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Sun M, Zhang Y, Gao W, He Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, Kuang H. Polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis: A Review of Their Extraction, Modification, Structures, and Bioactivities. Molecules 2024; 29:3105. [PMID: 38999057 PMCID: PMC11243187 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyra haitanensis (P. haitanensis), an important food source for coastal residents in China, has a long history of medicinal and edible value. P. haitanensis polysaccharides are some of the main active ingredients in P. haitanensis. It is worth noting that P. haitanensis polysaccharides have a surprising and satisfactory biological activity, which explains the various benefits of P. haitanensis to human health, such as anti-oxidation, immune regulation, anti-allergy, and anticancer properties. Hence, a systematic review aimed at comprehensively summarizing the recent research advances in P. haitanensis polysaccharides is necessary for promoting their better understanding. In this review, we systematically and comprehensively summarize the research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, modification, and biological activity of P. haitanensis polysaccharides and address the shortcomings of the published research and suggest area of focus for future research, providing a new reference for the exploitation of polysaccharides from P. haitanensis in the fields of medicine and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (W.G.); (Y.H.); (Y.W.)
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2
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Wang Y, Guo X, Huang C, Shi C, Xiang X. Biomedical potency and mechanisms of marine polysaccharides and oligosaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131007. [PMID: 38508566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Derived from bountiful marine organisms (predominantly algae, fauna, and microorganisms), marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides are intricate macromolecules that play a significant role in the growth and development of marine life. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides as auspicious natural products due to their promising biological attributes. Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in the miscellaneous biological activities of marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides that encompasses their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetes mellitus, and anticoagulant properties. Furthermore, we furnish a concise summary of the underlying mechanisms governing the behavior of these biological macromolecules. We hope that this review inspires research on marine polysaccharides and marine oligosaccharides in medicinal applications while offering fresh perspectives on their broader facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xueying Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Chunxiao Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Chuanqin Shi
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255020, China.
| | - Xinxin Xiang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255020, China.
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3
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Wu L, Zhang X, Zhao J, Yang M, Yang J, Qiu P. The therapeutic effects of marine sulfated polysaccharides on diabetic nephropathy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129269. [PMID: 38211917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Marine sulfated polysaccharide (MSP) is a natural high molecular polysaccharide containing sulfate groups, which widely exists in various marine organisms. The sources determine structural variabilities of MSPs which have high security and wide biological activities, such as anticoagulation, antitumor, antivirus, immune regulation, regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, antioxidant, etc. Due to the structural similarities between MSP and endogenous heparan sulfate, a majority of studies have shown that MSP can be used to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN) in vivo and in vitro. In this paper, we reviewed the anti-DN activities, the dominant mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of MSPs in order to provide the overall scene of MSPs as a modality of treating DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Menglin Yang
- Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening &Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Tang L, Xiao M, Cai S, Mou H, Li D. Potential Application of Marine Fucosyl-Polysaccharides in Regulating Blood Glucose and Hyperglycemic Complications. Foods 2023; 12:2600. [PMID: 37444337 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become the world's third major disease after tumors and cardiovascular disease. With the exploitation of marine biological resources, the efficacy of using polysaccharides isolated from marine organisms in blood glucose regulation has received widespread attention. Some marine polysaccharides can reduce blood glucose by inhibiting digestive enzyme activity, eliminating insulin resistance, and regulating gut microbiota. These polysaccharides are mainly fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides from algae and sea cucumbers. It follows that the hypoglycemic activity of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides is closely related to their structure, such as their sulfate group, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and glycosidic bond type. However, the structure of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides