aims to demonstrate the enhancing effect of preharvest spraying with potassium, in addition to the postharvest dipping of fruits in some edible coatings, on the quality and storability of acid lime fruits. Preharvest spraying with organic and mineral forms of potassium, namely, potassium thiosulfate 1.75 g/L (S) and potassium tartrate 2 g/L (T), were carried out at three different times, in May, June, and July. On the other hand, postharvest treatments were carried out via dipping fruits in different types of biopolymers (carboxymethyl cellulose (E2) and gum arabic (E3)) and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic composite (E4) as well as nanocoating formulation based on both biopolymers and doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) (E1), which were prepared via acid lime peel waste extract. Herein, the physiochemical and morphological characterizations confirmed that the nanocoating was prepared at the nanoscale and doped with green synthesis ZnONPs, with recorded sizes of around 80 and 20 nm, respectively. Preharvest spraying with potassium tartrate enhanced fruit traits (Spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and nanocoating dipping at post-harvest (TE1), spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and carboxy methyl cellulose dipping at post-harvest (TE2), spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (TE3) and spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic composite dipping at post-harvest (TE4)), followed by potassium thiosulfate (spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and nanocoating dipping at post-harvest (SE1), spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and carboxy methyl cellulose dipping at post-harvest (SE2), spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (SE3) and spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (SE4)), compared to control. For postharvest treatments, E1 improved fruit quality, followed by E2, E4, and E3, respectively. The integration between pre- and postharvest treatments showed a clear superiority of TE2, followed by TE4, SE1, and SE2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada R. Beheiry
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (H.R.B.); (H.A.Z.H.)
| | - Mohamed S. Hasanin
- Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Amr Abdelkhalek
- Horticultural Crops Technology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A. Z. Hussein
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (H.R.B.); (H.A.Z.H.)
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Zúñiga-Miranda J, Guerra J, Mueller A, Mayorga-Ramos A, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Barba-Ostria C, Heredia-Moya J, Guamán LP. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2919. [PMID: 37999273 PMCID: PMC10674528 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance caused by inappropriate use of these agents in various settings has become a global health threat. Nanotechnology offers the potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial activity, such as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The use of IONPs is a promising way to overcome antimicrobial resistance or pathogenicity because of their ability to interact with several biological molecules and to inhibit microbial growth. In this review, we outline the pivotal findings over the past decade concerning methods for the green synthesis of IONPs using bacteria, fungi, plants, and organic waste. Subsequently, we delve into the primary challenges encountered in green synthesis utilizing diverse organisms and organic materials. Furthermore, we compile the most common methods employed for the characterization of these IONPs. To conclude, we highlight the applications of these IONPs as promising antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Zúñiga-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (J.Z.-M.); (A.M.-R.); (S.E.C.-P.); (J.H.-M.)
| | - Julio Guerra
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra 100107, Ecuador;
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Arianna Mayorga-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (J.Z.-M.); (A.M.-R.); (S.E.C.-P.); (J.H.-M.)
| | - Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (J.Z.-M.); (A.M.-R.); (S.E.C.-P.); (J.H.-M.)
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Quito, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador;
- Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (J.Z.-M.); (A.M.-R.); (S.E.C.-P.); (J.H.-M.)
| | - Linda P. Guamán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (J.Z.-M.); (A.M.-R.); (S.E.C.-P.); (J.H.-M.)
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Abdullah JAA, Díaz-García Á, Law JY, Romero A, Franco V, Guerrero A. Sustainable Nanomagnetism: Investigating the Influence of Green Synthesis and pH on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3850. [PMID: 37765704 PMCID: PMC10536420 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively analyzed green nanomagnetic iron oxide particles (GNMIOPs) synthesized using a green method, investigating their size, shape, crystallinity, aggregation, phase portions, stability, and magnetism. The influence of pH and washing solvents on the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles and their incorporation into PCL membranes was examined for biomedical applications. Polyphenols were utilized at different pH values (1.2, 7.5, and 12.5), with washing being performed using either ethanol or water. Characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and VSM, were employed, along with evaluations of stability, magnetic properties, and antioxidant activity. The findings indicate that both pH levels and the washing process exert a substantial influence on several properties of NMIOPs. The particle sizes ranged from 6.6 to 23.5 nm, with the smallest size being observed for GNMIOPs prepared at pH 12.5. Higher pH values led to increased crystallinity, cubic Fe3O4 fractions, and reduced crystalline anisotropy. SEM and TEM analyses showed pH-dependent morphological variations, with increased aggregation being observed at lower pH values. GNMIOPs displayed exceptional magnetic behavior, with the highest saturation magnetization being observed in GNMIOPs prepared at pH 7.5 and 12.5 and subsequently washed with ethanol. The zeta potential measurements indicated a stability range for GNMIOPs spanning from -31.8 to -41.6 mV, while GNMIOPs synthesized under high-pH conditions demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it was explored how pH and washing solvent affected the morphology, roughness, and magnetic properties of GNMIOP-infused nanofiber membranes. SEM showed irregularities and roughness due to GNMIOPs, varying with pH and washing solvent. TEM confirmed better dispersion with ethanol washing. The magnetic response was stronger with ethanol-washed GNMIOPs, highlighting the influence of pH and washing solvent on membrane characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johar Amin Ahmed Abdullah
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Díaz-García
- Departamento de Física de Materia Condensada, ICMS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.D.-G.); (J.Y.L.); (V.F.)
