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Al G, Aydemir D, Altuntaş E. The effects of PHB-g-MA types on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, structural, and rheological properties of polyhydroxybutyrate biopolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130745. [PMID: 38462104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the grafting of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) chains with maleic anhydride (MA) in concentrations ranging from 5 % to 10 % by weight. This process was conducted during microwave treatment and using a reactive extruder, employing benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator. The impact of these methods on PHB's overall properties was thoroughly investigated. In the study, PHB-g-MA was incorporated into neat PHB via the extrusion process at a 5 % loading rate. Notably, the mechanical properties exhibited an increase in the presence of PHB-g-MA, likely due to morphological improvements in the neat PHB, as indicated by morphological characterization. X-ray diffraction results indicated crystallinity percentages increase with the addition of MA. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed minimal variation in melting and crystallization temperatures when PHB-g-MA was included. Both storage and loss moduli were enhanced by the incorporation of PHB-g-MA, and the blends exhibited consistent tan delta values. Regarding rheological properties, the storage and loss moduli of PHB blends containing PHB-g-MA blends were observed to rise with rising frequency values. Based on these results, the microwave process was identified as the most effective method for grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulyaz Al
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkiye; Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkiye.
| | - Deniz Aydemir
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkiye.
| | - Ertugrul Altuntaş
- Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
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2
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Bajwa DS, Holt G, Stark N, Bajwa SG, Chanda S, Quadir M. Nano Boron Oxide and Zinc Oxide Doped Lignin Containing Cellulose Nanocrystals Improve the Thermal, Mechanical and Flammability Properties of High-Density Poly(ethylene). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:36. [PMID: 38201701 PMCID: PMC10780719 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The widely used high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer has inadequate mechanical and thermal properties for structural applications. To overcome this challenge, nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and nano boron oxide (B2O3) doped lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNC) were blended in the polymer matrix. The working hypothesis is that lignin will prevent CNC aggregation, and metal oxides will reduce the flammability of polymers by modifying their degradation pathways. This research prepared and incorporated safe, effective, and eco-friendly hybrid systems of nano ZnO/L-CNC and nano B2O3/L-CNC into the HDPE matrix to improve their physio-mechanical and fire-retardant properties. The composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, horizontal burning test, and microcalorimetry test. The results demonstrated a substantial increase in mechanical properties and a reduction in flammability. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed some agglomeration and irregular distribution of the inorganic oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet S. Bajwa
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Greg Holt
- Cotton Production and Processing Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA;
| | - Nicole Stark
- Forest Biopolymer Science and Engineering, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Sreekala G. Bajwa
- College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Saptaparni Chanda
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University; Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
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3
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Gómez-Gast N, Rivera-Santana JA, Otero JA, Vieyra H. Simulation of a Composite with a Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Matrix Reinforced with Cylindrical Inclusions: Prediction of Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4727. [PMID: 38139978 PMCID: PMC10747289 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite development, as a sustainable alternative to fossil-derived materials with diverse industrial applications, requires expediting the design process and reducing production costs. Simulation methods offer a solution to these challenges. The main aspects to consider in simulating composite materials successfully include accurately representing microstructure geometry, carefully selecting mesh elements, establishing appropriate boundary conditions representing system forces, utilizing an efficient numerical method to accelerate simulations, and incorporating statistical tools like experimental designs and re-regression models. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology encompassing these aspects. We present the simulation using a numerical homogenization technique based on FEM to analyze the mechanical behavior of a composite material of a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biodegradable matrix reinforced with cylindrical inclusions of flax and kenab. Here, the representative volume element (RVE) considered the geometry, and the numerical homogenization method (NHM) calculated the macro-mechanical behavior of composites. The results were validated using the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) and experimental data, with error estimations of 0.0019% and 7%, respectively. This model is valuable for predicting longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli, shear modulus, and Poisson's coefficient, emphasizing its significance in composite materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Gast
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Carretera Lago de Guadalupe 3.5, Colonia Margarita Maza de Juárez, Atizapán de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico or (N.G.-G.); (J.A.O.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
| | - Juan Andrés Rivera-Santana
- Escuela de Ingeniería, Cetys Universidad, Campus Mexicali, Calzada Cetys, s/n, Colonia Rivera, Mexicali 21259, Mexico;
| | - José A. Otero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Carretera Lago de Guadalupe 3.5, Colonia Margarita Maza de Juárez, Atizapán de Zaragoza 52926, Mexico or (N.G.-G.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Horacio Vieyra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
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4
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Akköz Y, Coşkun R. Cellulose-supported bioadsorbent from natural hemp fiber for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126447. [PMID: 37633563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare an eco-friendly bioadsorbent by graft copolymerization and modification from hemp fiber including bio-macromolecules such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin for anionic dyes adsorption from aqueous solutions, and to investigate adsorptive properties. The prepared cellulose-supported bioadsorbent (TEPA-(GMA-g-HF)) was characterized in detail using SEM-EDX, STEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA and BET techniques and calculating the point of zero charge. It was used as an adsorbent to remove three different anionic dyes, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), Reactive Red 120 (RR120) and Reactive yellow 160 (RY160) from the aqueous medium. The effects of adsorbent amount, pH, initial dye concentration, time and temperature on the adsorption were investigated. From the results, it was determined that the adsorption of all three dyes to the developed fibrous bioadsorbent was more compatible with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model. It was found that the adsorption capacity increased with increasing temperature, and the adsorption capacity at 298 K was 91.70 mg/g for RBBR, 83.33 for RY160 and 76.34 mg/g for RR120, respectively. Dye removal efficiencies were provided as approximately 100 % at acidic pHs. This high removal efficiency has also achieved in the dense matrix medium, and even after five consecutive reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Akköz
- Institute of Graduate Education, Yozgat Bozok University, 66900 Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Coşkun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Yozgat Bozok University, 66900 Yozgat, Turkey.