and the mechanism of their hypoglycemic activity are not yet clear. Therefore, this review comprehensively covers the effects of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides sources, mechanisms and the structure-activity relationship on hypoglycemic activity. Moreover, the potential regulatory effects of fucosyl-polysaccharides on vascular complications caused by hyperglycemia are also summarized in this review. This review provides rationales for the activity study of marine fucosyl-polysaccharides and new insights into the high-value utilization of marine biological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shenyuan Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299 Sansha Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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Li Y, Liu S, Ding Y, Li S, Sang X, Li T, Zhao Q, Yu S. Structure, in vitro digestive characteristics and effect on gut microbiota of sea cucumber polysaccharide fermented by Bacillus subtilis Natto. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112872. [PMID: 37254322 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the structural, digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of sea cucumber polysaccharide fermented by Bacillus subtilis Natto. Results showed that both sea cucumber polysaccharide (SP) and fermented sea cucumber polysaccharide (FSP) were sulfated polysaccharides mainly containing fucose. The physicochemical property, molecular weight, thermal property, and functional groups were no significant difference between SP and FSP, but the microscopic morphology and monosaccharide composition of FSP changed. Both SP and FSP showed similar digestion and fecal fermentation characteristics, that is, they could not be digested by saliva and gastric juice, but could be partially degraded by small intestine. Due to the decomposition of glycosidic bonds after intestinal digestion and fecal fermentation, the relative molecular mass of SP and FSP decreased. In terms of impacts on gut microbiota, Lachnospira, Bacteroides finegoldii, and Bifidobacteriaceae were significantly increased in SP, while Acinetobacter was significantly increased in FSP. This study provides a good understanding of the changes in the structure and digestive characteristics of sea cucumber polysaccharides caused by fermentation. That information will be beneficial for the development and application of new fermented sea cucumber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116650, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Marine Healthy Food Engineering Research Centre, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yujie Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Marine Healthy Food Engineering Research Centre, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Dalian Xinyulong Marine Organisms Seed Industry Technology CO., LtD, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xue Sang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Marine Healthy Food Engineering Research Centre, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116650, PR China
| | - Qiancheng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances Development and High Value Utilization, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- Dalian Xinyulong Marine Organisms Seed Industry Technology CO., LtD, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Huang Z, Ye Y, Long Z, Qin H, Liu L, Xu A, Li Z. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides improve lipid metabolism disorders of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus induced by high lipid diet. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125122. [PMID: 37263324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This experiment explored the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus. Blank and experimental control diets with 100 and 150 g/kg lipid were designed, respectively, and three dosages of LBP (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 g/kg) were supplemented in the experimental control diet. A total 375 of spotted sea bass (19.33 ± 0.15) g were divided into 5 groups, and were given experimental diets for 56 days, respectively. Results showed fish were induced to lipid metabolism disorders with dietary 150 g/kg lipid intake, which manifested in reduced feeding, oxidative stress, elevated serum lipid, and more severe hepatic damage. Dietary LBP improved the lipid metabolism disorders of fish, as indicated by significant enhancements in weight gain, digestion, superoxide dismutase activity, and decreases in malonaldehyde content, and activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Accordingly, an improvement in the hepatic morphological and expression of lipid metabolism related genes, including FAS, PPAR-α, CPT1 and ATGL, was observed. Nevertheless, no significant variation in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol was observed. Overall, dietary LBP can improve the growth, digestion, antioxidant capacity, and liver health of spotted sea bass, thereby improving the lipid metabolism disorders induced by 150 g/kg dietary lipid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfan Huang
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Youling Ye
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongying Long
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Huihui Qin
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Longhui Liu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Anle Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongbao Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Xiamen, China.
