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Bano S, Khan N, Fatima M, Khalique A, Arslan M, Nazir S, Asghar M, Khizar A, Davies SJ, Wan AHL. Enhancing farmed striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) robustness through dietary β-glucan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298414. [PMID: 38483918 PMCID: PMC10939287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
β-glucan is a well-documented feed additive for its potent immunostimulatory properties in many farmed fish species. This study examined how it can also be a promising growth promoter, modulate antioxidant enzyme activities, and act as an anti-stress agent in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A 12-week feeding experiment was untaken to determine the effects of dietary β-glucan supplementation at graded levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g kg-1). Measured indicators suggest that a dietary inclusion level of 1.5 g kg-1 β-glucan gave the highest positive responses: weight gain (120.10 g fish-1), survival (98.30%), and lower FCR (1.70) (P<0.05). Whole body proximate analysis had only revealed that crude protein was significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of β-glucan (P<0.05), with the highest protein content (19.70%) being in fish that were fed with 1.5 g kg-1 β-glucan. Although other inclusion levels (i.e., 0.5 and 1 g kg-1) of β-glucan did not enhance body protein content (P>0.05). The assessment of fatty acid composition in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues showed modifications with the inclusion of β-glucan. Antioxidative-related enzyme activities (inc. catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) that were measured in the liver had higher levels when fed with β-glucan inclusion diets (P<0.05). Following the feed trial, fish were subjected to crowding stress treatment. It was subsequently found that catfish fed with β-glucan-based diet groups had lower levels of blood stress-related indicators compared to the control group with no dietary β-glucan. The use of 1.5 g kg-1 of dietary β-glucan resulted in the lowest measured levels of cortisol (43.13 ng mL-1) and glucose (50.16 mg dL-1). This study has demonstrated that the dietary inclusion of β-glucan can have functional benefits beyond the immunological enhancements in striped catfish. Furthermore, its use can increase production levels and mitigate the stress associated with intensive farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeza Bano
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Khan
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahroze Fatima
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Khalique
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Murat Arslan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sadia Nazir
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khizar
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Simon John Davies
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Alex H. L. Wan
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway, Ireland
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2
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Wang F, Wang Z, Cao J, Lu Y. Long- and short-term dietary β-glucan improves intestinal health and disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01310-z. [PMID: 38421537 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
β-Glucans are immunostimulants and are widely used in aquaculture industry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different periods of β-glucan management on growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). A commercial feed was used as control diet (CD), and the β-glucan diet (βD) was based on CD and further supplemented with 0.1% β-glucan. Grouper in control and long-term β-glucan diet (LGD) groups were fed with CD and βD for 8 weeks, respectively. Groupers in short-term β-glucan diet (SGD) group were fed with CD for the first 4 weeks and βD for the last 4 weeks. We found that LGD and SGD had no effect on growth performance but reduced the mortalities of grouper after challenging with Vibrio harveyi. In addition, both LGD and SGD increased intestinal morphology, enhanced antioxidant capacity, enhanced immunity, inhibited apoptosis, altered the transcriptional profile, and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the intestine of grouper. Furthermore, the effect of LGD on most of the above parameters was comparable to that of SGD. In conclusion, LGD and SGD did not affect growth rate parameters but enhanced the intestinal health and disease resistance of pearl gentian grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518210, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530000, China
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518210, China
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Junming Cao
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518210, China.
