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Barajas B, Kurtz IS, Waldman AJ, Schiffman JD. Stiffness and Oligomer Content Affect the Initial Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Polydimethylsiloxane Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37922414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections necessitates a greater understanding of their initial adhesion to medically relevant surfaces. In this study, the influence of the mechanical properties and oligomer content of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gels on the initial attachment of Gram-positive S. aureus was explored. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheological measurements were conducted to verify that by altering the base to curing (B:C) ratio of the commonly used Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit (B:C ratios of 60:1, 40:1, 10:1, and 5:1), PDMS gels could be synthesized with Young's moduli across four distinct regimes: ultrasoft (15 kPa), soft (30 kPa), standard (400 kPa), and stiff (1500 kPa). These as-prepared gels (unextracted) were compared to gels prepared from the same B/C ratios that underwent Soxhlet extraction to remove any unreacted oligomers. While the Young's moduli of unextracted and extracted PDMS gels prepared from the same B:C ratio were statistically equivalent, the associated adhesion failure energy statistically decreased for the ultrasoft gels after extraction (from 25 to 8 J/mm2). The interactions of these eight well-characterized gels with bacteria were tested by using S. aureus SH1000, a commonly studied laboratory strain, as well as S. aureus ATCC 12600, which was isolated from a human lung infection. Increased S. aureus inactivation occurred only when the bacteria were incubated directly on top of the unextracted gels prepared at high B:C ratios (40:1 and 60:1), whereas none of the extracted gels (no unreacted oligomers) had significant levels of inactivated bacteria. S. aureus adhered the least to the stiffest extracted PDMS gels (no unreacted oligomers) and the most to soft, unextracted PDMS gels (with ∼17% unreacted oligomers). These findings suggest that both unreacted oligomers and Young's moduli are important material factors to consider when exploring the attachment behavior of Gram-positive S. aureus to hydrophobic elastomer gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Barajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Irene S Kurtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Abraham J Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
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Kulkarni D, Musale S, Panzade P, Paiva-Santos AC, Sonwane P, Madibone M, Choundhe P, Giram P, Cavalu S. Surface Functionalization of Nanofibers: The Multifaceted Approach for Advanced Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3899. [PMID: 36364675 PMCID: PMC9655053 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers are gaining significant importance in the modern era of drug delivery. Nanofiber technology is one of the prime paradigms in nanotechnology for various biomedical and theranostic applications. Nanofibers obtained after successful electrospinning subjected to surface functionalized for drug delivery, biomedical, tissue engineering, biosensing, cell imaging and wound dressing application. Surface functionalization entirely changes physicochemical and biological properties of nanofibers. In physicochemical properties, wettability, melting point, glass transition temperature, and initial decomposition temperature significantly change offer several advantageous for nanofibers. Similarly, biological properties include cell adhesion, biocompatibility, and proliferation, also changes by functionalization of nanofibers. Various natural and synthetic materials polymers, metals, carbon materials, functional groups, proteins, and peptides, are currently used for surface modification of nanofibers. Various research studies across the globe demonstrated the usefulness of surface functionalized nanofibers in tissue engineering, wound healing, skin cancers, melanoma, and disease diagnosis. The delivery of drug through surface functionalized nanofibers results in improved permeation and bioavailability of drug which is important for better targeting of disease and therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive insight about various techniques of surface functionalization of nanofibers along with its biomedical applications, toxicity assessment and global patent scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad 431136, India
| | - Shubham Musale
- Formulation and Development Department, Aculife Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Sachana, Ahmedabad 382150, India
| | - Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad 431136, India
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pratiksha Sonwane
- Department of Chemistry, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad 431136, India
| | - Monika Madibone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad 431136, India
| | - Puja Choundhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Bajajnagar, Aurangabad 431136, India
| | - Prabhanjan Giram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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Quercetin loaded cosm-nutraceutical electrospun composite nanofibers for acne alleviation: Preparation, characterization and experimental clinical appraisal. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121309. [PMID: 34801653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the cosmeceutical field, it is essential to develop topical delivery systems which would allow drugs to create a depot and permeate within the skin. The aim of the present study was to develop composite nanofibers of polyvinyl alcohol/quercetin/essential oils using the electrospinning technique, and assess their efficiency in acne alleviation. Quercetin was chosen due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial activities. Nanofibers were characterized for their morphology, ex-vivo deposition/permeation, physical/mechanical integrity, thermal properties, and chemical characteristics. In addition, the anti-bacterial efficacy was tested on Propionibacterium acne (P. acne), and a cytotoxicity assay was carried out. Lastly, an experimental clinical trial was conducted on acne patients, where the percentage reduction of inflammatory, non-inflammatory and total acne lesions was taken as evaluation criterion. Results showed that quercetin was successfully loaded into the nanofibers which were homogenously dispersed. They showed a reasonable skin deposition percentage of 28.24% ± 0.012, a significantly higher antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acne than quercetin alone, and were utterly safe on skin fibroblastic cells. Upon clinical examination on acne patients, the nanofibers showed 61.2%, 14.7%, and 52.9% reduction of inflammatory, comedonal, and total acne lesions respectively, suggesting a promising topical anti-acne delivery system.