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7
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Wang S, Zhang B, Chang X, Zhao H, Zhang H, Zhao T, Qi H. Potential use of seaweed polysaccharides as prebiotics for management of metabolic syndrome: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7707-7727. [PMID: 36971135 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2191135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides (SPs) obtained from seaweeds are a class of functional prebiotics. SPs can regulate glucose and lipid anomalies, affect appetite, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and therefore have great potential for managing metabolic syndrome (MetS). SPs are poorly digested by the human gastrointestinal tract but are available to the gut microbiota to produce metabolites and exert a series of positive effects, which may be the mechanism by which SPs render their anti-MetS effects. This article reviews the potential of SPs as prebiotics in the management of MetS-related metabolic disturbances. The structure of SPs and studies related to the process of their degradation by gut bacteria and their therapeutic effects on MetS are highlighted. In summary, this review provides new perspectives on SPs as prebiotics to prevent and treat MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xintao Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huimin Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, PR China
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Bilan MI, Anisimova NY, Tokatly AI, Nikogosova SP, Vinnitskiy DZ, Ustyuzhanina NE, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Kiselevskiy MV, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Glycosaminoglycans from the Starfish Lethasterias fusca: Structures and Influence on Hematopoiesis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040205. [PMID: 37103344 PMCID: PMC10146216 DOI: 10.3390/md21040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crude anionic polysaccharides extracted from the Pacific starfish Lethasterias fusca were purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The main fraction LF, having MW 14.5 kDa and dispersity 1.28 (data of gel-permeation chromatography), was solvolytically desulfated and giving rise to preparation LF-deS with a structure of dermatan core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA-(1→]n, which was identified according to NMR spectroscopy data. Analysis of the NMR spectra of the parent fraction LF led to identification of the main component as dermatan sulfate LF-Derm →3)-β-d-GalNAc4R-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2R3S-(1→ (where R was SO3 or H), bearing sulfate groups at O-3 or both at O-2 and O-3 of α-l-iduronic acid, as well as at O-4 of some N-acetyl-d-galactosamine residues. The minor signals in NMR spectra of LF were assigned as resonances of heparinoid LF-Hep composed of the fragments →4)-α-d-GlcNS3S6S-(1→4)-α-l-IdoA2S3S-(1→. The 3-O-sulfated and 2,3-di-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues are very unusual for natural glycosaminoglycans, and further studies are needed to elucidate their possible specific influence on the biological activity of the corresponding polysaccharides. To confirm the presence of these units in LF-Derm and LF-Hep, a series of variously sulfated model 3-aminopropyl iduronosides were synthesized and their NMR spectra were compared with those of the polysaccharides. Preparations LF and LF-deS were studied as stimulators of hematopoiesis in vitro. Surprisingly, it was found that both preparations were active in these tests, and hence, the high level of sulfation is not necessary for hematopoiesis stimulation in this particular case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Bilan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia Yu. Anisimova
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115458, Russia
| | - Alexandra I. Tokatly
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sofya P. Nikogosova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Z. Vinnitskiy
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E. Ustyuzhanina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia A. Tsvetkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Kiselevskiy
- FSBI N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115458, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I. Usov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-137-6791
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Wang L, Yan C, Wang L, Ai C, Wang S, Shen C, Tong Y, Song S. Ascophyllum nodosum polysaccharide regulates gut microbiota metabolites to protect against colonic inflammation in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:810-821. [PMID: 36617886 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02964b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ascophyllum nodosum polysaccharide (ANP) can protect against colonic inflammation but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. This study has determined the metabolites of gut microbiota regulated by ANP to reveal the mechanism of the anti-inflammation effect of ANP. Using an in vitro colonic fermentation model, the results indicate that gut microbiota could utilize a proportion of ANP to increase the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and decrease ammonia content. Metabolomics revealed that 46 differential metabolites, such as betaine, L-carnitine, and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), could be altered by ANP. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that ANP mainly up-regulated the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, which were negatively correlated with inflammation progression. Interestingly, these metabolites associated with inflammation were also up-regulated by ANP in colitis mice, including betaine, L-carnitine, AICAR, N-acetyl-glutamine, tryptophan, and valine, which were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. Furthermore, the metabolites modulated by ANP were associated with the relative abundances of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Blautia, Coprobacillus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. Additionally, based on VIP values, betaine is a key metabolite after the ANP supplement in vitro and in vivo. As indicated by these findings, ANP can up-regulate the production of SCFAs, betaine, L-carnitine, and AICAR and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis to protect against colonic inflammation and maintain intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
| | - Chunhong Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
| | - Chunqing Ai
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
| | - Songtao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Caihong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Yuqin Tong
- National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shuang Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, P. R. China.