| | - Jia Yan Law
- Departamento de Física de Materia Condensada, ICMS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.D.-G.); (J.Y.L.); (V.F.)
| | - Alberto Romero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Victorino Franco
- Departamento de Física de Materia Condensada, ICMS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; (Á.D.-G.); (J.Y.L.); (V.F.)
| | - Antonio Guerrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain;
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Mbuyazi TB, Ajibade PA. Influence of Different Capping Agents on the Structural, Optical, and Photocatalytic Degradation Efficiency of Magnetite (Fe 3O 4) Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2067. [PMID: 37513078 PMCID: PMC10384526 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Octylamine (OTA), 1-dodecanethiol (DDT), and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP) capped magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed inverse spinel crystalline phases for the as-prepared iron oxide nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopic micrographs showed iron oxide nanoparticles with mean particle sizes of 2.1 nm for Fe3O4-OTA, 5.0 nm for Fe3O4-DDT, and 4.4 nm for Fe3O4-TOP. The energy bandgap of the iron oxide nanoparticles ranges from 2.25 eV to 2.76 eV. The iron oxide nanoparticles were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue with an efficiency of 55.5%, 58.3%, and 66.7% for Fe3O4-OTA, Fe3O4-DDT, and Fe3O4-TOP, respectively, while for methyl orange the degradation efficiencies were 63.8%, 47.7%, and 74.1%, respectively. The results showed that tri-n-octylphosphine capped iron oxide nanoparticles are the most efficient iron oxide nano-photocatalysts for the degradation of both dyes. Scavenger studies show that electrons (e-) and hydroxy radicals (•OH) contribute significantly to the photocatalytic degradation reaction of both methylene blue and methyl orange using Fe3O4-TOP nanoparticles. The influence of the dye solution's pH on the photocatalytic reaction reveals that a pH of 10 is the optimum for methylene blue degradation, whereas a pH of 2 is best for methyl orange photocatalytic degradation using the as-prepared iron oxide nano-photocatalyst. Recyclability studies revealed that the iron oxide photocatalysts can be recycled three times without losing their photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandi B Mbuyazi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Peter A Ajibade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
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Liu L, Li Y, Al-Huqail AA, Ali E, Alkhalifah T, Alturise F, Ali HE. Green synthesis of Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles using Alliaceae waste (Allium sativum) for a sustainable landscape enhancement using support vector regression. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138638. [PMID: 37100254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of metal nanoparticles using green chemistry methods has gained significant attention in the field of landscape enhancement. Researchers have paid close attention to the development of very effective green chemistry approaches for the production of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The primary goal is to create an environmentally sustainable technique for generating NPs. At the nanoscale, ferro- and ferrimagnetic minerals such as magnetite exhibit superparamagnetic properties (Fe3O4). Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have received increased interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their physiochemical properties, small particle size (1-100 nm), and low toxicity. Biological resources such as bacteria, algae, fungus, and plants have been used to manufacture affordable, energy-efficient, non-toxic, and ecologically acceptable metallic NPs. Despite the growing demand for Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a variety of applications, typical chemical production processes can produce hazardous byproducts and trash, resulting in significant environmental implications. The purpose of this study is to look at the ability of Allium sativum, a member of the Alliaceae family recognized for its culinary and medicinal benefits, to synthesize Fe3O4 NPs. Extracts of Allium sativum seeds and cloves include reducing sugars like glucose, which may be used as decreasing factors in the production of Fe3O4 NPs to reduce the requirement for hazardous chemicals and increase sustainability. The analytic procedures were carried out utilizing machine learning as support vector regression (SVR). Furthermore, because Allium sativum is widely accessible and biocompatible, it is a safe and cost-effective material for the manufacture of Fe3O4 NPs. Using the regression indices metrics of root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2), the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study revealed the lighter, smoother spherical forms of NPs in the presence of aqueous garlic extract and 70.223 nm in its absence. The antifungal activity of Fe3O4 NPs against Candida albicans was investigated using a disc diffusion technique but exhibited no impact at doses of 200, 400, and 600 ppm. This characterization of the nanoparticles helps in understanding their physical properties and provides insights into their potential applications in landscape enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Liu
- Chongqing Creation Vocational College, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- Chongqing Creation Vocational College, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| | - Arwa A Al-Huqail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elimam Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamim Alkhalifah
- Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alturise
- Department of Computer, College of Science and Arts in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Elhosiny Ali
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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