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Effects of Phosphorus and Boron Compounds on Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy Properties of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194005. [PMID: 36235953 PMCID: PMC9573513 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While plastics are regarded as the most resourceful materials nowadays, ranging from countless utilities including protective or decorating coatings, to adhesives, packaging materials, electronic components, paintings, furniture, insulating composites, foams, building blocks and so on, their critical limitation is their advanced flammability, which in fire incidents can result in dramatic human fatalities and irreversible environmental damage. Herein, epoxy-based composites with improved flame-resistant characteristics have been prepared by incorporating two flame retardant additives into epoxy resin, namely 6-(hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide (PFR) and boric acid (H3BO3). The additional reaction of 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphophenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde yielded PFR, which was then used to prepare epoxy composites having a phosphorus content ranging from 1.5 to 4 wt%, while the boron content was 2 wt%. The structure, morphology, thermal stability and flammability of resulted epoxy composites were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the simultaneous incorporation of PFR and H3BO3 improved the thermal stability of the char residue at high temperatures. The surface morphology of the char residues, studied by SEM measurements, showed improved characteristics in the case of the samples containing both phosphorus and boron atoms. The MCC tests revealed a significant reduction in flammability as well as a significant decrease in heat release capacity for samples containing both PFR and H3BO3 compared to the neat epoxy thermoset.
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Fire Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Enhanced with Organic Montmorillonite and Exolit Fire Retardant. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper an experimental investigation on fire retardancy of a new polymer nanocomposite derived from organic montmorillonite and exolit fire retardant in an acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene copolymer by analyzing the flammability and fire behavior is described. The samples were prepared by melting and mixing nanocomposites and fire retardant in different concentrations in an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene base polymer. It was found that using only one component (organic montmorillonite or fire retardant) the burning stops in 10 s on the sample. Confirmation of synergy in flammability by combining both montmorillonite and flame retardants was noticed and is discussed regarding the flame-retardant mechanisms assessed by means of the Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94, and cone-calorimeter methods. The acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene preparation with 15–20 wt% fire retardant and 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite reached a UL-94 V-0 classification, contrasting with the pure acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 15 wt% fire retardant and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite formulations, which completely burned. Finally, the samples showed a very good synergy going to a higher reduction of the peak heat release rate and to a minimum mass reduction, as obtained from cone calorimeter tests.
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Majka TM, Bartyzel O, Raftopoulos KN, Pagacz J, Pielichowski K. Examining the Influence of Re-Used Nanofiller-Pyrolyzed Montmorillonite, on the Thermal Properties of Polypropylene-Based Engineering Nanocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12162636. [PMID: 31430928 PMCID: PMC6720894 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of the polypropylene/montmorillonite (PP/OMMT) nanocomposites allows for recovery of the filler that can be then re-used to produce PP/pyrolyzed MMT (PMMT) nanostructured composites. In this work, we discuss the thermal properties of PP/PMMT composites investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). It has been found that effect of PMMT (5 wt. % and 10 wt. %) on matrix thermal stability occurs at temperatures above 300 °C. Addition of 5 wt. % and 10 wt. % of PMMT into polypropylene system gave good stabilization effect, as confirmed by the overall stabilization effect (OSE) values, which increased by 4% and 7%, respectively, compared to the control sample (PP). Interestingly, the presence of 1 wt. % and 3 wt. % of pyrolyzed clay stabilizes the system better than the same concentrations of organoclay added into polypropylene melt. DSC data revealed that pyrolyzed clay has still the same tendency as organoclay to enhance formation of the α and β crystalline PP phases only. The pyrolyzed MMT causes an improvement of the modulus in the glassy as well as rubbery regions, as confirmed by DMA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Majka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Oskar Bartyzel
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konstantinos N Raftopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pagacz
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, ul. Postępu 9, 02-676 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pielichowski