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V. K. AD, Udduttula A, Jaiswal AK. Unveiling the secrets of marine-derived fucoidan for bone tissue engineering-A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1100164. [PMID: 36698636 PMCID: PMC9868180 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical uses for natural polysaccharides of marine origin are growing in popularity. The most prevalent polysaccharides, including alginates, agar, agarose and carrageenan, are found in seaweeds. One among these is fucoidan, which is a sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown algae. Compared to many of the biomaterials of marine origin currently in research, it is more broadly accessible and less expensive. This polysaccharide comes from the same family of brown algae from which alginate is extracted, but has garnered less research compared to it. Although it was the subject of research beginning in the 1910's, not much has been done on it since then. Few researchers have focused on its potential for biomedical applications; nevertheless, a thorough knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind its diverse features is still lacking. This review provides a quick outline of its history, sources, and organization. The characteristics of this potential biomaterial have also been explored, with a thorough analysis concentrating on its use in bone tissue engineering. With the preclinical research completed up to this point, the fucoidan research status globally has also been examined. Therefore, the study might be utilized as a comprehensive manual to understand in depth the research status of fucoidan, particularly for applications related to bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Devi V. K.
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India,School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anjaneyulu Udduttula
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Tissue Engineering Group, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India,*Correspondence: Amit Kumar Jaiswal,
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Chu X, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Liu S, Li G, Xin Y. Chaetomorpha linum polysaccharides alleviate NAFLD in mice by enhancing the PPARα/CPT-1/MCAD signaling. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:140. [PMID: 36529726 PMCID: PMC9762026 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green algae contain many polysaccharides. However, there is no information on whether Chaetomorpha linum polysaccharides (CLP) can modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS CLP were extracted from chlorella and their components were characterized. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized and provided with control chow as the control, or high fat diet (HFD) to induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD mice were treated orally with water as the HFD group or with 50 or 150 mg/kg CLP daily for 10 weeks. The impact of CLP treatment on lipid and glucose metabolism and the PPARα signaling was examined by histology, Western blotting and biochemistry. RESULTS CLP mainly contained arabinogalactan sulfate. Compared with the control, HFD feeding increased body weights, lipid droplet liver deposition and induced hyperlipidemia, liver functional impairment and glucose intolerance in mice. Treatment with CLP, particularly with a higher dose of CLP, limited the HFD-increased body weights and liver lipid droplet deposition, mitigated the HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and improved liver function and glucose tolerance in mice. Mechanistically, feeding with HFD dramatically decreased the expression of liver PPARα, CPT-1, and MCAD, but treatment with CLP enhanced their expression in a trend of dose-dependent in mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that CLP treatment alleviated the gain in body weights, NAFLD, and glucose intolerance in mice after HFD feeding by enhancing the PPARα/CPT-1/MCAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Chu
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, 266011 Shandong Province China
| | - Yu Zhou
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, 266011 Shandong Province China
| | - Shuimi Zhang
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, 266011 Shandong Province China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong Province China
| | - Guoyun Li
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, 266011 Shandong Province China
| | - Yongning Xin
- grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, 266011 Shandong Province China ,grid.415468.a0000 0004 1761 4893Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266011 Shandong Province China
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12
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Extraction, Characterization, and Platelet Inhibitory Effects of Two Polysaccharides from the Cs-4 Fungus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012608. [PMID: 36293463 PMCID: PMC9604242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are associated with platelet hyperactivity, and downregulating platelet activation is one of the promising antithrombotic strategies. This study newly extracted two polysaccharides (purified exopolysaccharides, EPSp and purified intercellular exopolysaccharides, IPSp) from Cordyceps sinensis Cs-4 mycelial fermentation powder, and investigated the effects of the two polysaccharides and their gut bacterial metabolites on platelet functions and thrombus formation. EPSp and IPSp are majorly composed of galactose, mannose, glucose, and arabinose. Both EPSp and IPSp mainly contain 4-Galp and 4-Glcp glycosidic linkages. EPSp and IPSp significantly inhibited human platelet activation and aggregation with a dose-dependent manner, and attenuated thrombus formation in mice without increasing bleeding risk. Furthermore, the EPSp and IPSp after fecal fermentation showed enhanced platelet inhibitory effects. The results have demonstrated the potential value of Cs-4 polysaccharides as novel protective ingredients for cardiovascular diseases.
