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Potential Cosmetic Active Ingredients Derived from Marine By-Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120734. [PMID: 36547881 PMCID: PMC9787341 DOI: 10.3390/md20120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The market demand for marine-based cosmetics has shown a tremendous growth rate in the last decade. Marine resources represent a promising source of novel bioactive compounds for new cosmetic ingredient development. However, concern about sustainability also becomes an issue that should be considered in developing cosmetic ingredients. The fisheries industry (e.g., fishing, farming, and processing) generates large amounts of leftovers containing valuable substances, which are potent sources of cosmeceutical ingredients. Several bioactive substances could be extracted from the marine by-product that can be utilized as a potent ingredient to develop cosmetics products. Those bioactive substances (e.g., collagen from fish waste and chitin from crustacean waste) could be utilized as anti-photoaging, anti-wrinkle, skin barrier, and hair care products. From this perspective, this review aims to approach the potential active ingredients derived from marine by-products for cosmetics and discuss the possible activity of those active ingredients in promoting human beauty. In addition, this review also covers the prospect and challenge of using marine by-products toward the emerging concept of sustainable blue cosmetics.
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Kim BK, Park MO, Min JO, Kang SH, Shin KH, Yang EJ, Ha SY. The Interplay of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids between Phytoplankton Groups and Northern Krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in a High-Latitude Fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040238. [PMID: 35447908 PMCID: PMC9028281 DOI: 10.3390/md20040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) concentrations of phytoplankton and Northern krill (Thysanoessa sp.) in sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden. Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentrations in the surface and middle-layer water were 0.44 μg L−1 (±0.17 μg L−1) and 0.63 μg L−1 (±0.25 μg L−1), respectively. Alloxanthin (Allo, a marker of cryptophytes) was observed at all stations, and its mean values for surface and middle-layer water were 0.09 μg L−1 (±0.05 μg L−1) and 0.05 (±0.02 μg L−1), respectively. The mean MAA-to-Chl-a ratios at the surface (3.31 ± 2.58 μg (μg Chl-a)−1) were significantly higher than those in the middle-layer water (0.88 ± 0.49 μg (μg Chl-a)−1), suggesting that these compounds play an important role in reducing UV photodamage. In gut pigment levels of Northern krill, the most abundant accessory pigment was Allo (2.79 ± 0.33 μg g−1 dry weight; d.w.), as was the accumulation of Chl-a (8.29 ± 1.13 μg g−1 d.w.). The average concentration of MAAs was 1.87 mg g−1 d.w. (±0.88 mg g−1 d.w.) in krill eyes, which was higher than that in all other body parts (0.99 ± 0.41 mg g−1 d.w.), except for the gut. Thysanoessa sp. was found to contain five identified MAAs (shinorine, palythine, porphyra-334, mycosporine-glycine, and M-332) in the krill eye, whereas shinorine and porphyra-334 were only observed in the krill body, not the eyes and gut. These findings suggest that Northern krill accumulate MAAs of various compositions through the diet (mainly cryptophytes) and translocate them among their body parts as an adaptation for photoprotection and physiological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Kim
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Mi-Ok Park
- Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Jun-Oh Min
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea; (B.K.K.); (J.-O.M.); (S.-H.K.); (E.J.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-760-5341
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Abstract
Chitin and its derivatives are attracting great interest in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields, thanks to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The classical source of chitin, crustacean waste, is no longer sustainable and fungi, a possible alternative, have not been exploited at an industrial scale yet. On the contrary, the breeding of bioconverting insects, especially of the Diptera Hermetia illucens, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Therefore, their exoskeletons, consisting of chitin as a major component, represent a waste stream of facilities that could be exploited for many applications. Insect chitin, indeed, suggests its application in the same fields as the crustacean biopolymer, because of its comparable commercial characteristics. This review reports several cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications based on chitin and its derivatives. In this context, chitin nanofibers and nanofibrils, produced from crustacean waste, have proved to be excellent cosmeceutical active compounds and carriers of active ingredients in personal care. Consequently, the insect-based chitin, its derivatives and their complexes with hyaluronic acid and lignin, as well as with other chitin-derived compounds, may be considered a new appropriate potential polymer to be used in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields.