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5
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Sasimowski E, Majewski Ł, Grochowicz M. Study on the Biodegradation of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Wheat Bran Biocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6843. [PMID: 37959440 PMCID: PMC10647723 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study investigating the biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/wheat bran (WB) biocomposites. Injection mouldings were subjected to biodegradation in compost-filled bioreactors under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The effects of composting time (14, 42 and 70 days) and WB mass content (10%, 30% and 50% wt.) on the structural and thermal properties of the samples were investigated. Measurements were made by infrared spectral analysis, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. Results demonstrated that both the thermal and structural properties of the samples depended greatly on the biodegradation time. Specifically, their crystallinity degree increased significantly while molecular mass sharply decreased with biodegradation time, whereas their thermal resistance only showed a slight increase. This resulted from enzymatic hydrolysis that led to the breakdown of ester bonds in polymer chains. It was also found that a higher WB content led to a higher mass loss in the biocomposite samples during biodegradation and affected their post-biodegradation properties. A higher bran content increased the degree of crystallinity of the biocomposite samples but reduced their thermal resistance and molecular mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sasimowski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marta Grochowicz
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland;
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6
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Acuña-Nicolás J, Montesinos-Vázquez T, Pérez-Silva I, Galán-Vidal CA, Ibarra IS, Páez-Hernández ME. Modified Polysulfone Nanofibers for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Lead from Aqueous Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3086. [PMID: 37514475 PMCID: PMC10384298 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since lead is a highly toxic metal, it is necessary to detect its presence in different samples; unfortunately, analysis can be complicated if the samples contain concentrations below the detection limit of conventional analytical techniques. Solid phase extraction is a technique that allows the carrying out of a pre-concentration process and thus makes it easy to quantify analytes. This work studied the efficiency of sorption and preconcentration of lead utilizing polysulfone (PSf) fibers grafted with acrylic acid (AA). The best conditions for Pb(II) extraction were: pH 5, 0.1 mol L-1 of ionic strength, and 40 mg of sorbent (70% of removal). The sorbed Pb(II) was pre-concentrated by using an HNO3 solution and quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The described procedure was used to obtain a correlation curve between initial concentrations and those obtained after the preconcentration process. This curve and the developed methodology were applied to the determination of Pb(II) concentration in a water sample contained in a handmade glazed clay vessel. With the implementation of the developed method, it was possible to pre-concentrate and determine a leached Pb(II) concentration of 258 µg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Acuña-Nicolás
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
| | - Tanese Montesinos-Vázquez
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
| | - Irma Pérez-Silva
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Galán-Vidal
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
| | - Israel S Ibarra
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
| | - M Elena Páez-Hernández
- Laboratorio 2, Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma 42184, Mexico
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7
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Chen T, Li J, Xu J, Gao Y, Zhu S, Wang B, Ying G. Effect of Acetylation of Two Cellulose Nanocrystal Polymorphs on Processibility and Physical Properties of Polylactide/Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Film. Molecules 2023; 28:4667. [PMID: 37375221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) has become a popular alternative for petroleum-based plastics to reduce environmental pollution. The broader application of PLA is hampered by its brittle nature and incompatibility with the reinforcement phase. The aim of our work was to improve the ductility and compatibility of PLA composite film and investigate the mechanism by which nanocellulose enhances PLA polymer. Here, we present a robust PLA/nanocellulose hybrid film. Two different allomorphic cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-I and CNC-III) and their acetylated products (ACNC-I and ACNC-III) were used to realize better compatibility and mechanical performance in a hydrophobic PLA matrix. The tensile stress of the composite films with 3% ACNC-I and ACNC-III increased by 41.55% and 27.22% compared to pure PLA film, respectively. Compared to the CNC-I or CNC-III enhanced PLA composite films, the tensile stress of the films increased by 45.05% with 1% ACNC-I and 56.15% with 1% ACNC-III. In addition, PLA composite films with ACNCs showed better ductility and compatibility because the composite fracture gradually transitioned to a ductile fracture during the stretching process. As a result, ACNC-I and ACNC-III were found to be excellent reinforcing agents for the enhancement of the properties of polylactide composite film, and the replacement some petrochemical plastics with PLA composites would be very promising in actual life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shiyun Zhu
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Plant Fiber Materials Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangdong Ying
- Shandong Sun Paper Industry Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Jining 272100, China
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8
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Peponi L, Barrera-Rivera KA, Kenny JM, Marcos-Fernandez Á, Martinez-Richa A, López D. Bio-Catalysis for the Functionalization of Cellulose Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4064. [PMID: 36432349 PMCID: PMC9693080 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystals (NCs) using an enzyme as a catalyst has been performed by a “grafting from” reaction, in order to covalently functionalize the external surface of NCs with both poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) by ring-opening polymerization. Firstly, cellulose nanocrystals were prepared from commercial cellulose microcrystals by acid hydrolysis and then functionalized by using Yarrowia lipolytica lipase immobilized on Lewatit resin as a catalyst. To confirm the success of the grafting reactions, 1H-NMR has been performed as well as FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis has been used to determine the amount of polymeric chains grafted onto the surface of cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, the crystalline nature of the polymeric chains grafted onto the cellulose surface has been studied by DSC, X-ray scattering, as well as SAXS analysis. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a biocatalyst approach has been used to obtain biopolymeric functionalized cellulose nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla A. Barrera-Rivera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José M. Kenny
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Marcos-Fernandez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Richa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Daniel López
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC., Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Mohammed AABA, Hasan Z, Omran AAB, Kumar V, Elfaghi AM, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. Corn: Its Structure, Polymer, Fiber, Composite, Properties, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204396. [PMID: 36297977 PMCID: PMC9607144 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocomposite materials have a significant function in saving the environment by replacing artificial plastic materials with natural substances. They have been enrolled in many applications, such as housing, automotive engine components, aerospace and military products, electronic and circuit board components, and oil and gas equipment. Therefore, continuous studies have been employed to improve their mechanical, thermal, physical properties. In this research, we conduct a comprehensive review about corn fiber and corn starch-based biocomposite. The results gained from previous studies were compared and discussed. Firstly, the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of cornstarch-based composite were discussed. Then, the effects of various types of plasticizers on the flexibility of the cornstarch-based composite were addressed. The effects of chemical treatments on the properties of biocomposite using different cross-linking agents were discussed. The corn fiber surface treatment to enhance interfacial adhesion between natural fiber and polymeric matrix also were addressed. Finally, morphological characterization, crystallinity degree, and measurement of vapor permeability, degradation, and uptake of water were discussed. The mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of corn starch and fibers-based biopolymers show a significant improvement through plasticizing, chemical treatment, grafting, and cross-linker agent procedures, which expands their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaimah Hasan
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (A.A.B.O.)
| | - Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar P C-311, Oman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Science & Technology, Sebha University, Sabha 00218, Libya
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (A.A.B.O.)
| | - V.Vinod Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar P C-311, Oman
| | - Abdulhafid M. Elfaghi
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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10
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Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion and Thermomechanical Properties of PLA Based Composites with Wheat/Rice Bran. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163389. [PMID: 36015647 PMCID: PMC9413742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to enhance the use of agricultural byproducts for the production of bio-composites by melt extrusion. It is well known that in the production of such bio-composites, the weak point is the filler-matrix interface, for this reason the adhesion between a polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate)(PBSA) blend and rice and wheat bran platelets was enhanced by a treatment method applied on the fillers using a suitable beeswax. Moreover, the coupling action of beeswax and inorganic fillers (such as talc and calcium carbonate) were investigated to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of the final composites. Through rheological (MFI), morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA, DSC), mechanical (Tensile, Impact), thermomechanical (HDT) characterizations and the application of analytical models, the optimum among the tested formulations was then selected.
