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El-Gendy NS, Hosny M, Ismail AR, Radwan AA, Ali BA, Ali HR, El-Salamony RA, Abdelsalam KM, Mubarak M. A Study on the Potential of Valorizing Sargassum latifolium into Biofuels and Sustainable Value-Added Products. Int J Biomater 2024; 2024:5184399. [PMID: 39410935 PMCID: PMC11479779 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5184399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
To increase the limited commercial utility and lessen the negative environmental effects of the massive growth of brown macroalgae, this work illustrates the feasibility of valorizing the invasively proliferated Sargassum latifolium into different value-added products. The proximate analysis recommends its applicability as a solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value (14.82 ± 0.5 MJ/kg). It contains 6.00 ± 0.07% N + P2O5 + K2O and 29.61 ± 0.05% organic C. Its nutritional analysis proved notable carbohydrate, ash, protein, and fiber contents with a rational amount of lipid and a considerable amount of beneficial macronutrients and micronutrients, with a low concentration of undesirable heavy metals. That recommends its application in the organic fertilizer, food, medicine, and animal fodder industries. A proposed eco-friendly sequential integrated process valorized its biomass into 77.6 ± 0.5 mg/g chlorophyll, 180 ± 0.5 mg/g carotenoids, 5.86 ± 0.5 mg/g fucoxanthin, 0.93 ± 0.5 mg/g β-carotene, 21.97 ± 0.5% (w/w) alginate, and 16.40 ± 0.5% (w/w) cellulose, with different industrial and bioprocess applications. Furthermore, Aspergillus galapagensis SBWF1, Mucor hiemalis SBWF2, and Penicillium oxalicum SBWF3 (GenBank accession numbers OR636487, OR636488, and OR636489) have been isolated from its fresh biomass. Those showed wide versatility for hydrolyzing and saccharifying its polysaccharides. A Gram-negative Stutzerimonas stutzeri SBB1(GenBank accession number OR764547) has also been isolated with good capabilities to ferment the produced pentoses, hexoses, and mannitol from the fungal saccharification, yielding 0.25 ± 0.014, 0.26 ± 0.018, and 0.37 ± 0.020 g ethanol/g algal biomass, respectively. Furthermore, in a pioneering step for valuing the suggested sequential biomass hydrolysis and bioethanol fermentation processes, the spent waste S. latifolium disposed of from the saccharification process has been valorized into C-dots with potent biocidal activity against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Sh. El-Gendy
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Egypt
- Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, P.O. 12566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hosny
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Egypt
| | - Abdallah R. Ismail
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Egypt
| | - Ahmad A. Radwan
- National Research Centre (NRC), El-Dokki, Cairo, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Basma A. Ali
- General Organization for Export and Import Control (GOEIC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hager R. Ali
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, P.O. 11727, Egypt
| | | | - Khaled M. Abdelsalam
- Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries NIOF, Alexandria Branch, P.O. 21519, Egypt
| | - Manal Mubarak
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, P.O. 11241, Egypt
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Wawszczak A, Kocki J, Kołodyńska D. Alginate as a Sustainable and Biodegradable Material for Medical and Environmental Applications-The Case Studies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:1-23. [PMID: 39269132 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Alginates are salts of alginic acid derived mainly from sea algae of the genus brown algae. They are also synthesized by some bacteria. They belong to negatively charged polysaccharides exhibiting some rheological properties. High plasticity and the ability to modify the structure are the reasons for their application in numerous industries. Moreover, when in contact with the living tissue, they do not trigger an immune response, and for this reason they are the most often tested materials for medical applications. The paper discusses the latest applications, including 3D bioprinting, drug delivery systems, and sorptive properties. Recognizing alginates as biomaterials, it emphasizes the necessity for precise processing and modification to industrialize them for specific uses. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the advancements in alginate research, underscoring their potential for innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wawszczak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Kołodyńska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Savić Gajić IM, Savić IM, Ivanovska AM, Vunduk JD, Mihalj IS, Svirčev ZB. Improvement of Alginate Extraction from Brown Seaweed ( Laminaria digitata L.) and Valorization of Its Remaining Ethanolic Fraction. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:280. [PMID: 38921591 PMCID: PMC11204654 DOI: 10.3390/md22060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the conventional procedure of alginate isolation from the brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata L.) biomass and investigate the possibility of further valorization of the ethanolic fraction representing the byproduct after the degreasing and depigmentation of biomass. The acid treatment of biomass supported by ultrasound was modeled and optimized regarding the alginate yield using a response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. A treatment time of 30 min, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 30 mL/g, and a treatment temperature of 47 °C were proposed as optimal conditions under which the alginate yield related to the mass of dry biomass was 30.9%. The use of ultrasonic radiation significantly reduced the time required for the acid treatment of biomass by about 4 to 24 times compared to other available conventional procedures. The isolated alginate had an M/G ratio of 1.08, which indicates a greater presence of M-blocks in its structure and the possibility of forming a soft and elastic hydrogel with its use. The chemical composition of the ethanolic fraction including total antioxidant content (293 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), total flavonoid content (14.9 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight), contents of macroelements (the highest content of sodium, 106.59 mg/g dry weight), and microelement content (the highest content of boron, 198.84 mg/g dry weight) was determined, and the identification of bioactive compounds was carried out. The results of ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of 48 compounds, of which 41 compounds were identified as sugar alcohol, phenolic compounds, and lipids. According to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, the radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic fraction (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 42.84 ± 0.81 μg/mL) indicated its strong activity, which was almost the same as in the case of the positive control, synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 36.61 ± 0.79 μg/mL). Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus) were more sensitive to the ethanolic fraction compared to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella sonnei). The obtained results indicated the possibility of the further use of the ethanolic fraction as a fertilizer for plant growth in different species and antifouling agents, applicable in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana M. Savić Gajić
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Ivan M. Savić
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Nis, Bulevar oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra M. Ivanovska
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jovana D. Vunduk
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana S. Mihalj
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.S.M.); (Z.B.S.)
| | - Zorica B. Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.S.M.); (Z.B.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Tritean N, Trică B, Dima ŞO, Capră L, Gabor RA, Cimpean A, Oancea F, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D. Mechanistic insights into the plant biostimulant activity of a novel formulation based on rice husk nanobiosilica embedded in a seed coating alginate film. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349573. [PMID: 38835865 PMCID: PMC11148368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Seed coating ensures the targeted delivery of various compounds from the early stages of development to increase crop quality and yield. Silicon and alginate are known to have plant biostimulant effects. Rice husk (RH) is a significant source of biosilica. In this study, we coated mung bean seeds with an alginate-glycerol-sorbitol (AGS) film with embedded biogenic nanosilica (SiNPs) from RH, with significant plant biostimulant activity. After dilute acid hydrolysis of ground RH in a temperature-controlled hermetic reactor, the resulting RH substrate was neutralized and calcined at 650°C. The structural and compositional characteristics of the native RH, the intermediate substrate, and SiNPs, as well as the release of soluble Si from SiNPs, were investigated. The film for seed coating was optimized using a mixture design with three factors. The physiological properties were assessed in the absence and the presence of 50 mM salt added from the beginning. The main parameters investigated were the growth, development, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and the Si content of seedlings. The results evidenced a homogeneous AGS film formation embedding 50-nm amorphous SiNPs having Si-O-Si and Si-OH bonds, 0.347 cm3/g CPV (cumulative pore volume), and 240 m2/g SSA (specific surface area). The coating film has remarkable properties of enhancing the metabolic, proton pump activities and ROS scavenging of mung seedlings under salt stress. The study shows that the RH biogenic SiNPs can be efficiently applied, together with the optimized, beneficial alginate-based film, as plant biostimulants that alleviate saline stress from the first stages of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tritean
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Trică
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ştefan-Ovidiu Dima
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luiza Capră
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Augusta Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Florin Oancea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Mohammed A, Mohammed C, Mautner A, Kistow M, Chaitram P, Bismarck A, Ward K. On the performance of Sargassum-derived calcium alginate ion exchange resins for Pb 2+ adsorption: batch and packed bed applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31224-31239. [PMID: 38632197 PMCID: PMC11096254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Driven by climate change and human activity, Sargassum blooming rates have intensified, producing copious amount of the invasive, pelagic seaweed across the Caribbean and Latin America. Battery recycling and lead-smelter wastes have heavily polluted the environment and resulted in acute lead poisoning in children through widespread heavy metal contamination particular in East Trinidad. Our study details a comprehensive