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Garskaite E, Karlsson O, Stankeviciute Z, Kareiva A, Jones D, Sandberg D. Surface hardness and flammability of Na2SiO3and nano-TiO2reinforced wood composites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27973-27986. [PMID: 35530478 PMCID: PMC9071003 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore an effect of the combined inorganic materials on the wood hardness and flame-retardancy properties in a concept of sustainable material management. Herein, the reinforcement of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood with sodium silicate and TiO2 nanoparticles via vacuum-pressure technique is reported. Pyrolysis of modified wood was studied by TG-FTIR analysis; the results showed that maximum weight loss for the modified wood was obtained at 40–50 °C lower temperatures compared to the reference untreated wood. The Gram–Schmidt profiles and spectra extracted at maxima absorption from Gram–Schmidt plots indicated chemical changes in wood–inorganic composites. SEM/EDS analysis revealed the presence of Na–O–Si solid gel within the wood-cell lumen and showed that TiO2 was homogeneously distributed within the amorphous Na–O–Si glass-forming phase to form a thin surface coating. EDS mapping further revealed the higher diffusivity of sodium into the cell wall compared to the silicon compound. The presence of amorphous sodium silicate and nano-TiO2 was additionally confirmed by XRD analysis. FTIR spectra confirmed the chemical changes in Scots pine sapwood induced by alkalization. Brinell hardness test showed that the hardness of the modified wood increased with the highest value (44% increase in hardness) obtained for 10% Na2SiO3–nTiO2 modified wood. The results showed good correlation between TG and flammability test; limiting oxygen index (LOI) values for the wood–inorganic composites increased by 9–14% compared to the untreated wood. Scots pine sapwood reinforced with Na2SiO3 and nano-TiO2 shows a potential for the exploration of a broader range of wood hardness and flame-retardancy properties in a concept of sustainable material management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Garskaite
- Wood Science and Engineering
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics
- Luleå University of Technology
- SE-931 87 Skellefteå
- Sweden
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood Science and Engineering
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics
- Luleå University of Technology
- SE-931 87 Skellefteå
- Sweden
| | - Zivile Stankeviciute
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
- Vilnius University
- Vilnius LT-03225
- Lithuania
| | - Aivaras Kareiva
- Institute of Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
- Vilnius University
- Vilnius LT-03225
- Lithuania
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood Science and Engineering
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics
- Luleå University of Technology
- SE-931 87 Skellefteå
- Sweden
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood Science and Engineering
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics
- Luleå University of Technology
- SE-931 87 Skellefteå
- Sweden
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Fei B. Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E876. [PMID: 30960801 PMCID: PMC6403615 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Bhoyate S, Ionescu M, Kahol PK, Chen J, Mishra SR, Gupta RK. Highly flame-retardant polyurethane foam based on reactive phosphorus polyol and limonene-based polyol. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - M. Ionescu
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - P. K. Kahol
- Department of Physics; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - J. Chen
- Department of Physics and Materials Science; The University of Memphis; Memphis Tennessee 38142
| | - S. R. Mishra
- Department of Physics and Materials Science; The University of Memphis; Memphis Tennessee 38142
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
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Carvalho HWP, Leroux F, Briois V, Santilli CV, Pulcinelli SH. Thermal stability of PMMA–LDH nanocomposites: decoupling the physical barrier, radical trapping, and charring contributions using XAS/WAXS/Raman time-resolved experiments. RSC Adv 2018; 8:34670-34681. [PMID: 35548623 PMCID: PMC9086921 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the thermal stability of polymer–clay nanocomposites requires the use of advanced time-resolved techniques combined with multivariate data analysis, as well as the preparation of layered nanofillers with well-defined composition. The layered double hydroxide (LDH) compounds Zn2Al(OH)6·nH2O, Zn2Al0.75Fe0.25(OH)6·nH2O, ZnCuAl(OH)6·nH2O, and ZnCuAl0.5Fe0.5(OH)6·nH2O were prepared, each designed to specifically identify the physical barrier, radical trapping, and char formation contributions to the thermal stability of the PMMA–LDH nanocomposites. The unique combination of conventional methods (TG, DSC, and Raman spectroscopy) and synchrotron radiation techniques (XAS and WAXS), applied during PMMA–LDH heating, revealed the synergetic (of iron) and antagonist (of copper) effects of the LDH layers transformations on the three main endothermic steps of mass loss of the polymer. The diffusion barrier effect was proved by the downshift of the PMMA thermal decomposition temperature caused by the decrease of the LDH edifice thermostability when divalent cations were substituted in the LDH (passing from PMMA–Zn2Al(OH)6·nH2O to PMMA–ZnCuAl(OH)6·nH2O). For PMMA–Zn2Al0.75Fe0.25(OH)6·nH2O, a cooperative contribution of iron reduction, stabilisation of layered edifice, and radical trapping effects was observed for the thermal stability of the nanocomposite. LDH also acted as a diffusion barrier to the efflux and evaporation of depolymerized species, favouring the charring which exerts an additional contribution to thermal stability of the PMMA–LDH nanocomposites. Thermal stability of polymer-double layered hydroxides nanocomposites: concurrent contributions from physical barrier, char formation and radical trapping.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- H. W. P. Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
- Instituto de Química
- Araraquara
- Brazil
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
| | - F. Leroux
- ICCF
- Université Clermont Auvergne
- UMR CNRS 6296
- SIGMA Clermont
- 63171 Aubière Cedex
| | - V. Briois
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | - C. V. Santilli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
- Instituto de Química
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | - S. H. Pulcinelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
- Instituto de Química
- Araraquara
- Brazil