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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Srirengaraj V, Razafindralambo HL, Rabetafika HN, Nguyen HT, Sun YZ. Synbiotic Agents and Their Active Components for Sustainable Aquaculture: Concepts, Action Mechanisms, and Applications. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1498. [PMID: 38132324 PMCID: PMC10740583 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-emerging food-producing sector in which fishery production plays an imperative socio-economic role, providing ample resources and tremendous potential worldwide. However, aquatic animals are exposed to the deterioration of the ecological environment and infection outbreaks, which represent significant issues nowadays. One of the reasons for these threats is the excessive use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs that have harmful impacts on the aquatic atmosphere. It is not surprising that functional and nature-based feed ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have been developed as natural alternatives to sustain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture. These functional feed additives possess several beneficial characteristics, including gut microbiota modulation, immune response reinforcement, resistance to pathogenic organisms, improved growth performance, and enhanced feed utilization in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, their mechanisms in modulating the immune system and gut microbiota in aquatic animals are largely unclear. This review discusses basic and current research advancements to fill research gaps and promote effective and healthy aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hary L. Razafindralambo
- ProBioLab, 5004 Namur, Belgium;
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Sustainable Management of Bio-Agressors & Microbial Technologies, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech—Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, An Giang University, Long Xuyen City 90000, Vietnam;
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China;
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Frick K, Ebbing T, Yeh Y, Schmid‐Staiger U, Tovar GEM. Influence of light conditions on the production of chrysolaminarin using Phaeodactylum tricornutum in artificially illuminated photobioreactors. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1378. [PMID: 37877659 PMCID: PMC10505944 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The light conditions are of utmost importance in any microalgae production process especially involving artificial illumination. This also applies to a chrysolaminarin (soluble 1,3-β-glucan) production process using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Here we examine the influence of the amount of light per gram biomass (specific light availability) and the influence of two different biomass densities (at the same amount of light per gram biomass) on the accumulation of the storage product chrysolaminarin during nitrogen depletion in artificially illuminated flat-panel airlift photobioreactors. Besides chrysolaminarin, other compounds (fucoxanthin, fatty acids used for energy storage [C16 fatty acids], and eicosapentaenoic acid) are regarded as well. Our results show that the time course of C-allocation between chrysolaminarin and fatty acids, serving as storage compounds, is influenced by specific light availability and cell concentration. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that with increasing specific light availability, the maximal chrysolaminarin content increases. However, this effect is limited. Beyond a certain specific light availability (here: 5 µmolphotons gDW -1 s-1 ) the maximal chrysolaminarin content no longer increases, but the rate of increase becomes faster. Furthermore, the conversion of light to chrysolaminarin is best at the beginning of nitrogen depletion. Additionally, our results show that a high biomass concentration has a negative effect on the maximal chrysolaminarin content, most likely due to the occurring self-shading effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Frick
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Tobias Ebbing
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Yen‐Cheng Yeh
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Ulrike Schmid‐Staiger
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Günter E. M. Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
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Fajardo C, Santos P, Passos R, Vaz M, Azeredo R, Machado M, Fernández-Boo S, Baptista T, Costas B. Early Molecular Immune Responses of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) Following Infection with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12944. [PMID: 37629124 PMCID: PMC10454659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Turbot aquaculture production is an important economic activity in several countries around the world; nonetheless, the incidence of diseases, such furunculosis, caused by the etiological agent A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, is responsible for important losses to this industry worldwide. Given this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate early immune responses in turbot (S. maximus L.) following infection with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. For this, 72 fish were individually weighed and randomly distributed into 6 tanks in a circulating seawater system. For the bacterial challenge, half of the individuals (3 tanks with 36 individuals) were infected using a peritoneal injection with the bacterial suspension, while the other half of individuals were injected with PBS and kept as a control group. Several factors linked to the innate immune response were studied, including not only haematological (white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes) and oxidative stress parameters, but also the analyses of the expression of 13 key immune-related genes (tnf-α, il-1β, il-8, pparα-1, acox1, tgf-β1, nf-kB p65, srebp-1, il-10, c3, cpt1a, pcna, il-22). No significant differences were recorded in blood or innate humoral parameters (lysozyme, anti-protease, peroxidase) at the selected sampling points. There was neither any evidence of significant changes in the activity levels of the oxidative stress indicators (catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase). In contrast, pro-inflammatory (tnf-α, il-1β), anti-inflammatory (il-10), and innate immune-related genes (c3) were up-regulated, while another gene linked with the lipid metabolism (acox1) was down-regulated. The results showed new insights about early responses of turbot following infection with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fajardo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cadiz (UCA), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Paulo Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Aquatic Production, School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Passos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Mariana Vaz