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Joseph B, Mavelil Sam R, Balakrishnan P, J. Maria H, Gopi S, Volova T, C. M. Fernandes S, Thomas S. Extraction of Nanochitin from Marine Resources and Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposites: Recent Advances. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1664. [PMID: 32726958 PMCID: PMC7465063 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial sea food residues, mainly crab and shrimp shells, are considered to be the most promising and abundant source of chitin. In-depth understanding of the biological properties of chitin and scientific advancements in the field of nanotechnology have enabled the development of high-performance chitin nanomaterials. Nanoscale chitin is of great economic value as an efficient functional and reinforcement material for a wide range of applications ranging from water purification to tissue engineering. The use of polymers and nanochitin to produce (bio) nanocomposites offers a good opportunity to prepare bioplastic materials with enhanced functional and structural properties. Most processes for nanochitin isolation rely on the use of chemical, physical or mechanical methods. Chitin-based nanocomposites are fabricated by various methods, involving electrospinning, freeze drying, etc. This review discusses the progress and new developments in the isolation and physico-chemical characterization of chitin; it also highlights the processing of nanochitin in various composite and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessy Joseph
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; (B.J.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Rubie Mavelil Sam
- Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, Kerala 690110, India;
| | - Preetha Balakrishnan
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; (B.J.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Hanna J. Maria
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; (B.J.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- Plant Lipids Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, Kerala 682311, India
| | - Tatiana Volova
- Institute of Biophysics of Russian Academy of Science, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research on Environment and Materials (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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Shahbaz U. Chitin, Characteristic, Sources, and Biomedical Application. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1433-1443. [PMID: 32503407 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200605104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin stands at second, after cellulose, as the most abundant polysaccharide in the world. Chitin is found naturally in marine environments as it is a crucial structural component of various marine organisms. METHODS Different amounts of waste chitin and chitosan can be discovered in the environment. Chitinase producing microbes help to hydrolyze chitin waste to play an essential function for the removal of chitin pollution in the Marine Atmosphere. Chitin can be converted by using chemical and biological methods into prominent derivate chitosan. Numerous bacteria naturally have chitin degrading ability. RESULTS Chitin shows promise in terms of biocompatibility, low toxicity, complete biodegradability, nontoxicity, and film-forming capability. The application of these polymers in the different sectors of biomedical, food, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals could be lucrative. Moreover, the most recent achievement in nanotechnology is based on chitin and chitosan-based materials. CONCLUSION In this review, we examine chitin in terms of its natural sources and different extraction methods, chitinase producing microbes and chitin, chitosan together with its derivatives for use in biomedical and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Shahbaz
- Jiangnan University, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiansu, China
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Casadidio C, Peregrina DV, Gigliobianco MR, Deng S, Censi R, Di Martino P. Chitin and Chitosans: Characteristics, Eco-Friendly Processes, and Applications in Cosmetic Science. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E369. [PMID: 31234361 PMCID: PMC6627199 DOI: 10.3390/md17060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huge amounts of chitin and chitosans can be found in the biosphere as important constituents of the exoskeleton of many organisms and as waste by worldwide seafood companies. Presently, politicians, environmentalists, and industrialists encourage the use of these marine polysaccharides as a renewable source developed by alternative eco-friendly processes, especially in the production of regular cosmetics. The aim of this review is to outline the physicochemical and biological properties and the different bioextraction methods of chitin and chitosan sources, focusing on enzymatic deproteinization, bacteria fermentation, and enzymatic deacetylation methods. Thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, the applications of these marine polymers are widely used in the contemporary manufacturing of biomedical and pharmaceutical products. In the end, advanced cosmetics based on chitin and chitosans are presented, analyzing different therapeutic aspects regarding skin, hair, nail, and oral care. The innovative formulations described can be considered excellent candidates for the prevention and treatment of several diseases associated with different body anatomical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Iqbal B, Ali J, Ganguli M, Mishra S, Baboota S. Silymarin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier gel for the treatment of skin cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1077-1093. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was aimed at determining the antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity of developed silymarin-nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel. Materials & methods: B16 melanoma cell line and albino mice were used as ex vivo and in vivo models, respectively, to evaluate the aforementioned pharmacological activities. Results: The volume of large tumors significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 5.02 to 3.05 mm3, levels of IL-1α and TNF-α were significantly (p < 0.001) lower and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) significantly (p < 0.0001) increased in the group treated with silymarin-NLC gel. Furthermore, in skin treated with placebo and conventional gels, a basosquamous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were noticed, respectively. Conclusion: Silymarin-NLC gel presented better treatment outcomes compared with silymarin-conventional gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Iqbal
- Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sarita Mishra
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
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Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Applications of Chitin, Chitosan and Their Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020213. [PMID: 30966249 PMCID: PMC6414895 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine resources are well recognized for their biologically active substances with great potential applications in the cosmeceutical industry. Among the different compounds with a marine origin, chitin and its deacetylated derivative—chitosan—are of great interest to the cosmeceutical industry due to their unique biological and technological properties. In this review, we explore the different functional roles of chitosan as a skin care and hair care ingredient, as an oral hygiene agent and as a carrier for active compounds, among others. The importance of the physico-chemical properties of the polymer in its use in cosmetics are particularly highlighted. Moreover, we analyse the market perspectives of this polymer and the presence in the market of chitosan-based products.
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