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11
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Deshmukh GS. Advancement in hemp fibre polymer composites: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural fibres as reinforcement for composite materials have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the past few years, largely due to ecological concerns, legislative directives and technological advancements. Hemp is one of the most popular natural fibres used as reinforcement in polymers owing to its superior mechanical properties. At present, hemp fibres have attracted the global interest of design engineers for developing composites having extensive applications in automobiles, electrical, construction and packaging industries. Although several literatures explore different aspects of hemp fibre reinforced composites, there is no proper literature that summarizes the surface treatment, processing techniques, mechanical performance and hybridization of hemp fibre composites. This review is envisioned to put forth a comprehensive summary of the research work published in the field of hemp fibre reinforced composites with special reference to the structure of hemp fibres, different methods for surface modification and processing techniques to fabricate the composites based on thermoplastic, thermoset and biopolymers. The paper also focuses on the effects of surface treatment on the mechanical performance of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri S. Deshmukh
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Research , Nagpur 441110 , India
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12
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Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jouyandeh M, Seidi F, Gholami F, Kar S, Munir MT, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Zarrintaj P, Rabiee N, Saeb MR. Green Polymer Nanocomposites for Skin Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2107-2121. [PMID: 35504039 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of an appropriate skin scaffold needs to meet several standards related to the mechanical and biological properties. Fully natural/green scaffolds with acceptable biodegradability, biocompatibility, and physiological properties quite often suffer from poor mechanical properties. Therefore, for appropriate skin tissue engineering and to mimic the real functions, we need to use synthetic polymers and/or additives as complements to green polymers. Green nanocomposites (either nanoscale natural macromolecules or biopolymers containing nanoparticles) are a class of scaffolds with acceptable biomedical properties window (drug delivery and cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage as well as skin tissue engineering), enabling one to achieve the required level of skin regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we have collected, summarized, screened, analyzed, and interpreted the properties of green nanocomposites used in skin tissue engineering and wound dressing. We particularly emphasize the mechanical and biological properties that skin cells need to meet when seeded on the scaffold. In this regard, the latest state of the art studies directed at fabrication of skin tissue and bionanocomposites as well as their mechanistic features are discussed, whereas some unspoken complexities and challenges for future developments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Shokrani
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 11155-4563 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Veleslavínova 42, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Muhammad Tajammal Munir
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran 145888-9694, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Francotte E, Huynh D. Immobilization of 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate of cellulose and amylose on silica by photochemical and thermal radical processes. Chirality 2022; 34:711-731. [PMID: 35174552 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate and amylose 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate on silica gel carrier was achieved by using photochemical and thermal processes. Both approaches provide an easy access to materials which were applied as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the chromatographic resolution of racemic molecules. The influence of parameters such as irradiation time and solvent on immobilization effectiveness was investigated. For the thermal processes, azo-bis-isobutyrontrile and di-tert-butyl peroxide were evaluated as radical initiators. The influence of parameters such as amount of radical initiator, solvent, temperature, and further handling operations on the immobilization rate was examined. The chiral recognition ability and the overall performance of the prepared immobilized phases were evaluated by injection of a series of racemic compounds onto packed HPLC columns. As there is almost no limitation of organic solvent types that can be used as mobile phases with the immobilized CSPs, they can be applied under chromatographic conditions which are prohibited with the corresponding non-bonded CSPs. This extended applicability considerably broadens the options for improving enantioselectivity and resolving chiral compounds which are not or only poorly soluble in the conventional mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Francotte
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan Huynh
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Bacterial Cellulose-A Remarkable Polymer as a Source for Biomaterials Tailoring. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031054. [PMID: 35160997 PMCID: PMC8839122 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of new eco-friendly and biocompatible materials using ‘green’ technologies represents a significant challenge for the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields to reduce the destructive actions of scientific research on the human body and the environment. Thus, bacterial cellulose (BC) has a central place among these novel tailored biomaterials. BC is a non-pathogenic bacteria-produced polysaccharide with a 3D nanofibrous structure, chemically identical to plant cellulose, but exhibiting greater purity and crystallinity. Bacterial cellulose possesses excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties, adequate capacity to absorb a large quantity of water, non-toxicity, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, proper capacity to form films and to stabilize emulsions, high porosity, and a large surface area. Due to its suitable characteristics, this ecological material can combine with multiple polymers and diverse bioactive agents to develop new materials and composites. Bacterial cellulose alone, and with its mixtures, exhibits numerous applications, including in the food and electronic industries and in the biotechnological and biomedical areas (such as in wound dressing, tissue engineering, dental implants, drug delivery systems, and cell culture). This review presents an overview of the main properties and uses of bacterial cellulose and the latest promising future applications, such as in biological diagnosis, biosensors, personalized regenerative medicine, and nerve and ocular tissue engineering.
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Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites Filled with Powdered Buckwheat Husks. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010356. [PMID: 35009500 PMCID: PMC8745890 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based fillers for the polymer composites are still interesting from the scientific and industrial point of view, due to their low cost and renewable nature. In this work partially green composites were obtained by the mixing of thermoplastic poly(ester-urethane) with the unmodified and modified (by acetylation) grinded buckwheat husks. Obtained biocomposites were characterized in the terms of their chemical structure (FTIR), microstructure (SEM), thermal stability (TGA), thermomechanical properties (DMTA), and selected mechanical properties. The results showed that introduction of grinded buckwheat husks (even if the amount is 60 wt%) permit retaining high values of tensile strength (around 8-10 MPa), but the increasing amount of applied filler is connected with the decreasing of elongation at break. It can result from good interaction between the polymer matrix and the bio-based filler (confirmed by high values of polymer matrix-filler interaction parameter determined from Pukánszky's model for the tensile strength of composites). The applied chemical treatment results in changing of mechanical properties of filler and composites. Obtained results confirmed the possibility of using powdered buckwheat husks as filler for thermoplastic polyurethane.
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Sasimowski E, Majewski Ł, Grochowicz M. Artificial Ageing, Chemical Resistance, and Biodegradation of Biocomposites from Poly(Butylene Succinate) and Wheat Bran. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247580. [PMID: 34947175 PMCID: PMC8705729 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The results of comprehensive studies on accelerated (artificial) ageing and biodegradation of polymer biocomposites on PBS matrix filled with raw wheat bran (WB) are presented in this paper. These polymer biocomposites are intended for the manufacture of goods, in particular disposable packaging and disposable utensils, which decompose naturally under the influence of biological agents. The effects of wheat bran content within the range of 10–50 wt.% and extruder screw speed of 50–200 min−1 during the production of biocomposite pellets on the resistance of the products to physical, chemical, and biological factors were evaluated. The research included the determination of the effect of artificial ageing on the changes of structural and thermal properties by infrared spectra (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). They showed structural changes—disruption of chains within the ester bond, which occurred in the composition with 50% bran content as early as after 250 h of accelerated ageing. An increase in the degree of crystallinity with ageing was also found to be as high as 48% in the composition with 10% bran content. The temperature taken at the beginning of weight loss of the compositions studied was also lowered, even by 30 °C at the highest bran content. The changes of mechanical properties of biocomposite samples were also investigated. These include: hardness, surface roughness, transverse shrinkage, weight loss, and optical properties: colour and gloss. The ageing hardness of the biocomposite increased by up to 12%, and the surface roughness (Ra) increased by as much as 2.4 µm at the highest bran content. It was also found that ageing causes significant colour changes of the biocomposition (ΔE = 7.8 already at 10% bran content), and that the ageing-induced weight loss of the biocomposition of 0.31–0.59% is lower than that of the samples produced from PBS alone (1.06%). On the other hand, the transverse shrinkage of moldings as a result of ageing turned out to be relatively small, at 0.05%–0.35%. The chemical resistance of biocomposites to NaOH and HCl as well as absorption of polar and non-polar liquids (oil and water) were also determined. Biodegradation studies were carried out under controlled conditions in compost and weight loss of the tested compositions was determined. The weight of samples made from PBS alone after 70 days of composting decreased only by 4.5%, while the biocomposition with 10% bran content decreased by 15.1%, and with 50% bran, by as much as 68.3%. The measurements carried out showed a significant influence of the content of the applied lignocellulosic fillers (LCF) in the form of raw wheat bran (WB) on the examined properties of the biocompositions and the course of their artificial ageing and biodegradation. Within the range under study, the screw speed of the extruder during the production of biocomposite pellets did not show any significant influence on most of the studied properties of the injection mouldings produced from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sasimowski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Grochowicz
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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Łączny D, Macko M, Moraczewski K, Szczepański Z, Trafarski A. Influence of the Size of the Fiber Filler of Corn Stalks in the Polylactide Matrix Composite on the Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7281. [PMID: 34885438 PMCID: PMC8658329 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents results of a study on the effect of filler size in the form of 15 wt% corn stalk (CS) fibers on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of polylactide (PLA) matrix composites. In the test, polylactidic acid (PLA) is filled with four types of length of corn stalk fibers with a diameter of 1 mm, 1.6 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm. The composites were composed by single screw extrusion and then samples were prepared by injection molding. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined by static tensile test, static bending test and Charpy impact test while the thermo-mechanical properties were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The composite structures were also observed using X-ray microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. In the PLA/CS composites, as the filler fiber diameter increased, the degradation of mechanical properties relative to the matrix was observed including tensile strength (decrease 22.9-51.1%), bending strength (decrease 18.9-36.6%) and impact energy absorption (decrease 58.8-69.8%). On the basis of 3D images of the composite structures for the filler particles larger than 2 mm a weak dispersion with the filler was observed, which is reflected in a significant deterioration of the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the composite. The best mechanical and thermomechanical properties were found in the composite with filler fiber of 1 mm diameter. Processing resulted in a more than 6-fold decrease in filler fiber length from 719 ± 190 µm, 893 ± 291 µm, 1073 ± 219 µm, and 1698 ± 636 µm for CS1, CS1.6, CS2, and CS4 fractions, respectively, to 104 ± 43 µm, 123 ± 60 µm, 173 ± 60 µm, and 227 ± 89 µm. The fabricated green composites with 1 to 2 mm corn stalk fiber filler are an alternative to traditional plastic based materials in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łączny
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Marek Macko
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Institute of Material Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Zbigniew Szczepański
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Andrzej Trafarski
- Institute of Material Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.T.)