investigation into the use of Sargassum (S. natans), as a potential resource-circular feedstock for the synthesis of calcium alginate beads utilized in heavy metal adsorption, both in batch and column experiments. Here, ionic cross-linking of extracted sodium alginate with calcium chloride was utilized to create functional ion-exchange beads. Given the low quality of alginates extracted from Sargassum which produce poor morphological beads, composite beads in conjunction with graphene oxide and acrylamide were used to improve fabrication. Stand-alone calcium alginate beads exhibited superior Pb2+ adsorption, with a capacity of 213 mg g-1 at 20 °C and pH 3.5, surpassing composite and commercial resins. Additives like acrylamide and graphene oxide in composite alginate resins led to a 21-40% decrease in Pb2+ adsorption due to reduced active sites. Column operations confirmed Alginate systems' practicality, with 20-24% longer operating times, 15 times lower adsorbent mass on scale-up and 206% smaller column diameters compared to commercial counterparts. Ultimately, this study advocates for Sargassum-based Alginate ion-exchange beads as a bio-based alternative in Trinidad and developing nations for dealing with heavy metal ion waste, offering superior heavy metal adsorption performance and supporting resource circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chantal Mohammed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, 1180, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matika Kistow
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pooran Chaitram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of West Indies St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Polymer and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keeran Ward
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering (SCAPE), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Zerbini M, Solari PL, Orange F, Jeanson A, Leblanc C, Gomari M, Auwer CD, Beccia MR. Exploring uranium bioaccumulation in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum: insights from multi-scale spectroscopy and imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1021. [PMID: 38200072 PMCID: PMC10781969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Legacy radioactive waste can be defined as the radioactive waste produced during the infancy of the civil nuclear industry's development in the mid-20th Century, a time when, unfortunately, waste storage and treatment were not well planned. The marine environment is one of the environmental compartments worth studying in this regard because of legacy waste in specific locations of the seabed. Comprising nearly 70% of the earth's service, the oceans are the largest and indeed the final destination for contaminated fresh waters. For this reason, long-term studies of the accumulation biochemical mechanisms of metallic radionuclides in the marine ecosystem are required. In this context the brown algal compartment may be ecologically relevant because of forming large and dense algal beds in coastal areas and potential important biomass for contamination. This report presents the first step in the investigation of uranium (U, an element used in the nuclear cycle) bioaccumulation in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum using a multi-scale spectroscopic and imaging approach. Contamination of A. nodosum specimens in closed aquaria at 13 °C was performed with a defined quantity of U(VI) (10-5 M). The living algal uptake was quantified by ICP-MS and a localization study in the various algal compartments was carried out by combining electronic microscopy imaging (SEM), X-ray Absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and micro X-ray Florescence (μ-XRF). Data indicate that the brown alga is able to concentrate U(VI) by an active bioaccumulation mechanism, reaching an equilibrium state after 200 h of daily contamination. A comparison between living organisms and dry biomass confirms a stress-response process in the former, with an average bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of 10 ± 2 for living specimens (90% lower compared to dry biomass, 142 ± 5). Also, these results open new perspectives for a potential use of A. nodosum dry biomass as uranium biosorbent. The different partial BAFs (bioaccumulation factors) range from 3 (for thallus) to 49 (for receptacles) leading to a compartmentalization of uranium within the seaweed. This reveals a higher accumulation capacity in the receptacles, the algal reproductive parts. SEM images highlight the different tissue distributions among the compartments with a superficial absorption in the thallus and lateral branches and several hotspots in the oospheres of the female individuals. A preliminary speciation XAS analysis identified a distinct U speciation in the gametes-containing receptacles as a pseudo-autunite phosphate phase. Similarly, XAS measurements on the lateral branches (XANES) were not conclusive with regards to the occurrence of an alginate-U complex in these tissues. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that alginate may play a role in the speciation of U in the algal thallus tissues is still under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micol Zerbini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Pier Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Francois Orange
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Jeanson
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 8227, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Myriam Gomari
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Den Auwer
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Maria Rosa Beccia
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06108, Nice, France.