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13
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Wei B, Zhang B, Du AQ, Zhou ZY, Lu DZ, Zhu ZH, Ke SZ, Wang SJ, Yu YL, Chen JW, Zhang HW, Jin WH, Wang H. Saccharina japonica fucan suppresses high fat diet-induced obesity and enriches fucoidan-degrading gut bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119411. [PMID: 35550744 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight seaweed polysaccharides exhibit promising potential as novel therapeutics for the prevention of obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The interplay between polysaccharides and gut microbiota may play crucial roles in their anti-obesity effects, but is largely unknown, including the impact of polysaccharides on the composition of the gut microbiota with polysaccharide-degrading capacity. The primary structure of a 5.1 kDa fucan (J2H) from Saccharina japonica was characterized and oral administration of J2H effectively suppressed high-fat diet-induced obesity, blood glucose metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Furthermore, the Jensen-Shannon divergence analysis demonstrated that J2H enriched at least four gut bacterial species with fucoidan-degrading potential, including Bacteroides sartorii and Bacteroides acidifaciens. Our findings suggest that the low molecular weight S. japonica fucan, J2H, is a promising potential agent for obesity prevention and its enrichment of gut bacteria with fucoidan-degrading potential may play a vital role in the anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ao-Qi Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhen-Yi Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dong-Ze Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhong-Hui Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Song-Ze Ke
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan-Lei Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian-Wei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hua-Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei-Hua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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14
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Sporosarcina aquimarina MS4 Regulates the Digestive Enzyme Activities, Body Wall Nutrients, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolites of Apostichopus japonicus. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sporosarcina aquimarina MS4 is a microecological preparation for overwintering Apostichopus japonicus, which has an immune regulation function, but its role in the nutritional regulation of A. japonicus is not clear. This study aimed to describe the effects of S. aquimarina MS4 on the growth, digestion, and body wall nutrition of A. japonicus through feeding experiments and to discuss the potential mechanism of S. aquimarina MS4 regulating gut function through the detection of gut microbiota and metabolites. After 60 days of culture, the growth performance of A. japonicus fed S. aquimarina MS4 (108 cfu/g) significantly improved, and the content of polysaccharide, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, and docosahexaenoic acid in the body wall significantly increased. Gut microbiota analysis showed that although Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla in all the sea cucumbers, Haloferula and Rubritalea showed significant difference between the group fed with or without S. aquimarina MS4. Metabolomics analysis showed that differential metabolites in the gut were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. The association analysis of differential metabolites and microbiota showed that the production of some differential metabolites was significantly related to differential microorganisms, which improved the understanding of the function of microorganisms and their roles in the gut of A. japonicus. This study reveals the life activities such as growth and metabolism of A. japonicus, and it provides support for the functional study of the gut microbiome of A. japonicus.
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15
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The Regulatory Roles of Polysaccharides and Ferroptosis-Related Phytochemicals in Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112303. [PMID: 35684103 PMCID: PMC9182636 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a global health burden with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Liver injuries can develop into severe end-stage diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, without valid treatment. Therefore, identifying novel drugs may promote liver disease treatment. Phytochemicals, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, are abundant in foods and medicinal plants and have various bioactivities, such as antioxidation, immunoregulation, and tumor killing. Recent studies have shown that many natural polysaccharides play protective roles in liver disease models in vitro and in vivo, such as fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, and liver cancer. The mechanisms of liver disease are complex. Notably, ferroptosis, a new type of cell death driven by iron and lipid peroxidation, is considered to be the key mechanism in many hepatic pathologies. Therefore, polysaccharides and other types of phytochemicals with activities in ferroptosis regulation provide novel therapeutic strategies for ferroptosis-related liver diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms of ferroptosis and liver injury and compelling preclinical evidence of natural bioactive polysaccharides and phytochemicals in treating liver disease.