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18
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Analysis of Selected Properties of Injection Moulded Sustainable Biocomposites from Poly(butylene succinate) and Wheat Bran. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14227049. [PMID: 34832449 PMCID: PMC8623204 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a procedure of the manufacturing and complex analysis of the properties of injection mouldings made of polymeric composites based on the poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) matrix with the addition of a natural filler in the form of wheat bran (WB). The scope of the research included measurements of processing shrinkage and density, analysis of the chemical structure, measurements of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties (Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT), and Vicat Softening Temperature (VST)), and measurements of the mechanical properties (hardness, impact strength, and static tensile test). The measurements were performed using design of experiment (DOE) methods, which made it possible to determine the investigated relationships in the form of polynomials and response surfaces. The mass content of the filler and the extruder screw speed during the production of the biocomposite granulate, which was used for the injection moulding of the test samples, constituted the variable factors adopted in the DOE. The study showed significant differences in the processing, thermal, and mechanical properties studied for individual systems of the DOE.
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19
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The Influence of Chosen Plant Fillers in PHBV Composites on the Processing Conditions, Mechanical Properties and Quality of Molded Pieces. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223934. [PMID: 34833232 PMCID: PMC8625057 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is inspired by the current European policies that aim to reduce plastic waste. This is especially true of the packaging industry. The biocomposites developed in the work belong to the group of environmentally friendly plastics that can reduce the increasing costs of environmental fees in the future. Three types of short fibers (flax, hemp and wood) with a length of 1 mm each were selected as fillers (30% mass content in PHBV). The biocomposites were extruded and then processed by the injection molding process with the same technical parameters. The samples obtained in this way were tested for mechanical properties and quality of the molded pieces. A significant improvement of some mechanical properties of biocomposites containing hemp and flax fibers and quality of molded pieces was obtained in comparison with pure PHBV. Only in the case of wood–PHBV biocomposites was no significant improvement of properties obtained compared to biocomposites with other fillers used in this research. The use of natural fibers, in particular hemp fibers as a filler in the PHBV matrix, in most cases has a positive effect on improving the mechanical properties and quality of molded pieces. In addition, it should be remembered that the obtained biocomposites are of natural origin and are fully biodegradable, which are interesting and desirable properties that are a part of the current trend regarding the production and commercialization of modern biomaterials.
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Udayakumar GP, Muthusamy S, Selvaganesh B, Sivarajasekar N, Rambabu K, Sivamani S, Sivakumar N, Maran JP, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A. Ecofriendly biopolymers and composites: Preparation and their applications in water-treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 52:107815. [PMID: 34400260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the term polymer has been repeatedly used in several industries for their immense characteristics in different applications. Polymers and their composites which were prepared from chemical monomer sources turned out to be potentially harmful to the environment due to their tedious degradation process. Biopolymers are natural substitutes for synthetic polymers which can be efficiently extricated from natural sources. They are predominantly available as polymeric units as well as monomeric units that are linked covalently. These environment-friendly biopolymers and their composites can be categorized based on their numerous sources, different methods of preparation and their potential form of usage. They were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable which make them exceptionally useful in environment based applications, mainly in the process of water treatment, both potable and wastewater. Further, the biopolymer and biopolymer composites easily fit into different parts of the treatment process by acting as filtration media, adsorbents, coagulants and as flocculants. The primary focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive information of biopolymers and biopolymer composites from synthesis to their usefulness for their productive application in water treatment processes. On the whole, it can be substantiated that the biopolymers were identified to play a notable adversary to the synthetic polymers in treating waters with an indispensable need for an elaborative study in the production of the biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthama Prabu Udayakumar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Muthusamy
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bharathi Selvaganesh
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Selvaraju Sivamani
- Chemical Engineering Section, Engineering Department, Salalah College of Technology, Salalah, Oman.
| | - Nallusamy Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem. India.