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Mousavi SE, Razaghi S, Emami N, Yegdaneh A. A Review on the Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Effect of Marine Organisms of Persian Gulf. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:195. [PMID: 37694247 PMCID: PMC10492621 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_290_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms contain several natural products and bioactive compounds, including hydrolyzed proteins, antioxidant peptides, gelatin, collagen, ω-3 unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, lectin, and various toxins. They can inhibit diverse diseases, be used in pharmaceutical compounds, or as antibiotics and pigments. In this regard, these microorganisms are of crucial medicinal and economical importance. Thanks to new technologies and advanced laboratory methods, bioactive compounds can be extracted from aquatic organisms. In this review study, the cytotoxicity (IC50) and antibacterial effect of various extracts from marine organisms of the Persian Gulf are explored, compiled, and compared. Due to their easy accessibility, most of the studies are green, red, and brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Erfan Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheyda Razaghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Emami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Yegdaneh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Besiri IN, Goudoulas TB, Fattahi E, Becker T. Experimental Advances in the Real-Time Recording of Cross-Linking Alginate In Situ Gelation: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2875. [PMID: 37447520 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate-based hydrogels are promising smart materials widely employed in the food, bioengineering, and energy sectors. The development and optimization of their production require a thorough knowledge of gelation. In recent years, advanced experimental procedures have been developed for real-time cross-linking alginate reaction monitoring. Novel methods, such as customized rheometric setups, enable the recording of mechanical properties and morphological changes during hydrogel formation. These innovative techniques provide important insights into the gelation stages, the reaction rate, the diffusion of cross-linker to polymer chains, and the homogeneity of the gelling structures. Based on real-time experimental data, kinetic models are developed to enhance comprehension of the reaction mechanism and, eventually, to predict the gelation progress. The aim is to enable better control of the characterization of both the complex gelation and the propagated structures. This review aspires to present a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the breakthrough innovations of the real-time in situ recording of cross-linking alginate hydrogels and bead formation. A detailed analysis of the pioneering experimental developments provides a deep comprehension of the alginate gelation, including the parameters controlling the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna N Besiri
- Research Group of Fluid Dynamics, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas B Goudoulas
- Research Group of Fluid Dynamics, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ehsan Fattahi
- Research Group of Fluid Dynamics, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Research Group of Fluid Dynamics, Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Dos Santos GS, de Souza TL, Teixeira TR, Brandão JPC, Santana KA, Barreto LHS, Cunha SDS, Dos Santos DCMB, Caffrey CR, Pereira NS, de Freitas Santos Júnior A. Seaweeds and Corals from the Brazilian Coast: Review on Biotechnological Potential and Environmental Aspects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114285. [PMID: 37298760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil has a megadiversity that includes marine species that are distributed along 800 km of shoreline. This biodiversity status holds promising biotechnological potential. Marine organisms are important sources of novel chemical species, with applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, and nutraceutical fields. However, ecological pressures derived from anthropogenic actions, including the bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements and microplastics, impact promising species. This review describes the current status of the biotechnological and environmental aspects of seaweeds and corals from the Brazilian coast, including publications from the last 5 years (from January 2018 to December 2022). The search was conducted in the main public databases (PubChem, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) and in the Espacenet database (European Patent Office-EPO) and the Brazilian National Property Institute (INPI). Bioprospecting studies were reported for seventy-one seaweed species and fifteen corals, but few targeted the isolation of compounds. The antioxidant potential was the most investigated biological activity. Despite being potential sources of macro- and microelements, there is a literature gap regarding the presence of potentially toxic elements and other emergent contaminants, such as microplastics, in seaweeds and corals from the Brazilian coast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Luz de Souza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Keila Almeida Santana
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Samantha de Souza Cunha
- Department of Exact and Earths Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Natan Silva Pereira
- Department of Exact and Earths Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
- Department of Exact and Earths Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
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10
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Kokova V, Lukova P, Baldzhieva A, Katsarov P, Delattre C, Molinié R, Petit E, Elboutachfaiti R, Murdjeva M, Apostolova E. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Alginate from Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Borry Harvested in the Bulgarian Black Sea. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:245. [PMID: 37103384 PMCID: PMC10141736 DOI: 10.3390/md21040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition and sequential structure of alginate isolated from C. crinita harvested in the Bulgarian Black Sea, as well as its effects in histamine-induced paw inflammation in rats. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in rats with systemic inflammation, and the levels of TNF-α in a model of acute peritonitis in rats were also investigated. The structural characterization of the polysaccharide was obtained by FTIR, SEC-MALS, and 1H NMR. The extracted alginate had an M/G ratio of 1.018, a molecular weight of 7.31 × 104 g/mol, and a polydispersity index of 1.38. C. crinita alginate in doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg showed well-defined anti-inflammatory activity in the model of paw edema. A significant decrease in serum levels of IL-1β was observed only in animals treated with C. crinita alginate in a dose of 25 mg/kg bw. The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum were significantly reduced in rats treated with both doses of the polysaccharide, but no statistical significance was observed in the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. A single dose of alginate did not significantly alter the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the peritoneal fluid of rats with a model of peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela Kokova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Paolina Lukova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alexandra Baldzhieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Katsarov