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16
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Kalita P, Ahmed AB, Sen S, Chakraborty R. A comprehensive review on polysaccharides with hypolipidemic activity: Occurrence, chemistry and molecular mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:681-698. [PMID: 35247430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, research on natural products is facing challenging future in various aspects. A large group of natural polysaccharides such as β-glucan, cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, pectin, agaropectin, heteroglycans, lignins, hydrocolloids, homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides were studied extensively for their various therapeutical potential. Several research works have already demonstrated those polysaccharides has tremendous health benefits, and found to exhibit anticancer, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antitumor activities. Different mushroom, plant, fungus, algae, vegetables, microalgae etc. are some important source of several polysaccharide macromolecules such as glucans, ulvan A, ulvan B, fucoidan, rhamnan sulfate, laminarin sulfate, agar, alginate, heteroglycans. Earlier research work demonstrated that natural polysaccharides have the highest ability to carry biological properties along with some biopolymers like as proteins and nucleic acids due to their structural variability. The preventive effect of these biomacromolecules was extensively studied, especially their beneficial effect on chronic metabolic conditions like dyslipidemia and related disorders. Dyslipidemia is a serious metabolic disorder associated with coronary heart disease, coronary artery diseases, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, etc. Dietary natural polysaccharides could play an important role in the management and prevention of dyslipidemia. Polysaccharides from natural sources mainly sulfated polysaccharides exhibited predominant lipid-lowering and cholesterol-lowering activities through different mechanisms. Polysaccharides isolated from different edible plants, vegetables, plant, algae, mushroom with higher biological activities, particularly hypolipidemic activity were highlighted in this paper, in a way for their futuristic therapeutic application. This review aims to comprehensively discuss overall advances in hypolipidemic activity of polysaccharides, including their sources, structural characteristic and chemistry, biological activity and their probable mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Kalita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India; Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, 781026, India; Research Scholar, Assam Science Technology University, Guwahati, Assam, 781013, India.
| | - Abdul Baquee Ahmed
- Girijananda Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tezpur, Assam 784501, India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Adamas University, West Bengal, 700126, India
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17
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Garcia-Perez P, Lourenço-Lopes C, Silva A, Pereira AG, Fraga-Corral M, Zhao C, Xiao J, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Pigment Composition of Nine Brown Algae from the Iberian Northwestern Coastline: Influence of the Extraction Solvent. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:113. [PMID: 35200642 PMCID: PMC8879247 DOI: 10.3390/md20020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown algae are ubiquitously distributed in the NW coastline of the Iberian Peninsula, where they stand as an underexploited resource. In this study, five solvents were applied to the extraction of pigments from nine brown algae, followed by their determination and quantification by HPLC-DAD. A total of 13 compounds were detected: Six were identified as chlorophylls, six were classified as xanthophylls, and one compound was reported as a carotene. Fucoxanthin was reported in all extracts, which is the most prominent pigment of these algae. Among them, L. saccharina and U. pinnatifida present the highest concentration of fucoxanthin (4.5-4.7 mg∙g-1 dry weight). Ethanol and acetone were revealed as the most efficient solvents for the extraction of pigments, showing a maximal value of 11.9 mg of total pigments per gram of dry alga obtained from the ethanolic extracts of H. elongata, followed by the acetonic extracts of L. ochroleuca. Indeed, ethanol was also revealed as the most efficient solvent according to its high extraction yield along all species evaluated. Our results supply insights into the pigment composition of brown algae, opening new perspectives on their commercial exploitation by food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Catarina Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
| | - Aurora Silva
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antia G. Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Chao Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (P.G.-P.); (C.L.-L.); (A.S.); (A.G.P.); (M.F.-C.); (J.X.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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