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21
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Shanmugam V, Babu K, Garrison TF, Capezza AJ, Olsson RT, Ramakrishna S, Hedenqvist MS, Singha S, Bartoli M, Giorcelli M, Sas G, Försth M, Das O, Restás Á, Berto F. Potential natural polymer-based nanofibres for the development of facemasks in countering viral outbreaks. J Appl Polym Sci 2021; 138:50658. [PMID: 34149062 PMCID: PMC8206777 DOI: 10.1002/app.50658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly increased the demand for facemasks as a measure to reduce the rapid spread of the pathogen. Throughout the pandemic, some countries such as Italy had a monthly demand of ca. 90 million facemasks. Domestic mask manufacturers are capable of manufacturing 8 million masks each week, although the demand was 40 million per week during March 2020. This dramatic increase has contributed to a spike in the generation of facemask waste. Facemasks are often manufactured with synthetic materials that are non-biodegradable, and their increased usage and improper disposal are raising environmental concerns. Consequently, there is a strong interest for developing biodegradable facemasks made with for example, renewable nanofibres. A range of natural polymer-based nanofibres has been studied for their potential to be used in air filter applications. This review article examines potential natural polymer-based nanofibres along with their filtration and antimicrobial capabilities for developing biodegradable facemask that will promote a cleaner production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Shanmugam
- Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringSaveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Karthik Babu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCenturion University of Technology and ManagementSitapurOdishaIndia
| | - Thomas F. Garrison
- Chemistry DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsDhahranSaudi Arabia
| | - Antonio J. Capezza
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape ArchitectureHorticulture and Crop Production Science, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringCenter for Nanofibres and NanotechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Shuvra Singha
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Politecnico di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Mauro Giorcelli
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Politecnico di TorinoTorinoItaly
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)TorinoItaly
| | - Gabriel Sas
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Ágoston Restás
- Department of Fire Protection and Rescue ControlNational University of Public ServiceBudapestHungary
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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Norrrahim MNF, Ariffin H, Yasim-Anuar TAT, Hassan MA, Ibrahim NA, Yunus WMZW, Nishida H. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1064. [PMID: 33800573 PMCID: PMC8037030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual hemicellulose could enhance cellulose nanofiber (CNF) processing as it impedes the agglomeration of the nanocellulose fibrils and contributes to complete nanofibrillation within a shorter period of time. Its effect on CNF performance as a reinforcement material is unclear, and hence this study seeks to evaluate the performance of CNF in the presence of amorphous hemicellulose as a reinforcement material in a polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Two types of CNF were prepared: SHS-CNF, which contained about 11% hemicellulose, and KOH-CNF, with complete hemicellulose removal. Mechanical properties of the PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF showed an almost similar increment in tensile strength (31% and 32%) and flexural strength (28% and 29%) when 3 wt.% of CNF was incorporated in PP, indicating that hemicellulose in SHS-CNF did not affect the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposite. The crystallinity of both PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF nanocomposites showed an almost similar value at 55-56%. A slight decrement in thermal stability was seen, whereby the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss (Td10%) of PP/SHS-CNF was 6 °C lower at 381 °C compared to 387 °C for PP/KOH-CNF, which can be explained by the degradation of thermally unstable hemicellulose. The results from this study showed that the presence of some portion of hemicellulose in CNF did not affect the CNF properties, suggesting that complete hemicellulose removal may not be necessary for the preparation of CNF to be used as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites. This will lead to less harsh pretreatment for CNF preparation and, hence, a more sustainable nanocomposite can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Research Center for Chemistry Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn. Bhd., Paloh Inai, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Haruo Nishida
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Graduate Kyushu Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan;
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Common Nettle ( Urtica dioica L.) as an Active Filler of Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071616. [PMID: 33810368 PMCID: PMC8037756 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Common nettle (Urtíca Dióica L.), as a natural fibrous filler, may be part of the global trend of producing biocomposites with the addition of substances of plant origin. The aim of the work was to investigate and explain the effectiveness of common nettle as a source of active functional compounds for the modification of elastomer composites based on natural rubber. The conducted studies constitute a scientific novelty in the field of polymer technology, as there is no research on the physico-chemical characteristics of nettle bio-components and vulcanizates filled with them. Separation and mechanical modification of seeds, leaves, branches and roots of dried nettle were carried out. Characterization of the ground plant particles was performed using goniometric measurements (contact angle), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), themogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained natural rubber composites with different bio-filler content were also tested in terms of rheological, static and dynamic mechanical properties, cross-linking density, color change and resistance to simulated aging processes. Composites with the addition of a filler obtained from nettle roots and stems showed the highest mechanical strength. For the sample containing leaves and branches, an increase in resistance to simulated ultraviolet and thermo-oxidative aging processes was observed. This phenomenon can be attributed to the activity of ingredients with high antioxidant potential contained in the plant.
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Teh KC, Foo ML, Ooi CW, Leng Chew IM. Sustainable and cost-effective approach for the synthesis of lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals from oil palm empty fruit bunch. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129277. [PMID: 33385850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have received great research attention since the last few decades due to their extraordinary properties and wide range of applications. In this study, a sustainable and cost-effective method for the synthesis of lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is presented. This method is able to retain the lignin in EFB and manifest the properties of lignin. The proposed synthesis process is simpler than the conventional method of producing lignin-coated CNC by first removing the lignin to synthesize CNC followed by the re-coating of lignin on the structure. The samples of LCNC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis. In addition, by altering the acid concentration during acid hydrolysis process (53% - 60% H2SO4), both surface hydrophobicity (66.0° - 75.1°) and length of LCNC (467 nm-177 nm) can be altered wherein a higher concentration of acid resulted in a greater contact angle and a shorter length of LCNC. Cost and energy analysis deduced that the proposed synthesis method saved about 62% of the total material cost and 80% less energy as compared to the synthesis of lignin-coated CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Chyi Teh
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mei Ling Foo
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Irene Mei Leng Chew
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform (MIPO), Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Influence of Epoxy Resin Treatment on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Plant-Derived Polyamide 1010 Biomass Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051228. [PMID: 33668952 PMCID: PMC7956458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of epoxy resin treatment on the mechanical and tribological properties of hemp fiber (HF)-reinforced plant-derived polyamide 1010 (PA1010) biomass composites. HFs were surface-treated using four types of surface treatment methods: (a) alkaline treatment using sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution, (b) surface treatment using epoxy resin (EP) solution after NaClO2 alkaline treatment, (c) surface treatment using an ureidosilane coupling agent after NaClO2 alkaline treatment (NaClO2 + A-1160), and (d) surface treatment using epoxy resin solution after the (c) surface treatment (NaClO2 + A-1160 + EP). The HF/PA1010 biomass composites were extruded using a twin-screw extruder and injection-molded. Their mechanical properties, such as tensile, bending, and dynamic mechanical properties, and tribological properties were evaluated by the ring-on-plate-type sliding wear test. The strength, modulus, specific wear rate, and limiting pv value of HF/PA1010 biomass composites improved with surface treatment using epoxy resin (NaClO2 + A-1160 + EP). In particular, the bending modulus of NaClO2 + A-1160 + EP improved by 48% more than that of NaClO2, and the specific wear rate of NaClO2 + A-1160 + EP was one-third that of NaClO2. This may be attributed to the change in the internal microstructure of the composites, such as the interfacial interaction between HF and PA1010 and fiber dispersion. As a result, the mode of friction and wear mechanism of these biomass composites also changed.
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Zinc oxide nanostructures and stearic acid as surface modifiers for flax fabrics in polylactic acid biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:495-504. [PMID: 33636263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Different surface treatments including mercerization, stearic acid and growth of zinc oxide nanorods as well as their combinations were exploited to address their effects on the properties of green composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and flax fabrics. The resulting fabrics were morphologically (SEM), crystallographically (XRD) and thermally (TGA) characterized, showing no significant changes with respect to the untreated samples. In contrast, tensile and flexural properties of composites produced by compression moulding were significantly influenced. A combination of mercerization and environmentally friendly stearic acid treatment turned the character of the flax fabric from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, and led to improved bending and tensile strengths by 20% and 12%, respectively, compared to untreated composites. The presence of ZnO nanorods promoted an increase in flexural and tensile stiffness by 58% and 31%, respectively, but at the expense of strength, with reductions ascribed to the degradation of polylactic acid under high-temperature conditions favoured by ZnO, as confirmed by a reduction in the initial thermal degradation temperature up to 26%. These latter composites can be suggested in those applications where a suitable combination of flexural properties and a shorter persistence in the environment is desired.
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Abstract
A critical review on the synthesis, characterization, and modeling of polymer grafting is presented. Although the motivation stemmed from grafting synthetic polymers onto lignocellulosic biopolymers, a comprehensive overview is also provided on the chemical grafting, characterization, and processing of grafted materials of different types, including synthetic backbones. Although polymer grafting has been studied for many decades—and so has the modeling of polymer branching and crosslinking for that matter, thereby reaching a good level of understanding in order to describe existing branching/crosslinking systems—polymer grafting has remained behind in modeling efforts. Areas of opportunity for further study are suggested within this review.