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Avenue des Facultés, IUT d’Amiens, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Avenue des Facultés, IUT d’Amiens, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Redouan Elboutachfaiti
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro, BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Avenue des Facultés, IUT d’Amiens, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elisaveta Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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11
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Samir R, Hassan EA, Saber AA, Haneen DSA, Saleh EM. Seaweed Sargassum aquifolium extract ameliorates cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58226-58242. [PMID: 36977879 PMCID: PMC10163098 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anticancer drug with adverse cardiotoxic effects. Alginates are multifunctional biopolymers and polyelectrolytes derived from the cell walls of brown seaweeds. They are nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and hence, utilized in several biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we investigated the potential cardioprotective effect of thermally treated sodium alginate (TTSA), which was extracted and purified from the seaweed Sargassum aquifolium, in treating acute DOX cardiotoxicity and apoptotic pathways in rats. UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize TTSA. CK-MB and AST levels in sera samples were determined. The expression levels of Erk-2 (MAPK-1) and iNOS genes were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The protein expression levels of Erk-2, anti-apoptotic p53, and caspase-3 were analyzed using western blotting and ELISA. For the in vivo studies, sixty rats were randomly divided equally into six groups and treated with DOX, followed by TTSA. We revealed that treatment with TTSA, which has low molecular weight and enhanced antioxidant properties, improved DOX-mediated cardiac dysfunction and alleviated DOX-induced myocardial apoptosis. Furthermore, TTSA exhibited a cardioprotective effect against DOX-induced cardiac toxicity, indicated by the increased expression of MAPK-1 (Erk2) and iNOS genes, which are implicated in the adaptive responses regulating DOX-induced myocardial damage. Moreover, TTSA significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed caspase-3 and upregulated anti-apoptotic protein p53 expression. TTSA also rebalanced the cardiomyocyte redox potential by significantly (p < 0.05) increasing the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including catalase and superoxide dismutase. Our findings suggest that TTSA, particularly at a dose of 400 mg/kg b.w., is a potential prophylactic supplement for treating acute DOX-linked cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Samir
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Ekrami A. Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Saber
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - David S. A. Haneen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
| | - Eman M. Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566 Egypt
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12
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Sustainable Biodegradable Biopolymer-Based Nanoparticles for Healthcare Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3188. [PMID: 36834596 PMCID: PMC9964453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymeric nanoparticles are gaining importance as nanocarriers for various biomedical applications, enabling long-term and controlled release at the target site. Since they are promising delivery systems for various therapeutic agents and offer advantageous properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and stability compared to various toxic metal nanoparticles, we decided to provide an overview on this topic. Therefore, the review focuses on the use of biopolymeric nanoparticles of animal, plant, algal, fungal, and bacterial origin as a sustainable material for potential use as drug delivery systems. A particular focus is on the encapsulation of many different therapeutic agents categorized as bioactive compounds, drugs, antibiotics, and other antimicrobial agents, extracts, and essential oils into protein- and polysaccharide-based nanocarriers. These show promising benefits for human health, especially for successful antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The review article, divided into protein-based and polysaccharide-based biopolymeric nanoparticles and further according to the origin of the biopolymer, enables the reader to select the appropriate biopolymeric nanoparticles more easily for the incorporation of the desired component. The latest research results from the last five years in the field of the successful production of biopolymeric nanoparticles loaded with various therapeutic agents for healthcare applications are included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Malvis Romero A, Brozio F, Kammler S, Burkhardt C, Baruth L, Kaltschmitt M, Antranikian G, Liese A. Enzyme‐Assisted Extraction of Alginate from Beach Wrack
Fucus vesiculosus. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Malvis Romero
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Felix Brozio
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sinah Kammler
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics Eissendorfer Straße 40 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Christin Burkhardt
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Leon Baruth
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics Eissendorfer Straße 40 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Hamburg University of Technology Institute of Technical Biocatalysis Denickestraße 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
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14
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Relevance of drying treatment on the extraction of high valuable compounds from invasive brown seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Burgos-Díaz C, Opazo-Navarrete M, Palacios JL, Verdugo L, Anguita-Barrales F, Bustamante M. Food-grade bioactive ingredient obtained from the Durvillaea incurvata brown seaweed: Antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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16