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Wesolek D, Gasiorowski R, Rojewski S, Walentowska J, Wojcik R. New Flexible Flame Retardant Coatings Based on Siloxane Resin and Ethylene-Vinyl Chloride Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8120419. [PMID: 30974695 PMCID: PMC6432141 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the effectiveness of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant based on siloxane resin and ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer as a back-coating of fabrics. The possibility of improving flame retardant efficiency of this composition by introducing fumed silica, montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes, and graphite was evaluated. The effect of each additive on the efficiency of the composition was examined separately. Flammability tests of flame retardant-coated fabrics (natural and synthetic) were carried out using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), cone calorimetry, and limiting oxygen index determination. An assessment of the ignitability of upholstered furniture containing flame retardant fabric, resistance to washing, antifungal activity, and some of the utility properties of the final newly-developed flame-retardant coating was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wesolek
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Gasiorowski
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Szymon Rojewski
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Judyta Walentowska
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Rafał Wojcik
- Department of Innovative Biomaterials and Nanotechnologies, Institute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland.
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Fire Retardancy of $${{\rm Cloisite}^{\textregistered}}$$ Cloisite ® 20 Organoclay Modified Dehydrated Castor Oil-Based Alkyd Resin. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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12
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Fernández-Rosas E, Vilar G, Janer G, González-Gálvez D, Puntes V, Jamier V, Aubouy L, Vázquez-Campos S. Influence of Nanomaterial Compatibilization Strategies on Polyamide Nanocomposites Properties and Nanomaterial Release during the Use Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2584-2594. [PMID: 26830469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of small amounts of nanofillers in polymeric matrices has enabled new applications in several industrial sectors. The nanofiller dispersion can be improved by modifying the nanomaterial (NM) surface or predispersing the NMs to enhance compatibility. This study evaluates the effect of these compatibilization strategies on migration/release of the nanofiller and transformation of polyamide-6 (PA6), a thermoplastic polymer widely used in industry during simulated outdoors use. Two nanocomposites (NCs) containing SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with different surface properties and two multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) NCs obtained by different addition methods were produced and characterized, before and after accelerated wet aging conditions. Octyl-modified SiO2 NPs, though initially more aggregated than uncoated SiO2 NPs, reduced PA6 hydrolysis and, consequently, NM release. Although no clear differences in dispersion were observed between the two types of MWCNT NCs (masterbatch vs direct addition) after manufacture, the use of the MWCNT masterbatch reduced PA6 degradation during aging, preventing MWCNT accumulation on the surface and further release or potential exposure by direct contact. The amounts of NM released were lower for MWCNTs (36 and 108 mg/m(2)) than for SiO2 NPs (167 and 730 mg/m(2)), being lower in those samples where the NC was designed to improve the nanofiller-matrix interaction. Hence, this study shows that optimal compatibilization between NM and matrix can improve NC performance, reducing polymer degradation and exposure and/or release of the nanofiller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Fernández-Rosas
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Vilar
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David González-Gálvez
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) , Campus de la UAB, Edifici CM3, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Vincent Jamier
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) , Campus de la UAB, Edifici CM3, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laurent Aubouy
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Socorro Vázquez-Campos
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Zhai T, Zheng Q, Cai Z, Turng LS, Xia H, Gong S. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanofibril hybrid aerogels with an aligned microtubular porous structure and their composites with polydimethylsiloxane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7436-7444. [PMID: 25822398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/cellulose nanofibril (CNF) aerogels with a unidirectionally aligned microtubular porous structure were prepared using a unidirectional freeze-drying process, followed by the thermal chemical vapor deposition of methyltrichlorosilane. The silanized aerogels were characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The structure of the aerogels fully filled with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was confirmed by SEM and optical microscopy. The mechanical properties of the resulting PDMS/aerogel composites were examined using both compressive and tensile tests. The compressive and tensile Young's moduli of the fully filled PDMS/aerogel composites were more than 2-fold and 15-fold higher than those of pure PDMS. This study provides a novel alternative approach for preparing high performance polymer nanocomposites with a bicontinuous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianliang Zhai
- †State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | | | | | | - Hesheng Xia