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Almeida PZD, Oliveira TBD, Lucas RCD, Salgado JCS, Pérez MM, Gálan B, García JL, Polizeli MDLTDM. Heterologous production and biochemical characterization of a new highly glucose tolerant GH1 β-glucosidase from Anoxybacillus thermarum. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gigante V, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Sandroni M, Polacco G, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A. On the Use of Biobased Waxes to Tune Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates-Bran Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112615. [PMID: 33172020 PMCID: PMC7694654 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, processability and mechanical performances of bio-composites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) containing 5, 10, and 15 wt % of bran fibers, untreated and treated with natural carnauba and bee waxes were evaluated. Wheat bran, the main byproduct of flour milling, was used as filler to reduce the final cost of the PHBV-based composites and, in the same time, to find a potential valorization to this agro-food by-product, widely available at low cost. The results showed that the wheat bran powder did not act as reinforcement, but as filler for PHBV, due to an unfavorable aspect ratio of the particles and poor adhesion with the polymeric matrix, with consequent moderate loss in mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break). The surface treatment of the wheat bran particles with waxes, and in particular with beeswax, was found to improve the mechanical performance in terms of tensile properties and impact resistance of the composites, enhancing the adhesion between the PHBV-based polymeric matrix and the bran fibers, as confirmed by predictive analytic models and dynamic mechanical analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marco Sandroni
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Giovanni Polacco
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Inter University Consortium of Material Science and Technology, c/o Unit Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (G.P.); (A.L.)
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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Raza ZA, Khalil S, Abid S. Recent progress in development and chemical modification of poly(hydroxybutyrate)-based blends for potential medical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:77-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sánchez-Safont EL, Aldureid A, Lagarón JM, Cabedo L, Gámez-Pérez J. Study of the Compatibilization Effect of Different Reactive Agents in PHB/Natural Fiber-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091967. [PMID: 32872605 PMCID: PMC7570349 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion is one of the key factors governing the final properties of natural fiber-based polymer composites. In this work, four extrusion reactive agents were tested as potential compatibilizers in polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB)/cellulose composites: dicumyl peroxide (DCP), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), resorcinol diglycidyl ether (RDGE), and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). The influence of the fibers and the different reactive agents on the mechanical properties, physical aging, and crystallization behavior were assessed. To evaluate the compatibilization effectiveness of each reactive agent, highly purified commercial cellulose fibers (TC90) were used as reference filler. Then, the influence of fiber purity on the compatibilization effect of the reactive agent HMDI was evaluated using untreated (U_RH) and chemically purified (T_RH) rice husk fibers, comparing the results with the ones using TC90 fibers. The results show that reactive agents interact with the polymer matrix at different levels, but all compositions showed a drastic embrittlement due to the aging of PHB. No clear compatibilization effect was found using DCP, RDGE, or TGIC reactive agents. On the other hand, the fiber–polymer interfacial adhesion was enhanced with HMDI. The purity of the fiber played an important role in the effectiveness of HMDI as a compatibilizer, since composites with highly purified fibers showed the greatest improvements in tensile strength and the most favorable morphology. None of the reactive agents negatively affected the compostability of PHB. Finally, thermoformed trays with good mold reproducibility were successfully obtained for PHB/T_RH/HMDI composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lidón Sánchez-Safont
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (E.L.S.-S.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Abdulaziz Aldureid
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (E.L.S.-S.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - José María Lagarón
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (E.L.S.-S.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - José Gámez-Pérez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (E.L.S.-S.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Chen S, Hori N, Kajiyama M, Takemura A. Thermal responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted chicken feather keratin prepared via surface initiated aqueous Cu(0)-mediated RDRP: Synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:364-372. [PMID: 32109472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Poultry chicken feather keratin was extracted and then modified for the fabrication of keratin-graft-PNIPAM copolymers. The keratin was well extracted from feather fiber and powdered. Subsequently, it underwent the surficial functionalization process with initiator groups. After the study conducted full disproportionation of Cu(I)Br/Me6Tren into Cu(0) and Cu(II)Br2 in the solvent, surface initiated aqueous Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was performed in a methanol/water mixture solvent. The reaction was performed rapidly and efficiently, during which over 100% graft rate was achieved at 60 min. After 6 h reaction, 200% graft rate could be achieved. High graft rate (up to 287%) was achieved, and graft rate could be regulated by controlling the reaction time and the addition of monomer. The fabricated keratin-g-PNIPAM exhibited a rough surface. As revealed from the results of thermal analysis, the thermal stability of keratin-g-PNIPAM was enhanced noticeably compared with the original keratin. Besides, grafted PNIPAM chains exhibited a higher glass transition temperature. The grafted keratin particles displayed enhanced hydrophilicity. Keratin-g-PNIPAMs exhibit a lower LCST comparing to homopolymer and the flocculation in hot water behavior could be controlled by regulating graft rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Chen
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naruhito Hori
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mikio Kajiyama
- Graduate School of life and environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akio Takemura
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Balding P, Li MC, Wu Q, Volkovinsky R, Russo P. Cellulose Nanocrystal-Polyelectrolyte Hybrids for Bentonite Water-Based Drilling Fluids. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3015-3027. [PMID: 35025348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), with their rodlike shape and nanoscale dimensions, greatly improve the filtration performance of bentonite-containing, water-based drilling fluids (BT-WDFs) through interactions with the BT platelets. When these WDFs are exposed to high salt concentrations, though, their fluid retention properties are greatly diminished due to reduced CNC-BT interaction and BT aggregation/flocculation. Consequently, we reduce BT-BT interaction at high salt by grafting polyelectrolytes (PE) to CNC particles (CNC-PE) to enhance CNC-BT interactions when incorporating these hybrid particles with BT-WDFs. The particles sterically and electrostatically screen BT platelets from associating, thus improving fluid filtration performance at high salt. Three types of CNC modifications were carried out: grafting from direct surface initiation, modification with vinyl-terminated glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) before grafting, and physical mixing of CNC with a polymer. These modifications were performed using three polyelectrolyte materials: anionic polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), cationic polyacrylamide (PAM), and a random copolymer of PSS and PAM (PSS-co-PAM). Formulations containing CNC-PEs prepared by covalent grafting exhibited superior filtration properties compared to those in which CNCs and PEs were physically mixed. The higher graft loading achieved with the GMA method resulted in poorer filtration results compared to the direct grafting method due to CNC-PE interparticle cross-linking. PSS-modified CNC-PEs appeared to attach to BT edges, while PAM-modified CNC-PEs attached to the BT faces. These interactions disrupted BT aggregation, with the PSS-co-PAM CNC hybrid displaying the most desired filtration properties. The results highlight the importance of steric and charge stabilization of the BT particle edges and faces to achieve high-performance WDFs for well excavation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Balding
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ron Volkovinsky
- Chattahoochee High School, Johns Creek, Georgia 30022, United States.,Open Polymer Active Learning Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Paul Russo
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Effects of coupling agent on antioxidant properties and structure of PP/cotton stalk lignin composites. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of coupling agent and lignin extracted from waste cotton stalks in Xinjiang on thermal-oxygen aging properties of polypropylene (PP) composites were studied. The melt index test and indoor thermal oxygen aging test was carried out on the samples treated with coupling agent. The mechanical properties, surface micromorphology, rheological properties and element composition of the materials before and after 30 days of aging were studied. The results showed that the titanate coupling agent was the best for improving the melt index and mechanical properties of PP/cotton stalk lignin composites. After the 30-day thermal oxygen aging test, the samples with 2% lignin had the best impact strength and retention rate of fracture elongation, reaching 68.9% and 77.3% respectively. The sample with 3% lignin content had the smoothen surface, no crack appeared. After aging, the increase of C=O was the least, and the crystal peak area decreased less.