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Marina Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Teresa Baptista
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- Department of Aquatic Production, School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Zahran E, Elbahnaswy S, Ahmed F, Ibrahim I, Khaled AA, Eldessouki EA. Nutritional and immunological evaluation of Nannochloropsis oculata as a potential Nile tilapia-aquafeed supplement. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:65. [PMID: 37076908 PMCID: PMC10114411 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) is a marine microalga containing bioactive compounds and a high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFAs). Therefore, it is very promising for nutraceutical and the functional food industry applications. Three groups of Nile tilapia (forty-five fish/group) were fed on basal diets or diets containing 5% (N5) or 10% (N10) of the microalga N. oculata for seven weeks. Fish growth performance, proximate composition, and lipid (fatty acids/ FAs and lipoproteins) profile were estimated. In addition, the expression pattern of some lipid metabolism and immune-relevant genes were assessed. An enhancement in whole body crude protein and growth indices of Nile tilapia was observed on both the supplemented groups N5 and N10. Higher levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL); and lower levels of the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were evident in both supplemented groups, while the cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) levels were similar among groups. Ω-3 PUFAs were the significant FAs profile of tilapia fed on N. oculata-supplemented diets in terms of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and n3/n6 ratio. Concerning the gene expression pattern, heat-shock protein70, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were elevated significantly in both supplemented groups. IL-10 is only upregulated in the N10 group. The lipid metabolism-related gene expression showed downregulation of only fatty acid synthase (FAS) in both supplemented groups, with no statistical changes in Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and the apoptotic related genes [caspase3 and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] showed insignificant changes among groups. The histopathological examination of the intestine, liver, and spleen supports our findings and confirms the benefits and safeness of N. oculata dietary inclusion. Collectively, N. oculata is a very promising nutraceutical for improving fish health and sustainability of aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samia Elbahnaswy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Eldessouki
- Department of Fish Health and Diseases, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
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Ocaranza D, Balic I, Bruna T, Moreno I, Díaz O, Moreno AA, Caro N. A Modeled High-Density Fed-Batch Culture Improves Biomass Growth and β-Glucans Accumulation in Microchloropsis salina. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3229. [PMID: 36501269 PMCID: PMC9738629 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Algae and microalgae are used as a source of different biomolecules, such as lipids and carbohydrates. Among carbohydrates, polysaccharides, such as β-glucans, are important for their application as antioxidants, antisepsis, and immunomodulators. In the present work, the β-glucans production potential of Microchloropsis salina was assessed using two different culture conditions: a high-density batch and a modeled high-density fed-batch. From the biochemical parameters determined from these two cultures conditions, it was possible to establish that the modeled high-density fed-batch culture improves the biomass growth. It was possible to obtain a biomass productivity equal to 8.00 × 10-2 ± 2.00 × 10-3 g/(L × day), while the batch condition reached 5.13 × 10-2 ± 4.00 × 10-4 g/(L × day). The same phenomenon was observed when analyzing the β-glucans accumulation, reaching volumetric productivity equal to 5.96 × 10-3 ± 2.00 × 10-4 g of product/(L × day) against the 4.10 × 10-3 ± 2.00 × 10-4 g of product/(L × day) obtained in batch conditions. These data establish a baseline condition to optimize and significantly increase β-glucan productivity, as well as biomass, adding a new and productive source of this polymer, and integrating its use in potential applications in the human and animal nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Ocaranza
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Iván Balic
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Área Prioritaria de Investigación (API3), Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile
| | - Tamara Bruna
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Oscar Díaz
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Área Prioritaria de Investigación (API3), Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile
| | - Adrián A. Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Nelson Caro
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Stiefvatter L, Frick K, Lehnert K, Vetter W, Montoya-Arroyo A, Frank J, Schmid-Staiger U, Bischoff SC. Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant-A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:716. [PMID: 36421994 PMCID: PMC9694444 DOI: 10.3390/md20110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stiefvatter
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Montoya-Arroyo