- †State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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V.P. S, P. ST, K.I. S, V. S, M.P. R, Stephen R. Thermal properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/halloysite nanotubes reinforced nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-015-9106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Polystyrene/kaolinite nanocomposite synthesis and characterization via in situ emulsion polymerization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Wang B, Zhou K, Wang B, Gui Z, Hu Y. Synthesis and Characterization of CuMoO4/Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Hybrids and Their Application as a Reinforcement in Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Funnell NP, Wang Q, Connor L, Tucker MG, O'Hare D, Goodwin AL. Structural characterisation of a layered double hydroxide nanosheet. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:8032-8036. [PMID: 24906206 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the atomic-scale structure of a Zn₁₅₂Al-borate layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet, as determined by reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling of X-ray total scattering data. This study involves the extension of the RMC method to enable structural refinement of two-dimensional nanomaterials. The refined LDH models show the intra-layer geometry in this highly-exfoliated phase to be consistent with that observed in crystalline analogues, with the reciprocal-space scattering data suggesting a disordered arrangement of the Zn(2+) and Al(3+) cations within the nanosheet. The approach we develop is generalisable and so offers a method of characterising the structures of arbitrary nanosheet phases, including systems that support complex forms of disorder within the nanosheets themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Funnell
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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18
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Liu SP. Flame retardant and mechanical properties of polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer nanocomposites with alumina trihydrate and montmorillonite. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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He M, Cao WC, Wang LJ, Wilkie CA. Synergistic effects of organo-sepiolite and zinc borate on the fire retardancy of polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - W. C. Cao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - L. J. Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
- Ministry-province jointly-constructed cultivation base for state key laboratory of Processing for non-ferrous metal and featured materials; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin China
| | - C. A. Wilkie
- Department of Chemistry and Fire Retardant Research Facility; Marquette University; PO BOX 1881 Milwaukee WI USA
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Holder AL, Vejerano EP, Zhou X, Marr LC. Nanomaterial disposal by incineration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1652-1664. [PMID: 23880913 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As nanotechnology-based products enter into widespread use, nanomaterials will end up in disposal waste streams that are ultimately discharged to the environment. One possible end-of-life scenario is incineration. This review attempts to ascertain the potential pathways by which nanomaterials may enter incinerator waste streams and the fate of these nanomaterials during the incineration process. Although the literature on incineration of nanomaterials is scarce, results from studies of their behavior at high temperature or in combustion environments for other applications can help predict their fate within an incinerator. Preliminary evidence suggests nanomaterials may catalyze the formation or destruction of combustion by-products. Depending on their composition, nanomaterials may undergo physical and chemical transformations within the incinerator, impacting their partitioning within the incineration system (e.g., bottom ash, fly ash) and the effectiveness of control technology for removing them. These transformations may also drastically affect nanomaterial transport and impacts in the environment. Current regulations on incinerator emissions do not specifically address nanomaterials, but limits on particle and metal emissions may prove somewhat effective at reducing the release of nanomaterials in incinerator effluent. Control technology used to meet these regulations, such as fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet electrostatic scrubbers, are expected to be at least partially effective at removing nanomaterials from incinerator flue gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara L Holder
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 109 T. W. Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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23
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Wang Q, Undrell JP, Gao Y, Cai G, Buffet JC, Wilkie CA, O’Hare D. Synthesis of Flame-Retardant Polypropylene/LDH-Borate Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401133s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Undrell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Yanshan Gao
- College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guipeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53201, United States
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A. Wilkie
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
53201, United States
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Piszczyk Ł, Strankowski M, Danowska M, Haponiuk JT, Gazda M. Preparation and characterization of rigid polyurethane–polyglycerol nanocomposite foams. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Matusinovic Z, Lu H, Wilkie CA. The role of dispersion of LDH in fire retardancy: The effect of dispersion on fire retardant properties of polystyrene/Ca−Al layered double hydroxide nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Mariappan T, Wilkie CA. Combinations of Elements: a New Paradigm for Fire Retardancy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Matusinovic Z, Wilkie CA. Fire retardancy and morphology of layered double hydroxide nanocomposites: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wang L, He X, Lu H, Feng J, Xie X, Su S, Wilkie CA. Flame retardancy of polypropylene (nano)composites containing LDH and zinc borate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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