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Yasim-Anuar TAT, Ariffin H, Norrrahim MNF, Hassan MA, Andou Y, Tsukegi T, Nishida H. Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040927. [PMID: 32316664 PMCID: PMC7240558 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different liquid assisted processing methods: internal melt-blending (IMB) and twin-screw extrusion (TWS) were performed to fabricate polyethylene (PE)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites consisted maleic anhydride-grafted PE (PEgMA) as a compatibilizer, with PE/PEgMA/CNF ratio of 97/3/0.5–5 (wt./wt./wt.), respectively. Morphological analysis exhibited that CNF was well-dispersed in nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted TWS. Meanwhile, a randomly oriented and agglomerated CNF was observed in the nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted IMB. The nanocomposites obtained from liquid-assisted TWS exhibited the best mechanical properties at 3 wt.% CNF addition with an increment in flexural strength by almost 139%, higher than that of liquid-assisted IMB. Results from this study indicated that liquid feeding of CNF assisted the homogenous dispersion of CNF in PE matrix, and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were affected by compounding method due to the CNF dispersion and alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.A.T.Y.-A.); (M.N.F.N.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan; (Y.A.); (H.N.)
| | - Takayuki Tsukegi
- Innovative Composite Materials Research and Development Center (ICC), Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-0838, Japan;
| | - Haruo Nishida
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan; (Y.A.); (H.N.)
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Rashtchian M, Hivechi A, Bahrami SH, Milan PB, Simorgh S. Fabricating alginate/poly(caprolactone) nanofibers with enhanced bio-mechanical properties via cellulose nanocrystal incorporation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Glova AD, Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Karttunen M, Lyulin SV. Grafted Dipolar Chains: Dipoles and Restricted Freedom Lead to Unexpected Hairpins. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artyom D. Glova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Victor M. Nazarychev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj pr. 31 (V.O.), St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
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Tavares KM, Campos AD, Mitsuyuki MC, Luchesi BR, Marconcini JM. Corn and cassava starch with carboxymethyl cellulose films and its mechanical and hydrophobic properties. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Soares da Silva FAG, Fernandes M, Souto AP, Ferreira EC, Dourado F, Gama M. Optimization of bacterial nanocellulose fermentation using recycled paper sludge and development of novel composites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9143-9154. [PMID: 31650194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, recycled paper sludge (RPS), composed of non-recyclable fibres, was used as a carbon source for bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) production. The biomass was enzymatically hydrolysed with Cellic CTec 2 to produce a sugar syrup with 45.40 g/L glucose, 1.69 g/L cellobiose and 2.89 g/L xylose. This hydrolysate was used for the optimization of BNC fermentation by static culture, using Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 700178, through response surface methodology (RSM). After analysis and validation of the model, a maximum BNC yield (5.69 g/L, dry basis) was obtained using 1.50% m/v RPS hydrolysate, 1.0% v/v ethanol and 1.45% m/v yeast extract/peptone (YE/P). Further, the BNC obtained was used to produce composites. A mixture of an amino-PolyDiMethylSiloxane-based softener, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 400 and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), was incorporated into the BNC membranes through an exhaustion process. The results show that BNC composites with distinct performances can be easily designed by simply varying the polymers percentage contents. This strategy represents a simple approach towards the production of BNC and BNC-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Fernandes
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Pedro Souto
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eugénio C Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Dourado
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Mendonça FMR, Polloni AE, Junges A, da Silva RS, Rubira AF, Borges GR, Dariva C, Franceschi E. Encapsulation of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by SFEE technique. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Liu X, Xu M, An B, Wu Z, Yang R, Ma C, Huang Q, Li W, Li J, Liu S. A facile hydrothermal method-fabricated robust and ultralight weight cellulose nanocrystal-based hydro/aerogels for metal ion removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25583-25595. [PMID: 31267405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal ion contamination, in particular that associated with Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+, poses a considerable threat to aquatic environments and human health. To obtain a highly efficient adsorbent, in this work, a facile hydrothermal method was applied to prepare acrylic acid grafted onto cellulose nanocrystal (AA-g-CNC) hydro/aerogel as an adsorbent for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ removal. The obtained AA-g-CNC hydrogels withstood up to 0.821 MPa of compression and showed good reciprocating performance when the deformation reached 40%. The as-formed AA-g-CNC aerogels had highly porous honeycomb structure, with many functional groups and a high zeta potential, all of which are essential features for an effective adsorbent. The maximum Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ removal capacities of AA-g-CNC aerogels reached 1026, 898.8, and 872.4 mg/g respectively. Their adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model and fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption mechanism mainly attributed to electrostatic chelation between metal ions with sulfonate and carboxylate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Liu
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcong Xu
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang An
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Rue Yang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou, 515834, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongtao Huang
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou, 515834, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
- Post-Doctoral Research Center, Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd., Shantou, 515834, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Raza ZA, Noor S, Khalil S. Recent developments in the synthesis of poly(hydroxybutyrate) based biocomposites. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2855. [PMID: 31136087 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) has become an attractive biomaterial in research and development for past few years. It is natural bio-based aliphatic polyester produced by many types of bacteria. Due to its biodegradable, biocompatible, and eco-friendly nature, PHB can be used in line with bioactive species. However, high production cost, thermal instability, and poor mechanical properties limit its desirable applications. So there is need to incorporate PHB with other materials or biopolymers for the development of some novel PHB based biocomposites for value addition. Many attempts have been employed to incorporate PHB with other biomaterials (or biopolymers) to develop sustainable biocomposites. In this review, some recent developments in the synthesis of PHB based biocomposites and their biomedical, packaging and tissue engineering applications have been focused. The development of biodegradable PHB based biocomposites with improved mechanical properties could be used to overcome its native limitations hence to open new possibilities for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ali Raza
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Safa Noor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shanza Khalil
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion of Polylactide/Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Walnut Shell Flour Composites by Reactive Extrusion with Maleinized Linseed Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050758. [PMID: 31052255 PMCID: PMC6572400 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel green composites were prepared by melt compounding a binary blend of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) at 4/1 (wt/wt) with particles of walnut shell flour (WSF) in the 10–40 wt % range, which were obtained as a waste from the agro-food industry. Maleinized linseed oil (MLO) was added at 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of composite to counteract the intrinsically low compatibility between the biopolymer blend matrix and the lignocellulosic fillers. Although the incorporation of WSF tended to reduce the mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA/PCL, the MLO-containing composites filled with up to 20 wt % WSF showed superior ductility and a more balanced thermomechanical response. The morphological analysis revealed that the performance improvement attained was related to a plasticization phenomenon of the biopolymer blend and, more interestingly, to an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion of the green composites achieved by extrusion with the multi-functionalized vegetable oil.