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Manzoor F, Nisa MU, Shakoor A, Hussain L, Mahmood A, Younas A. Effect of sodium alginate supplementation on weight management and reproductive hormones in polycystic females. Food Funct 2022; 13:9847-9855. [PMID: 36047511 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01539k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber is getting attention these days due to its tendency to improve the reproductive performance in human beings. Sodium alginate (SA) is one of the natural dietary fibers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA on serum insulin, blood sugar, lipid profile, estrogen and testosterone in polycystic (PCOS) females. A single in vivo trial was conducted on thirty adult PCOS females (25 ± 5 years old) with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.5 ± 3.5 kg m-2. Blood samples of all PCOS females were drawn for the initial biochemical analysis and considered as the negative control (NC). A complete randomized design was used to divide the NC group into three equal subgroups (n = 9) i.e. SA3: with 0.03 g; SA6: with 0.06 g per kg body weight per day of sodium alginate; the positive control (PC): metformin 500 mg day-1 for 60 days (two months). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the body weight, BMI, blood sugar, serum insulin, lipids and testosterone was observed, while a significant incremental effect (p < 0.05) was observed in the high-density lipoprotein level. The percentages of some physical parameters were also improved like obesity, menstrual cycle, physical activity, psychological issues and hirsutism. Therefore, the study concluded that SA exhibited therapeutic potential for weight management and the improvement of serum testosterone in PCOS females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Manzoor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Mahr-Un Nisa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Shakoor
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Medical and Dental College, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Abid Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Anam Younas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
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Silva A, Cassani L, Grosso C, Garcia-Oliveira P, Morais SL, Echave J, Carpena M, Xiao J, Barroso MF, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Recent advances in biological properties of brown algae-derived compounds for nutraceutical applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1283-1311. [PMID: 36037006 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for nutraceuticals in the circular economy era has driven the research toward studying bioactive compounds from renewable underexploited resources. In this regard, the exploration of brown algae has shown significant growth and maintains a great promise for the future. One possible explanation could be that brown algae are rich sources of nutritional compounds (polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) and unique metabolic compounds (phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, fucoidan) with promising biological activities that make them good candidates for nutraceutical applications with increased value-added. In this review, a deep description of bioactive compounds from brown algae is presented. In addition, recent advances in biological activities ascribed to these compounds through in vitro and in vivo assays are pointed out. Delivery strategies to overcome some drawbacks related to the direct application of algae-derived compounds (low solubility, thermal instability, bioavailability, unpleasant organoleptic properties) are also reviewed. Finally, current commercial and legal statuses of ingredients from brown algae are presented, considering future therapeutical and market perspectives as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Silva
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucia Cassani
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Stephanie L Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javier Echave
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Maria Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Fatima Barroso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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18
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Yang Z, Yi P, Liu Z, Zhang W, Mei L, Feng C, Tu C, Li Z. Stem Cell-Laden Hydrogel-Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865770. [PMID: 35656197 PMCID: PMC9152119 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have revealed the potential of fabricating biomaterials to solve the dilemma of bone and articular defects by promoting osteochondral and cartilage regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an innovative fabrication technology to precisely distribute the cell-laden bioink for the construction of artificial tissues, demonstrating great prospect in bone and joint construction areas. With well controllable printability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties, hydrogels have been emerging as an attractive 3D bioprinting material, which provides a favorable biomimetic microenvironment for cell adhesion, orientation, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Stem cell-based therapy has been known as a promising approach in regenerative medicine; however, limitations arise from the uncontrollable proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the stem cells and fortunately could be improved after stem cells were encapsulated in the hydrogel. In this review, our focus was centered on the characterization and application of stem cell-laden hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. We not only highlighted the effect of various kinds of hydrogels, stem cells, inorganic particles, and growth factors on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis but also outlined the relationship between biophysical properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, osteoinductivity, and the regeneration of bone and cartilage. This study was invented to discuss the challenge we have been encountering, the recent progress we have achieved, and the future perspective we have proposed for in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyue Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengyao Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Che S, Shi N, Chen Y, Yan M. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Lead (Pb 2+) by sulfate polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:760-770. [PMID: 35351544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb2+) pollution poses severe healthy and ecological risks to humans. In this work, sulfate polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (SPE) was utilized for Pb2+ adsorption from simulated intestinal fluid. In order to evaluate its adsorption behaviors comprehensively, batch adsorption of Pb2+ was investigated under different conditions. Results showed that SPE presents high adsorption ability for Pb2+ through chemical adsorption process and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb2+ was 278.5 mg/g. And SPE exhibited higher removal efficiency (≥60%) for trace Pb2+ (<10 mg/L) compared to that of other adsorbents based on polysaccharide. Besides, its adsorption can be described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Further, XRD, FTIR, and XPS were used to characterize the possible interaction of Pb2+ with SPE, and the results showed that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in SPE play more important role than that of sulfate group. Our work represents the first assessment of Pb2+ adsorption properties of SPE. This investigation highlights the potential application of SPE to protect the body from hazard of food-derived heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Li
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhuanyuan Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Shuai Che
- Key laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Naiwen Shi
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yiming Chen
