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Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K. Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1834-1863. [PMID: 38059476 PMCID: PMC10731662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
- University
Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, AUUP, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Material
Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Petra Urajová
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Sounak Ghosh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Roshani Singh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Gobardhan Sahoo
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Qiao F, Xu L, Xu Z. Identification of Perna viridis contaminated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in vitro using NIRS and a discriminative non-negative representation-based classifier. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122514. [PMID: 36870183 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins are one of the most widespread marine biotoxins that affect aquaculture and human health, and their detection has become crucial. In this study, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) with non-destructive characteristics was used to identify DSP toxins in Perna viridis. The spectral data of the DSP toxin-contaminated and non-contaminated Perna viridis samples were acquired in the 950-1700 nm range. To solve the discrimination of spectra with crossover and overlapping, a discriminative non-negative representation-based classifier (DNRC) has been proposed. Compared with collaborative and non-negative representation-based classifiers, the DNRC model exhibited better performance in detecting DSP toxins, with a classification accuracy of 99.44 %. For a relatively small-scale sample dataset in practical applications, the performance of the DNRC model was compared with those of classical models. The DNRC model achieved the best results for both identification accuracy and F-measure, and its detection performance did not significantly decrease with decreasing sample size. The experimental results validated that a combination of NIRS and the DNRC model can facilitate rapid, convenient, and non-destructive detection of DSP toxins in Perna viridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Zhongyan Liu
- School of Computer Science and Intelligence Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Fu Qiao
- School of Computer Science and Intelligence Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; Mangrove Institute, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Lele Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Science and Technology Extension Department, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
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Trainer VL, King TL. SoundToxins: A Research and Monitoring Partnership for Harmful Phytoplankton in Washington State. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030189. [PMID: 36977080 PMCID: PMC10056251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The more frequent occurrence of marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) and recent problems with newly-described toxins in Puget Sound have increased the risk for illness and have negatively impacted sustainable access to shellfish in Washington State. Marine toxins that affect safe shellfish harvest because of their impact on human health are the saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), domoic acid that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish toxins that cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and the recent measurement of azaspiracids, known to cause azaspiracid poisoning (AZP), at low concentrations in Puget Sound shellfish. The flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo, impacts the health and harvestability of aquacultured and wild salmon in Puget Sound. The more recently described flagellates that cause the illness or death of cultivated and wild shellfish, include Protoceratium reticulatum, known to produce yessotoxins, Akashiwo sanguinea and Phaeocystis globosa. This increased incidence of HABs, especially dinoflagellate HABs that are expected in increase with enhanced stratification linked to climate change, has necessitated the partnership of state regulatory programs with SoundToxins, the research, monitoring and early warning program for HABs in Puget Sound, that allows shellfish growers, Native tribes, environmental learning centers and citizens, to be the “eyes on the coast”. This partnership enables safe harvest of wholesome seafood for consumption in the region and helps to describe unusual events that impact the health of oceans, wildlife and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L. Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, University of Washington, Forks, WA 98331, USA
| | - Teri L. King
- Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, Shelton, WA 98584, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lee TCH, Lai KKY, Xu SJL, Lee FWF. Upregulation of Peridinin-Chlorophyll A-Binding Protein in a Toxic Strain of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum under Normal and Phosphate-Depleted Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021735. [PMID: 36675250 PMCID: PMC9864435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Some strains of the dinoflagellate species Prorocentrum hoffmannianum show contrasting ability to produce diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. We previously compared the okadaic acid (OA) production level between a highly toxic strain (CCMP2804) and a non-toxic strain (CCMP683) of P. hoffmannianum and revealed that the cellular concentration of OA in CCMP2804 would increase significantly under the depletion of phosphate. To understand the molecular mechanisms, here, we compared and analyzed the proteome changes of both strains growing under normal condition and at phosphate depletion using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). There were 41 and 33 differential protein spots observed under normal condition and phosphate depletion, respectively, of which most were upregulated in CCMP2804 and 22 were common to both conditions. Due to the lack of matched peptide mass fingerprints in the database, de novo peptide sequencing was applied to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Of those upregulated spots in CCMP2804, nearly 60% were identified as peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein (PCP), an important light-harvesting protein for photosynthesis in dinoflagellates. We postulated that the high expression of PCP encourages the production of DSP toxins by enhancing the yields of raw materials such as acetate, glycolate and glycine. Other possible mechanisms of toxicity related to PCP might be through triggering the transcription of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase genes and the transportation of dinophysistoxin-4 from chloroplast to vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chun-Hung Lee
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaze King-Yip Lai
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven Jing-Liang Xu
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fred Wang-Fat Lee
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-31202690
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A Comparative Analysis of Methods (LC-MS/MS, LC-MS and Rapid Test Kits) for the Determination of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in Oysters, Mussels and Pipis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080563. [PMID: 34437433 PMCID: PMC8402487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid methods for the detection of biotoxins in shellfish can assist the seafood industry and safeguard public health. Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs) are produced by species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis, yet the comparative efficacy of their detection methods has not been systematically determined. Here, we examined DSTs in spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish–Sydney Rock Oysters (Saccostrea glomerata), Pacific Oysters (Magallana gigas/Crassostrea gigas), Blue Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pipis (Plebidonax deltoides/Donax deltoides), using LC-MS/MS and LC-MS in 4 laboratories, and 5 rapid test kits (quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PP2A), and qualitative Lateral Flow Assay (LFA)). We found all toxins in all species could be recovered by all laboratories using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography—tandem Mass Spectrometry) and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry); however, DST recovery at low and mid-level concentrations (<0.1 mg/kg) was variable (0–150%), while recovery at high-level concentrations (>0.86 mg/kg) was higher (60–262%). While no clear differences were observed between shellfish, all kits delivered an unacceptably high level (25–100%) of falsely compliant results for spiked samples. The LFA and the PP2A kits performed satisfactorily for naturally contaminated pipis (0%, 5% falsely compliant, respectively). There were correlations between spiked DSTs and quantitative methods was highest for LC-MS (r2 = 0.86) and the PP2A kit (r2 = 0.72). Overall, our results do not support the use of any DST rapid test kit as a stand-alone quality assurance measure at this time.
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Vale P. Shellfish contamination with marine biotoxins in Portugal and spring tides: a dangerous health coincidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41143-41156. [PMID: 32809126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs can acquire marine biotoxins by filter-feeding upon certain toxin-producing microalgae. The two most common syndromes observed in temperate coastal waters have been diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). While DSP is a non-fatal gastrointestinal syndrome, PSP is a neurological syndrome which can lead to death by respiratory paralysis in high intoxication scenarios. In Portugal, the presence of both DSP and PSP toxins leads to recurrent seasonal bans of bivalve harvesting. On a few occasions, the bans were not placed in time, not properly disseminated to the public or were disregarded by recreational harvesters. Several cases of poisonings have been studied in collaboration between health authorities and the laboratory in charge of the biotoxin monitoring programme. Some of the outbreaks have even called the attention of the local media. In several of these recorded cases, a common trait has emerged throughout the years: bivalve harvest had often been done during very low tides attributed to either new or full moons. These tides expose intertidal bivalves more widely, increase harvesting time, and allow picking of larger-sized specimens. In some occasions, the consumers were extremely unfortunate because a noxious coincidence had occurred: larger-sized specimens were available but had attained the highest toxin content of the toxic season. This review alerts that despite costly monitoring programmes have been perfected through the years, human poisonings still take place due to the rapid increase in toxin levels and/or disrespect of harvest bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Sea and Marine Resources Department, The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), R. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal.