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David G, Gontard N, Angellier-Coussy H. Mitigating the Impact of Cellulose Particles on the Performance of Biopolyester-Based Composites by Gas-Phase Esterification. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E200. [PMID: 30960185 PMCID: PMC6418645 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials that are both biodegradable and bio-sourced are becoming serious candidates for substituting traditional petro-sourced plastics that accumulate in natural systems. New biocomposites have been produced by melt extrusion, using bacterial polyester (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) as a matrix and cellulose particles as fillers. In this study, gas-phase esterified cellulose particles, with palmitoyl chloride, were used to improve filler-matrix compatibility and reduce moisture sensitivity. Structural analysis demonstrated that intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix (crystallinity, and molecular weight) were not more significantly affected by the incorporation of cellulose, either virgin or grafted. Only a little decrease in matrix thermal stability was noticed, this being limited by cellulose grafting. Gas-phase esterification of cellulose improved the filler's dispersion state and filler/matrix interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM cross-section observations, and limiting the degradation of tensile properties (stress and strain at break). Water vapor permeability, moisture, and liquid water uptake of biocomposites were increased compared to the neat matrix. The increase in thermodynamic parameters was limited in the case of grafted cellulose, principally ascribed to their increased hydrophobicity. However, no significant effect of grafting was noticed regarding diffusion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire David
- JRU IATE 1208-CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro/University of Montpellier, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Bat 31, CEDEX 01, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Nathalie Gontard
- JRU IATE 1208-CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro/University of Montpellier, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Bat 31, CEDEX 01, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hélène Angellier-Coussy
- JRU IATE 1208-CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro/University of Montpellier, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Bat 31, CEDEX 01, F-34060 Montpellier, France.
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Processing and Properties of MDF Fibre-Reinforced Biopolyesters with Chain Extender Additives. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/9601753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolyesters are a way to improve natural fibre composite sustainability. This study explores, for the first time, the potential of using medium density fibreboard (MDF) fibres to reinforce four biobased and biodegradable polyester matrices to create a fully “green composite.” Added at 30 wt %, MDF fibres did not improve the strength of the injection moulded NFCs and this deficiency was investigated by measuring fibre length, viscosity, and molecular weight of the matrices. Compared to other lignocellulosic fibres, the use of MDF fibres led to a molecular weight reduction of biopolyesters during processing. This effect was particularly striking for PLA. The addition of a chain extender enhanced the molecular weight of PLA and improved its processability. The tensile strength increase was correlated to a reduction of fibre pull-out, enabling the MDF fibre to fulfil its expected reinforcement role within the biopolyester composite.
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Zhang Z, Tam KC, Sèbe G, Wang X. Convenient characterization of polymers grafted on cellulose nanocrystals via SI-ATRP without chain cleavage. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:603-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu H, Nagarajan S, Shu J, Zhang T, Zhou L, Duan Y, Zhang J. Green and facile surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal as the route to produce poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites with improved properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:204-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang X, Jia Y, Liu Z, Miao J. Influence of the Lignin Content on the Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibrils Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10091013. [PMID: 30960938 PMCID: PMC6403545 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (L-CNFs) composite films with different lignin contents were produced bythe solution casting method. The effect of the lignin content on the mechanical, thermal, and crystallinity properties, and PLA/LCNFs interfacial adhesion wereinvestigated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength and modulus of the PLA/9-LCNFs (9 wt % lignin LCNFs) composites are 37% and 61% higher than those of pure PLA, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases from 61.2 for pure PLA to 52.6 °C for the PLA/14-LCNFs (14 wt % lignin LCNFs) composite, and the composites have higher thermal stability below 380 °C than pure PLA. The DSC results indicate that the LCNFs, containing different lignin contents, act as a nucleating agent to increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA. The effect of the LCNFs lignin content on the PLA/LCNFs compatibility/adhesion was confirmed by the FTIR, SEM, and Tg results. Increasing the LCNFs lignin content increases the storage modulus of the PLA/LCNFs composites to a maximum for the PLA/9-LCNFs composite. This study shows that the lignin content has a considerable effect on the strength and flexibility of PLA/LCNFs composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Yuan Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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Sánchez-Safont EL, Arrillaga A, Anakabe J, Cabedo L, Gamez-Perez J. Toughness Enhancement of PHBV/TPU/Cellulose Compounds with Reactive Additives for Compostable Injected Parts in Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2102. [PMID: 30029538 PMCID: PMC6073394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-valerate), PHBV, is a bacterial thermoplastic biopolyester that possesses interesting thermal and mechanical properties. As it is fully biodegradable, it could be an alternative to the use of commodities in single-use applications or in those intended for composting at their end of life. Two big drawbacks of PHBV are its low impact toughness and its high cost, which limit its potential applications. In this work, we proposed the use of a PHBV-based compound with purified α-cellulose fibres and a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), with the purpose of improving the performance of PHBV in terms of balanced heat resistance, stiffness, and toughness. Three reactive agents with different functionalities have been tested in these compounds: hexametylene diisocianate (HMDI), a commercial multi-epoxy-functionalized styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate oligomer (Joncryl® ADR-4368), and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC). The results indicate that the reactive agents play a main role of compatibilizers among the phases of the PHBV/TPU/cellulose compounds. HMDI showed the highest ability to compatibilize the cellulose and the PHBV in the compounds, with the topmost values of deformation at break, static toughness, and impact strength. Joncryl® and TGIC, on the other hand, seemed to enhance the compatibility between the fibres and the polymer matrix as well as the TPU within the PHBV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Arrillaga
- Leartiker S. Coop., Xemein Etorbidea 12A, 48270 Markina-Xemein, Spain.
| | - Jon Anakabe
- Leartiker S. Coop., Xemein Etorbidea 12A, 48270 Markina-Xemein, Spain.
| | - Luis Cabedo
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Jose Gamez-Perez
- Polymers and Advanced Materials Group (PIMA), Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Shaghaleh H, Xu X, Wang S. Current progress in production of biopolymeric materials based on cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and cellulose derivatives. RSC Adv 2018; 8:825-842. [PMID: 35538958 PMCID: PMC9076966 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose has attracted considerable attention as the strongest potential candidate feedstock for bio-based polymeric material production. During the past decade, significant progress in the production of biopolymers based on different cellulosic forms has been achieved. This review highlights the most recent advances and developments in the three main routes for the production of cellulose-based biopolymers, and discusses their scope and applications. The use of cellulose fibers, nanocellulose, and cellulose derivatives as fillers or matrices in biocomposite materials is an efficient biosustainable alternative for the production of high-quality polymer composites and functional polymeric materials. The use of cellulose-derived monomers (glucose and other platform chemicals) in the synthesis of sustainable biopolymers and functional polymeric materials not only provides viable replacements for most petroleum-based polymers but also enables the development of novel polymers and functional polymeric materials. The present review describes the current status of biopolymers based on various forms of cellulose and the scope of their importance and applications. Challenges, promising research trends, and methods for dealing with challenges in exploitation of the promising properties of different forms of cellulose, which are vital for the future of the global polymeric industry, are discussed. Sustainable cellulosic biopolymers have potential applications not only in the replacement of existing petroleum-based polymers but also in cellulosic functional polymeric materials for a range of applications from electrochemical and energy-storage devices to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Shaghaleh
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
| | - Shifa Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China +86 25 85428369 +86 25 85428369
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