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Dietary Strategies to Modulate the Health Condition and Immune Responses in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles Following Intestinal Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213019. [PMID: 36359143 PMCID: PMC9657010 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed additives are known to have biological proprieties that can improve fish health. This work assessed the effect of two feed additives (Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts rich in β-glucans and curcumin) on the gilthead seabream health condition, and its modulatory effects following dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) administration as a chemical inducer of intestinal inflammation. While minor immune-enhancing changes were observed among fish fed dietary treatments at the end of the feeding trial, after the inflammatory stimulus, the feed additives were able to alleviate, to some extent, the DSS-induced effects at both the intestinal and systemic levels. Abstract Several feed additives have proved to be beneficial in eliciting fish health. Β-glucans and curcumin are compounds with immunomodulatory capacities known to increase growth performance, stimulate immunity, improve general health, and enhance disease resistance in fish. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary Phaeodactylum tricornutum extracts rich in β-glucans and curcumin on gilthead seabream health status prior to and following an intestinal inflammatory stimulus. Three experimental diets were formulated: a practical commercial-type diet (CTRL), a CTRL diet supplemented with 1% microalgae-derived β-glucans extract (BG), and a CTRL diet supplemented with 0.2% of curcumin (CUR). After 30 days of the feeding trial, fish were sampled and subjected to an oral administration of 1% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) to induce intestinal inflammation. Four groups were considered: a group of fish continued to be fed on the CTRL diet while the remaining groups were exposed to DSS, including CTRL-D (CTRL + DSS), BG-D (BG + DSS), and CUR-D (CUR + DSS), for 6 days. Growth, plasma and gut humoral immunity, liver and gut oxidative stress biomarkers, and intestinal gene expression were evaluated. No significant differences were found in growth after 30 days of feeding; however, seabream fed BG had decreased anti-protease activity and nitric oxide concentration in plasma while those fed CUR had increased mRNA levels of the tnfα, csf1r, and hep genes compared to those fed CTRL. After the inflammatory stimulus, hematocrit was enhanced in fish fed BG-D and CUR-D while red blood cell counts increased in those fed CTRL-D. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased in the intestine of all DSS groups while lipid peroxidation increased in the gut of fish fed CTRL-D and BG-D compared to CTRL. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of csfr1 and sod decreased in fish fed CTRL-D and BG-D compared to CTRL, respectively. Despite the mild intestinal inflammatory condition induced by DSS, CUR was able to partially ameliorate its effects, improving the hematological profile and assisting against the oxidative stress.
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Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070422. [PMID: 35877715 PMCID: PMC9324980 DOI: 10.3390/md20070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.
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The Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum Is Well Suited as a Food with Positive Effects on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Generation of SCFA: Results from a Pre-Clinical Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122504. [PMID: 35745233 PMCID: PMC9229211 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) are a sustainable source of nutrients, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fucoxanthin (Fx), and chrysolaminarin (Chrl), the concentrations of which can vary depending on the culture conditions. We generated three types of diets containing either an EPA- and Fx-rich (EPA/Fx) or Chrl-rich microalgae (with 5, 15, or 25% added to the diet) or an isocaloric control diet (CD). These diets were evaluated over 14 days in young C57BL/6J mice for safety and bioavailability, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiome analysis. Both microalgae diets increased body weight gain dose-dependently compared to the CD. Microalgae-derived EPA was well absorbed, resulting in increased liver and fat tissue levels and a decrease in the n-6:n-3 ratio in liver tissue. Both microalgae diets increased the production of selected SCFA and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteriodota ratio, whereas the Chrl-rich diet led to an increase in Akkermansia. Doses of up to 4621 mg Chrl, 920 mg EPA, and 231 mg Fx per kg body weight daily were tolerated without adverse effects. This pre-clinical study shows that PT is suitable for mouse feed, with positive effects on microbiota composition and SCFA production, suggesting beneficial effects on gut health.
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Naya-Català F, Piazzon MC, Calduch-Giner JA, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Diet and Host Genetics Drive the Bacterial and Fungal Intestinal Metatranscriptome of Gilthead Sea Bream. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883738. [PMID: 35602034 PMCID: PMC9121002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is now recognised as a key target for improving aquaculture profit and sustainability, but we still lack insights into the activity of microbes in fish mucosal surfaces. In the present study, a metatranscriptomic approach was used to reveal the expression of gut microbial genes in the farmed gilthead sea bream. Archaeal and viral transcripts were a minority but, interestingly and contrary to rRNA amplicon-based studies, fungal transcripts were as abundant as bacterial ones, and increased in fish fed a plant-enriched diet. This dietary intervention also drove a differential metatranscriptome in fish selected for fast and slow growth. Such differential response reinforced the results of previously inferred metabolic pathways, enlarging, at the same time, the catalogue of microbial functions in the intestine. Accordingly, vitamin and amino acid metabolism, and rhythmic and symbiotic processes were mostly shaped by bacteria, whereas fungi were more specifically configuring the host immune, digestive, or endocrine processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Naya-Català
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal Spanish National Research Council (IATS-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal Spanish National Research Council (IATS-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- M. Carla Piazzon,
| | - Josep A. Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal Spanish National Research Council (IATS-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal Spanish National Research Council (IATS-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal Spanish National Research Council (IATS-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jaume Pérez-Sánchez,
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