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Ji Q, Xiang H, Wang WG, Matsuda Y. Mechanism Behind the Programmed Biosynthesis of Heterotrimeric Fungal Depside Thielavin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402663. [PMID: 38467568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Thielavin A (1) is a fungal depside composed of one 3-methylorsellinic acid and two 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid units. It displays diverse biological activities. However, the mechanism underlying the assembly of the heterotrimeric structure of 1 remains to be clarified. In this study, we identified the polyketide synthase (PKS) involved in the biosynthesis of 1. This PKS, designated as ThiA, possesses an unusual domain organization with the C-methyltransferase (MT) domain situated at the C-terminus following the thioesterase (TE) domain. Our findings indicated that the TE domain is solely responsible for two rounds of ester bond formation, along with subsequent chain hydrolysis. We identified a plausible mechanism for TE-catalyzed reactions and obtained insights into how a single PKS can selectively yield a specific heterotrimeric product. In particular, the tandem acyl carrier protein domains of ThiA are critical for programmed methylation by the MT domain. Overall, this study highlighted the occurrence of highly optimized domain-domain communication within ThiA for the selective synthesis of 1, which can advance our understanding of the programming rules of fungal PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Ji
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission; Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission; Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Fungal Depsides-Naturally Inspiring Molecules: Biosynthesis, Structural Characterization, and Biological Activities. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100683. [PMID: 34677398 PMCID: PMC8540757 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a huge reservoir of structurally diverse bio-metabolites. Although there has been a marked increase in the number of isolated fungal metabolites over the past years, many hidden metabolites still need to be discovered. Depsides are a group of polyketides consisting of two or more ester-linked hydroxybenzoic acid moieties. They possess valuable bioactive properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antifouling, and antioxidant qualities, as well as various human enzyme-inhibitory activities. This review provides an overview of the reported data on fungal depsides, including their sources, biosynthesis, physical and spectral data, and bioactivities in the period from 1975 to 2020. Overall, 110 metabolites and more than 122 references are confirmed. This is the first review of these multi-faceted metabolites from fungi.
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4
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Ibrahim SRM, Altyar AE, Mohamed SGA, Mohamed GA. Genus Thielavia: phytochemicals, industrial importance and biological relevance. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:5108-5123. [PMID: 33949258 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1919105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thielavia species (Chaetomiaceae) are a wealthy source of enzymes such as laccases, cutinases, glucuronoyl esterases, feruloyl esterases, 1,4-β-endoglucanase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that reported to have various biotechnological and industrial applications in dye decolorization, bio-refinery, biomass utilization, ester biosynthesis and biodegradation. Different metabolites have been reported from this genus as depsides, azaphilones, pyrazines, naphthodianthrones and anthraquinones derivatives. These metabolites have attracted research interest due to their fascinating structures and diverse bioactivities, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and superoxide anion generation, phospholipase, prostaglandins synthesis and proteasome inhibitory activities. Therefore, these compounds can be taken into account as candidates for the development of effective and novel pharmaceutical leads. The current review represents the relevant information for the Thielavia genus, in particular, its phytoconstituents and their pharmacological activities, as well as the biotechnological applications of Thielavia species published from 1981 till now. More than 40 metabolites are described and - 71 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Batterjee Medical College, Preparatory Year Program, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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5
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Al Subeh ZY, Raja HA, Maldonado A, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Thielavins: tuned biosynthesis and LR-HSQMBC for structure elucidation. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:300-306. [PMID: 33495550 PMCID: PMC8084880 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of thielavins I, V, and Q (1-3) and the previously undescribed thielavin Z8 (4) were isolated from cultures of a fungal Shiraia-like sp. (strain MSX60519) that were grown under a suite of media and light conditions, with enhanced biosynthesis noted using rice as a substrate with 12:12 h light:dark cycles. Conversely, oatmeal medium and continuous white light-emitting diode light exposure negatively affected the production of these compounds, at least by strain MSX60519. The structure of 4 was determined using NMR spectroscopic data and mass fragmentation patterns. Of note, the utility of LR-HSQMBC and NOESY NMR experiments in the structural elucidation of these hydrogen-deficient natural products was demonstrated. Compounds 1-4 exhibited cytotoxic activity at the micromolar level against human breast, ovarian, and melanoma cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Y Al Subeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Maldonado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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6
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Wang XW, Bai FY, Bensch K, Meijer M, Sun BD, Han YF, Crous PW, Samson RA, Yang FY, Houbraken J. Phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia with the introduction of a new family Podosporaceae. Stud Mycol 2019; 93:155-252. [PMID: 31824584 PMCID: PMC6816082 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Thielavia is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of textura epidermoidea, and smooth, single-celled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. Thielavia is typified with Th. basicola that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as Thielaviopsis basicola. Besides Th. basicola exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described Thielavia species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of Th. basicola exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of Thielavia. Therefore, Thielavia basicola was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in Thielavia. Our results demonstrate that Thielavia is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus Thielavia is restricted to its type species, Th. basicola, which belongs to the Ceratostomataceae (Melanosporales) and its host is demonstrated to be Berkeleyomyces rouxiae, one of the two species in the "Thielaviopsis basicola" species complex. The new family Podosporaceae is sister to the Chaetomiaceae in the Sordariales and accommodates the re-defined genera Podospora, Trangularia and Cladorrhinum, with the last genus including two former Thielavia species (Th. hyalocarpa and Th. intermedia). This family also includes the genetic model species Podospora anserina, which was combined in Triangularia (as Triangularia anserina). The remaining Thielavia species fall in ten unrelated clades in the Chaetomiaceae, leading to the proposal of nine new genera (Carteria, Chrysanthotrichum, Condenascus, Hyalosphaerella, Microthielavia, Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia, Stolonocarpus and Thermothielavioides). The genus Canariomyces is transferred from Microascaceae (Microascales) to Chaetomiaceae based on its type species Can. notabilis. Canariomyces is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus Madurella, and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph (Brachychaeta, Chrysocorona and Floropilus) are introduced to better resolve the Chaetomiaceae and the thielavia-like species in the family. Chrysocorona lucknowensis and Brachychaeta variospora are closely related to Acrophialophora and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; Floropilus chiversii is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species Thermothielavioides terrestris (syn. Th. terrestris). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of Sordariales and the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Y Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3, 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - K Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Meijer
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B D Sun
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Y F Han
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - P W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.,Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Y Yang
- Grassland Institute, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, NO. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - J Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2017This review covers the literature published in 2017 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 740 citations (723 for the period January to December 2017) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 477 papers for 2017), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Geographic distributions of MNPs at a phylogenetic level are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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