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Diep E, Schiffman JD. Encapsulating bacteria in alginate-based electrospun nanofibers. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4364-4373. [PMID: 34128000 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation technologies are imperative for the safe delivery of live bacteria into the gut where they regulate bodily functions and human health. In this study, we develop alginate-based nanofibers that could potentially serve as a biocompatible, edible probiotic delivery system. By systematically exploring the ratio of three components, the biopolymer alginate (SA), the carrier polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and the FDA approved surfactant polysorbate 80 (PS80), the surface tension and conductivity of the precursor solutions were optimized to electrospin bead-free fibers with an average diameter of 167 ± 23 nm. Next, the optimized precursor solution (2.8/1.2/3 wt% of SA/PEO/PS80) was loaded with Escherichia coli (E. coli, 108 CFU mL-1), which served as our model bacterium. We determined that the bacteria in the precursor solution remained viable after passing through a typical electric field (∼1 kV cm-1) employed during electrospinning. This is because the microbes are pulled into a sink-like flow, which encapsulates them into the polymer nanofibers. Upon electrospinning the E. coli-loaded solutions, beads that were much smaller than the size of an E. coli were initially observed. To compensate for the addition of bacteria, the SA/PEO/PS80 weight ratio was reoptimized to be 2.5/1.5/3. Smooth fibers with bulges around the live microbes were formed, as confirmed using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. By dissolving and plating the nanofibers, we found that 2.74 × 105 CFU g-1 of live E. coli cells were contained within the alginate-based fibers. This work demonstrates the use of electrospinning to encapsulate live bacteria in alginate-based nanofibers for the potential delivery of probiotics to the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Diep
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA.
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Pereira AG, Fajardo AR, Gerola AP, Rodrigues JH, Nakamura CV, Muniz EC, Hsieh YL. First report of electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers mats with chitin and chitosan nanowhiskers: Fabrication, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Agate S, Argyropoulos DS, Jameel H, Lucia L, Pal L. 3D Photoinduced Spatiotemporal Resolution of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Fabrication of Biomedical Devices. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5007-5019. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park T, Kim N, Kim D, Kim SW, Oh Y, Yoo JK, You J, Um MK. An Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite of Cellulose Nanofibers and ZnO Nanorods for Highly Sensitive, Reliable, Wireless, and Wearable Multifunctional Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48239-48248. [PMID: 31766842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic and inorganic one-dimensional nanomaterials were synthesized and combined into a nanocomposite film for a wearable sensor. Reproducible ZnO nanorod (NR) synthesis was achieved by the addition of an appropriate amount of water. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used due to their porous matrix formation. The interconnected channels of brittle ZnO NRs were well-fabricated in the flexible network of CNFs. The surface morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the CNF/ZnO NR nanocomposite film were characterized. The interfacial interactions between these two nanomaterials were also studied. The nanocomposite film is sufficiently flexible so that it shows no electrical resistance changes even after repeated bending tests with a minimum bending radius of 1.5 mm. In addition, ZnO NRs with different lengths were synthesized. The composite of longer ZnO NRs and CNF showed 2.8 × 103 times higher photocurrent and responsivity performance. The humidity sensing performance of the composite was also suggested. The CNF/ZnO NR film shows reasonable electrical signal changes enabling the evaluation of a calibration curve. Finally, a smart band including a CNF/ZnO NR film sensor was fabricated and connected to a smartphone by Bluetooth. These results open an avenue for developing wearable sensors by overcoming the brittleness of inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teahoon Park
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
| | - Dabum Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources , Kyung Hee University , 1732 Deogyeong-daero , Giheung-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 446-701 , South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
| | - Youngseok Oh
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Yoo
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
| | - Jungmok You
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources , Kyung Hee University , 1732 Deogyeong-daero , Giheung-gu, Yongin-si , Gyeonggi-do 446-701 , South Korea
| | - Moon-Kwang Um
- Carbon Composite Department, Composites Research Division , Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , 797, Changwon-daero , Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si , Gyeongsangnam-do , 51508 , South Korea