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Leonardo S, Toldrà A, Rambla-Alegre M, Fernández-Tejedor M, Andree KB, Ferreres L, Campbell K, Elliott CT, O'Sullivan CK, Pazos Y, Diogène J, Campàs M. Self-assembled monolayer-based immunoassays for okadaic acid detection in seawater as monitoring tools. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 133:6-14. [PMID: 29174400 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective methods to monitor the presence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in seawater samples in an easy and reliable manner are required to protect human health and avoid economic losses to shellfish industry. Immunoassays for the detection of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 and dinophysistoxin-2 are developed by immobilising OA on self-assembled monothiols or dithiols in an ordered and oriented way, providing an effective limit of detection of ∼1 ng OA equiv./mL seawater. The immunoassays are applied to the analysis of the particulate fraction of seawater samples from two Catalan harbours (NW Mediterranean) and samples collected periodically from the Galician Rias (E Atlantic), as well as a reference mussel sample. Results are in agreement with LC-MS/MS and the certified values. OA concentration in seawater correlates with Dinophysis cell abundance, with a 1-2 weeks lag. The immunoassays provide powerful high-throughput analytical methods potentially applicable as alternative monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Leonardo
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | | | | | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Laura Ferreres
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- INTECMAR, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, Km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Alarcan J, Biré R, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Mixtures of Lipophilic Phycotoxins: Exposure Data and Toxicological Assessment. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E46. [PMID: 29385038 PMCID: PMC5852474 DOI: 10.3390/md16020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and can cause human intoxication. Regulatory limits have been set for individual toxins, and the toxicological features are well characterized for some of them. However, phycotoxin contamination is often a co-exposure phenomenon, and toxicological data regarding mixtures effects are very scarce. Moreover, the type and occurrence of phycotoxins can greatly vary from one region to another. This review aims at summarizing the knowledge on (i) multi-toxin occurrence by a comprehensive literature review and (ii) the toxicological assessment of mixture effects. A total of 79 publications was selected for co-exposure evaluation, and 44 of them were suitable for toxin ratio calculations. The main toxin mixtures featured okadaic acid in combination with pectenotoxin-2 or yessotoxin. Only a few toxicity studies dealing with co-exposure were published. In vivo studies did not report particular mixture effects, whereas in vitro studies showed synergistic or antagonistic effects. Based on the combinations that are the most reported, further investigations on mixture effects must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Ronel Biré
- Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
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Fernandes P. Enzymes in Fish and Seafood Processing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:59. [PMID: 27458583 PMCID: PMC4935696 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have been used for the production and processing of fish and seafood for several centuries in an empirical manner. In recent decades, a growing trend toward a rational and controlled application of enzymes for such goals has emerged. Underlying such pattern are, among others, the increasingly wider array of enzyme activities and enzyme sources, improved enzyme formulations, and enhanced requirements for cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. The better use of enzyme action in fish- and seafood-related application has had a significant impact on fish-related industry. Thus, new products have surfaced, product quality has improved, more sustainable processes have been developed, and innovative and reliable analytical techniques have been implemented. Recent development in these fields are presented and discussed, and prospective developments are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
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Effect of the industrial canning on the toxicity of mussels contaminated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. Toxicon 2016; 112:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Turner AD, Goya AB. Comparison of four rapid test kits for the detection of okadaic acid-group toxins in bivalve shellfish from Argentina. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Gas F, Baus B, Queré J, Chapelle A, Dreanno C. Rapid detection and quantification of the marine toxic algae, Alexandrium minutum, using a super-paramagnetic immunochromatographic strip test. Talanta 2015; 147:581-9. [PMID: 26592649 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellates of Alexandrium genus are known to be producers of paralytic shellfish toxins that regularly impact the shellfish aquaculture industry and fisheries. Accurate detection of Alexandrium including Alexandrium minutum is crucial for environmental monitoring and sanitary issues. In this study, we firstly developed a quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using super-paramagnetic nanobeads for A. minutum whole cells. This dipstick assay relies on two distinct monoclonal antibodies used in a sandwich format and directed against surface antigens of this organism. No sample preparation is required. Either frozen or live cells can be detected and quantified. The specificity and sensitivity are assessed by using phytoplankton culture and field samples spiked with a known amount of cultured A. minutum cells. This LFIA is shown to be highly specific for A. minutum and able to detect reproducibly 10(5)cells/L within 30min. The test is applied to environmental samples already characterized by light microscopy counting. No significant difference is observed between the cell densities obtained by these two methods. This handy super-paramagnetic lateral flow immnunoassay biosensor can greatly assist water quality monitoring programs as well as ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gas
- CEA Marcoule, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire d'Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30200, France
| | - Béatrice Baus
- CEA Marcoule, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire d'Innovations technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30200, France
| | - Julien Queré
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Dyneco Pelagos, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Annie Chapelle
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Dyneco Pelagos, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Catherine Dreanno
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire Détection Capteurs et Mesures, Plouzané F-29280, France.