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Mingyan Yan
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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20
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Lin J, Jiao G, Kermanshahi-pour A. Algal Polysaccharides-Based Hydrogels: Extraction, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:306. [PMID: 35621958 PMCID: PMC9146341 DOI: 10.3390/md20050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked hydrophilic polymer networks with great potential in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressing, agrochemicals application, food packaging, and cosmetics. However, conventional synthetic polymer hydrogels may be hazardous and have poor biocompatibility and biodegradability. Algal polysaccharides are abundant natural products with biocompatible and biodegradable properties. Polysaccharides and their derivatives also possess unique features such as physicochemical properties, hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and tunable functionality. As such, algal polysaccharides have been widely exploited as building blocks in the fabrication of polysaccharide-based hydrogels through physical and/or chemical crosslinking. In this review, we discuss the extraction and characterization of polysaccharides derived from algae. This review focuses on recent advances in synthesis and applications of algal polysaccharides-based hydrogels. Additionally, we discuss the techno-economic analyses of chitosan and acrylic acid-based hydrogels, drawing attention to the importance of such analyses for hydrogels. Finally, the future prospects of algal polysaccharides-based hydrogels are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Lin
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, NS B3J 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Guangling Jiao
- AKSO Marine Biotech Inc., Suite 3, 1697 Brunswick St., Halifax, NS B3J 2G3, Canada;
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St., Halifax, NS B3J 1Z1, Canada;
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21
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A Brief Review on the Development of Alginate Extraction Process and Its Sustainability. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, various studies have been carried out to optimize the operation condition. Based on literature survey, the most commonly used protocol is soaking milled seaweed in 2% (w/v) formaldehyde, overnight, solid loading ratio of 1:10–20 (dry weight biomass to solution), then collecting the solid for acid pre-treatment with HCl 0.2–2% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 1:10–30 ratio for 2–4 h. Next, the solid residue from the acid pre-treatment is extracted using Na2CO3 at 2–4% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 2–3 h, 1:10–30 ratio. Then the liquid portion is precipitated by ethanol (95%+) with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Finally, the solid output is dried in oven at 50–60 °C. Novel extraction methods using ultrasound, microwave, enzymes and extrusion improved the extraction yield and alginate properties, but the financial benefits have not been fully justified yet. To improve the sustainable production of alginate, it is required to promote seaweed cultivation, reduce water footprint, decrease organic solvent usage and co-produce alginate with other value-added products.
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22
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Yang M, Zhou D, Xiao H, Fu X, Kong Q, Zhu C, Han Z, Mou H. Marine-derived uronic acid-containing polysaccharides: Structures, sources, production, and nutritional functions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Fernando IPS, Kirindage KGIS, Jeon HN, Han EJ, Jayasinghe AMK, Ahn G. Preparation of microspheres by alginate purified from Sargassum horneri and study of pH-responsive behavior and drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:681-690. [PMID: 35122802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is a biopolymer used in numerous biomedical applications. The current work describes the purification of alginate from Sargassum horneri and method optimization for formulating drug-loaded microparticles by water-in-oil emulsification/internal gelation. Molecular weights of S. horneri alginate were ranging 50-70 kDa. Among 16 method optimizations, the F4 method was selected for further studies based on shape descriptor parameters which indicated, 0.24 ± 0.01 circularity, 0.80 ± 0.11 roundness, 1.27 ± 0.20 aspect ratio between long and short axis, and less aggregation in PBS. Processing parameters of the F4 method were; CaCO3/alginate ratio of 20/1 (w/w), 5% span 80 in oil (v/v), water/oil phase ratio of 1/20 (v/v), and 1000 rpm emulsification speed. Hollow pores were visible on the surface of dehydrated F4 microparticles. F4 microparticles indicated 41.84 ± 2.93 and 45.86 ± 1.65% encapsulation efficiencies for phloroglucinol (F4P) and indomethacin (F4I) with 32.69 ± 1.35 and 31.69 ± 1.98% loading capacities. These microparticles were found to be desirable for extending drug release over short periods (0-3 days) under pH 2.0-7.4. F4P and F4I were effective in suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species in FD exposed HaCaT cells while increasing cell viability over 24 - 48 h duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeong Nam Jeon
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Han
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Dalal SR, Hussein MH, El-Naggar NEA, Mostafa SI, Shaaban-Dessuuki SA. Characterization of alginate extracted from Sargassum latifolium and its use in Chlorella vulgaris growth promotion and riboflavin drug delivery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16741. [PMID: 34408229 PMCID: PMC8373903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginates derived from macroalgae have been widely used in a variety of applications due to their stability, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Alginate was extracted from Egyptian Sargassum latifolium thallus yielding 17.5% w/w. The chemical composition of S. latifolium is rich in total sugars (41.08%) and uronic acids (47.4%); while, proteins, lipids and sulfates contents are 4.61, 1.13 and 0.09%, respectively. NMR, FTIR and TGA analyses were also performed. Crystallinity index (0.334) indicates alginate semicrystalline nature. Sodium alginate hydrolysate was evaluated as Chlorella vulgaris growth promoter. The highest stimulation (0.7 g/L biomass) was achieved by using 0.3 g/L alginate hydrolysate supplementation. The highest total soluble proteins and total carbohydrates were 179.22 mg/g dry wt and 620.33 mg/g dry wt, respectively. The highest total phenolics content (27.697 mg/g dry wt.), guaiacol peroxidase activity (2.899 µmol min-1 g-1) were recorded also to 0.3 g/L alginate hydrolysate supplementation. Riboflavin-entrapped barium alginate-Arabic gum polymeric matrix (beads) was formulated to achieve 89.15% optimum drug entrapment efficiency (EE%). All formulations exhibited prolonged riboflavin release over 120 min in simulated gastric fluid, followed Higuchi model (R2 = 0.962-0.887) and Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian release (n ranges from 0.204 to 0.3885).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa R Dalal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mervat H Hussein
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, 21934, Egypt.