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Kurtz IS, Sui S, Hao X, Huang M, Perry SL, Schiffman JD. Bacteria-Resistant, Transparent, Free-Standing Films Prepared from Complex Coacervates. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3926-3933. [PMID: 31579306 PMCID: PMC6774644 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication, properties, and bacteria-resistance of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) coatings and free-standing films. Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid), poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride), and salt were spin-coated into PEC films. After thermal annealing in a humid environment, highly transparent, mechanically strong, and chemically robust films were formed. Notably, we demonstrate that PEC coatings significantly reduce the attachment of Escherichia coli K12 without killing the micro-organisms. We suggest that forming bacteria-resistant surface coatings from commercially available polymers holds the potential for use across a wide range of applications including high-touch surfaces in medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengfei Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jessica D. Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Somayajula D, Agarwal A, Sharma AK, Pall AE, Datta S, Ghosh G. In Situ Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles within Hydrogel-Conjugated Membrane for Enhanced Antibacterial Properties. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:665-674. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Somayajula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Ayushi Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ajay K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Ashley E. Pall
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
| | - Saurav Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan—Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128, United States
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Kurtz IS, Schiffman JD. Current and Emerging Approaches to Engineer Antibacterial and Antifouling Electrospun Nanofibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1059. [PMID: 29932127 PMCID: PMC6073658 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From ship hulls to bandages, biological fouling is a ubiquitous problem that impacts a wide range of industries and requires complex engineered solutions. Eliciting materials to have antibacterial or antifouling properties describes two main approaches to delay biofouling by killing or repelling bacteria, respectively. In this review article, we discuss how electrospun nanofiber mats are blank canvases that can be tailored to have controlled interactions with biologics, which would improve the design of intelligent conformal coatings or freestanding meshes that deliver targeted antimicrobials or cause bacteria to slip off surfaces. Firstly, we will briefly discuss the established and emerging technologies for addressing biofouling through antibacterial and antifouling surface engineering, and then highlight the recent advances in incorporating these strategies into electrospun nanofibers. These strategies highlight the potential for engineering electrospun nanofibers to solicit specific microbial responses for human health and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene S Kurtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA.
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Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer onto PET Fabric for Highly Tunable Dyeing with Water Soluble Dyestuffs. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120735. [PMID: 30966032 PMCID: PMC6418701 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) is a multi-purpose and widely used synthetic polymer in many industrial fields because of its remarkable advantages such as low cost, light weight, high toughness and resistance to chemicals, and high abrasion resistance. However, PET suffers from poor dyeability due to its non-polar nature, benzene ring structure as well as high crystallinity. In this study, PET fabrics were firstly treated with an alkaline solution to produce carboxylic acid functional groups on the surface of the PET fabric, and then was modified by polyelectrolyte polymer through the electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly technology. The polyelectrolyte multilayer-deposited PET fabric was characterized using scanning electron microscopy SEM, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The dyeability of PET fabrics before and after surface modification was systematically investigated. It showed that the dye-uptake of the polyelectrolyte multilayer-deposited PET fabric has been enhanced compared to that of the pristine PET fabric. In addition, its dyeability is strongly dependent on the surface property of the polyelectrolyte multilayer-deposited PET fabric and the properties of dyestuffs.
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Chauhan D, Afreen S, Mishra S, Sankararamakrishnan N. Synthesis, characterization and application of zinc augmented aminated PAN nanofibers towards decontamination of chemical and biological contaminants. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Long-acting and broad-spectrum antimicrobial electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/gelatin micro/nanofibers for wound dressing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 509:275-284. [PMID: 28915485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimethoxysilylpropyl octadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (QAS), which forms facile bonds with hydroxyl groups, acts asa cationic antibacterial agent. In this work, QAS was introduced into a polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin hybrid in increasing concentrations to fabricate a long-acting and broad-spectrum antimicrobial micro/nanofiber membrane as a novel wound dressing. The physical interactions and chemical bonding between QAS/PCL and QAS/gelatin were demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS. Measured water contact angle between the PCL-gelatin/QAS (PG-Q) nanofiber membranes suggested a hydrophobic surface, which has been shown to aid in removal of wound dressings. The mechanical strength of the membranes was sufficient to meet the clinical requirements. Furthermore, the 15% QAS (PG-Q15) and 20% QAS (PG-Q20) formulated nanofiber membranes showed a considerable increase in their bacteriostatic activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) bacteria, suggesting a broad-spectrum bactericidal effect by the PG-Q membranes. The PG-Q membranes with various QAS formulations demonstrated little cytotoxicity. Therefore, the long-acting and broad-spectrum antimicrobial electrospun PG-Q micro/nanofibers membrane demonstrate potential efficacy asan antibacterial wound dressing.
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