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Jawaid W, Meneely JP, Campbell K, Melville K, Holmes SJ, Rice J, Elliott CT. Development and Validation of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Rapid Screening of Okadaic Acid and All Dinophysis Toxins from Shellfish Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8574-8583. [PMID: 26287989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A single-step lateral flow immunoassay was developed and validated to detect okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs), which cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The performance characteristics of the test were investigated, in comparison to reference methods (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and/or bioassay), using both spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish. A portable reader was used to generate a qualitative result, indicating the absence or presence of OA-group toxins, at concentrations relevant to the maximum permitted level (MPL). Sample homogenates could be screened in 20 min (including extraction and assay time) for the presence of free toxins (OA, DTX1, DTX2). DTX3 detection could be included with the addition of a hydrolysis procedure. No matrix effects were observed from the species evaluated (mussels, scallops, oysters, and clams). Results from naturally contaminated samples (n = 72) indicated no false compliant results and no false noncompliant results at <50% MPL. Thus, the development of a new low-cost but highly effective tool for monitoring a range of important phycotoxins has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqass Jawaid
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Karrie Melville
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Stephen J Holmes
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jennifer Rice
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912, United States
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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Integrative monitoring of marine and freshwater harmful algae in Washington State for public health protection. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1206-34. [PMID: 25860160 PMCID: PMC4417964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The more frequent occurrence of both marine and freshwater toxic algal blooms and recent problems with new toxic events have increased the risk for illness and negatively impacted sustainable public access to safe shellfish and recreational waters in Washington State. Marine toxins that affect safe shellfish harvest in the state are the saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), domoic acid that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and the first ever US closure in 2011 due to diarrhetic shellfish toxins that cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Likewise, the freshwater toxins microcystins, anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsins, and saxitoxins have been measured in state lakes, although cylindrospermopsins have not yet been measured above state regulatory guidance levels. This increased incidence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has necessitated the partnering of state regulatory programs with citizen and user-fee sponsored monitoring efforts such as SoundToxins, the Olympic Region Harmful Algal Bloom (ORHAB) partnership and the state’s freshwater harmful algal bloom passive (opportunistic) surveillance program that allow citizens to share their observations with scientists. Through such integrated programs that provide an effective interface between formalized state and federal programs and observations by the general public, county staff and trained citizen volunteers, the best possible early warning systems can be instituted for surveillance of known HABs, as well as for the reporting and diagnosis of unusual events that may impact the future health of oceans, lakes, wildlife, and humans.
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Blanco J, Arévalo F, Correa J, Porro MC, Cabado AG, Vieites JM, Moroño A. Effect of the industrial steaming on the toxicity, estimated by LC-MS/MS, of mussels exposed for a long time to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins. Food Chem 2015; 177:240-7. [PMID: 25660882 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of industrial steaming on mussels that had been naturally exposed to DSP toxins for a long time was studied using LC-MS/MS. The estimated toxicity increased with steaming by a percentage that cannot be explained by weight loss. The estimated toxin content per mussel increased substantially with the treatment, which can only be explained by an incorrect estimation by the technique (at the extraction or analytical level) or by the presence of unknown derivatives or analogues. Direct alkaline hydrolysis of the mussel meat yielded more toxin than the standard hydrolysis (hydrolysis of the methanolic extracts), suggesting that extraction was, at least in part, responsible for the increase of toxin content. In situations as the one described in this work, it can be expected that mussels with toxicities well below the regulatory limit could easily surpass that level after industrial steaming, thus producing important losses for food processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- CIMA (Centro de Investigacións Mariñas), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - M Corina Porro
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera de Colexio Universitario, 16, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ana G Cabado
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera de Colexio Universitario, 16, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Juan M Vieites
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera de Colexio Universitario, 16, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Angeles Moroño
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
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