| | - Sahar I Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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25
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Enzymatic Process for Cystoseira barbata Valorization: Ethanol Production and Additional By-Products. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of dried Cystoseira barbata alga for ethanol production through alcoholic fermentation. The influence of the main factors affecting the fermentation are studied in the frame of a 23 factorial experimental plan. The main factors influencing the process are the fermentation temperature (t from 25 °C to 35 °C), the solid to liquid ratio (S/L from 0.040 g/g to 0.080 g/g), and the cellulase ratio (R from 8 U/g d.m to 16 U/g d.m.). The maximum volatile compounds yield of 0.2808 g/g d.m and ethanol yield of 0.0158 g/g d.m were favored by the following experimental conditions: process temperature of 35 °C, solid to liquid ratio of 0.0415, and enzyme ratio of 16 U/g d.m. A statistical model was used to correlate the product yield with the process factors. Additionally, 19 interesting bioactive compounds were found in the enzymatic hydrolysis and alcoholic fermentation broths which seem likely to maintain natural defence mechanisms against diseases and physical disorders.
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26
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Aitouguinane M, Bouissil S, Mouhoub A, Rchid H, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, Ould El-Hadj MD, Boual Z, Dubessay P, Gardarin C, Michaud P, El Alaoui-Talibi Z, El Modafar C, Pierre G, Delattre C. Induction of Natural Defenses in Tomato Seedlings by Using Alginate and Oligoalginates Derivatives Extracted from Moroccan Brown Algae. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E521. [PMID: 33086600 PMCID: PMC7589842 DOI: 10.3390/md18100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides extracted from marine algae have attracted much attention due to their biotechnological applications, including therapeutics, cosmetics, and mainly in agriculture and horticulture as biostimulants, biofertilizers, and stimulators of the natural defenses of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of alginate isolated from Bifurcaria bifurcata from the Moroccan coast and oligoalginates derivatives to stimulate the natural defenses of tomato seedlings. Elicitation was carried out by the internodal injection of bioelicitor solutions. The elicitor capacities were evaluated by monitoring the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as well as polyphenols content in the leaves located above the elicitation site for 5 days. Alginate and oligoalginates treatments triggered plant defense responses, which showed their capacity to significantly induce the PAL activity and phenolic compounds accumulation in the leaves of tomato seedlings. Elicitation by alginates and oligoalginates showed an intensive induction of PAL activity, increasing from 12 h of treatment and remaining at high levels throughout the period of treatment. The amount of polyphenols in the leaves was increased rapidly and strongly from 12 h of elicitation by both saccharide solutions, representing peaks value after 24 h of application. Oligoalginates exhibited an effective elicitor capacity in polyphenols accumulation compared to alginate polymers. The alginate and oligosaccharides derivatives revealed a similar elicitor capacity in PAL activity whereas the accumulation of phenolic compounds showed a differential effect. Polysaccharides extracted from the brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcate and oligosaccharides derivatives induced significantly the phenylpropanoid metabolism in tomato seedlings. These results contribute to the valorization of marine biomass as a potential bioresource for plant protection against phytopathogens in the context of eco-sustainable green technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aitouguinane
- Laboratoire Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Soukaina Bouissil
- Laboratoire Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Anouar Mouhoub
- Laboratoire Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Halima Rchid
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Mohamed Didi Ould El-Hadj
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones arides et Semi-Arides, Ouargla Université, Université Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zakaria Boual
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones arides et Semi-Arides, Ouargla Université, Université Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Christine Gardarin
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi
- Laboratoire Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Cherkaoui El Modafar
- Laboratoire Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (C.G.); (P.M.); (G.P.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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27
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Pereira L. Characterization of Bioactive Components in Edible Algae. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E65. [PMID: 31963775 PMCID: PMC7024186 DOI: 10.3390/md18010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
From the origin of our planet, about 4 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Pereira
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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