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An SM, Cho K, Kim ES, Ki H, Choi G, Kang NS. Description and Characterization of the Odontella aurita OAOSH22, a Marine Diatom Rich in Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Fucoxanthin, Isolated from Osan Harbor, Korea. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:563. [PMID: 37999387 PMCID: PMC10671887 DOI: 10.3390/md21110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Third-generation biomass production utilizing microalgae exhibits sustainable and environmentally friendly attributes, along with significant potential as a source of physiologically active compounds. However, the process of screening and localizing strains that are capable of producing high-value-added substances necessitates a significant amount of effort. In the present study, we have successfully isolated the indigenous marine diatom Odontella aurita OAOSH22 from the east coast of Korea. Afterwards, comprehensive analysis was conducted on its morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics. In addition, a series of experiments was conducted to analyze the effects of various environmental factors that should be considered during cultivation, such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients (particularly nitrate, silicate, phosphate, and iron). The morphological characteristics of the isolate were observed using optical and electron microscopes, and it exhibited features typical of O. aurita. Additionally, the molecular phylogenetic inference derived from the sequence of the small-subunit 18S rDNA confirmed the classification of the microalgal strain as O. aurita. This isolate has been confirmed to contain 7.1 mg g-1 dry cell weight (DCW) of fucoxanthin, a powerful antioxidant substance. In addition, this isolate contains 11.1 mg g-1 DCW of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is one of the nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, this indigenous isolate exhibits significant potential as a valuable source of bioactive substances for various bio-industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nam Seon Kang
- Department of Microbial Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.M.A.); (K.C.); (E.S.K.); (H.K.); (G.C.)
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Frick K, Ebbing T, Yeh Y, Schmid‐Staiger U, Tovar GEM. Influence of light conditions on the production of chrysolaminarin using Phaeodactylum tricornutum in artificially illuminated photobioreactors. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1378. [PMID: 37877659 PMCID: PMC10505944 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The light conditions are of utmost importance in any microalgae production process especially involving artificial illumination. This also applies to a chrysolaminarin (soluble 1,3-β-glucan) production process using the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Here we examine the influence of the amount of light per gram biomass (specific light availability) and the influence of two different biomass densities (at the same amount of light per gram biomass) on the accumulation of the storage product chrysolaminarin during nitrogen depletion in artificially illuminated flat-panel airlift photobioreactors. Besides chrysolaminarin, other compounds (fucoxanthin, fatty acids used for energy storage [C16 fatty acids], and eicosapentaenoic acid) are regarded as well. Our results show that the time course of C-allocation between chrysolaminarin and fatty acids, serving as storage compounds, is influenced by specific light availability and cell concentration. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that with increasing specific light availability, the maximal chrysolaminarin content increases. However, this effect is limited. Beyond a certain specific light availability (here: 5 µmolphotons gDW -1 s-1 ) the maximal chrysolaminarin content no longer increases, but the rate of increase becomes faster. Furthermore, the conversion of light to chrysolaminarin is best at the beginning of nitrogen depletion. Additionally, our results show that a high biomass concentration has a negative effect on the maximal chrysolaminarin content, most likely due to the occurring self-shading effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Frick
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Tobias Ebbing
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Yen‐Cheng Yeh
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Ulrike Schmid‐Staiger
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
| | - Günter E. M. Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
- Industrial BiotechnologyFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBStuttgartGermany
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Bosomworth NJ. Indications for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular disease: From fish to pharmaceuticals. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2023; 69:459-468. [PMID: 37452000 PMCID: PMC10348792 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6907459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the evidence for omega-3 fatty acid (O3FA) supplementation in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). SOURCES OF INFORMATION PubMed, Cochrane reviews, and Google Scholar were searched for meta-analyses and reviews related to O3FAs and CVD. Salient, recent randomized controlled trials referenced in these reviews were retrieved. Current lipid guidelines were reviewed. MAIN MESSAGE Most O3FAs are derived from marine or aquatic microalgae, which are consumed by fish. The essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are mainly sourced from fish, with a small fraction coming from plants. Omega-3 fatty acids modestly lower triglyceride levels, but the major impact on CVD is through a variety of other mechanisms related to cell membrane function, antioxidant properties, and reduction of atherogenic small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles. Guidelines continue to recommend eating 2 servings of fish per week. There is little evidence of benefit of O3FAs in primary prevention of CVD. Given that 40% of Canadians have insufficient levels and that these low levels may be associated with other chronic diseases over time, supplementation with O3FAs could be considered, particularly in those with hypertriglyceridemia, in those who eat no fish, or for vegetarians or vegans. Doses up to 1 g daily are considered safe. For secondary prevention after statin optimization, if triglyceride levels are between 1.5 and 5.6 mmol/L, guidelines recommend with level 1A evidence taking 2 g of icosapent ethyl twice a day. This is also recommended in primary prevention for patients with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia and additional CVD risk factors. As fish stocks dwindle over time, preserving fisheries for developing countries and obtaining O3FA from microalgal or genetically modified plant sources may become important. CONCLUSION All guidelines recommend at least 2 servings of oily fish per week, although benefit from O3FAs is mostly seen in secondary prevention. Fish oil and combination preparations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have failed to show benefit at any dose at any level of prevention in patients who are appropriately prescribed statins. High-dose eicosapentaenoic acid shows substantial benefit in selected patients taking statins who have high triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Bosomworth
- Honorary Lecturer in the Department of Family Practice at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
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Bosomworth NJ. Indications relatives à un supplément d’acides gras oméga-3 pour prévenir les maladies cardiovasculaires. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2023; 69:e134-e144. [PMID: 37452003 PMCID: PMC10348787 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6907e134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectif Explorer les données probantes en faveur d’un supplément d’acides gras oméga-3 (AGO3) en prévention primaire et secondaire des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Sources de l’information Une recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans PubMed, la bibliothèque Cochrane et Google Scholar pour trouver des méta-analyses et des revues portant sur les AGO3 et les MCV. Les études randomisées contrôlées récentes et pertinentes qui ont été citées dans ces revues ont été retenues. Les lignes directrices actuelles sur les lipides ont été examinées. Message principal La plupart des AGO3 dérivent des microalgues marines ou aquatiques qui sont consommées par le poisson. Les acides gras essentiels, notamment l’acide eicosapentaénoïque et l’acide docosahexaénoïque, sont principalement tirés du poisson, et une petite fraction vient des végétaux. Les acides gras oméga-3 abaissent modestement les taux de triglycérides, mais l’effet le plus important sur les MCV se produit par l’intermédiaire de divers autres mécanismes liés au fonctionnement des membranes cellulaires, aux propriétés antioxydantes et à la réduction des petites particules de cholestérol à lipoprotéines de basse densité athérogènes. Les lignes directrices continuent de recommander de consommer 2 portions de poisson par semaine. Il existe peu de données probantes sur les bienfaits des AGO3 en prévention primaire des MCV. Étant donné que 40 % des Canadiens en ont des taux insuffisants et que ces faibles taux peuvent être associés à d’autres maladies chroniques avec le temps, des suppléments d’AGO3 pourraient être envisagés, surtout pour ceux qui ont une hypertriglycéridémie ou qui ne mangent pas de poisson, ou pour les végétariens et les végans. Des doses allant jusqu’à 1 g par jour sont jugées sécuritaires. Pour la prévention secondaire après l’optimisation des statines, si les taux de triglycérides se situent entre 1,5 et 5,6 mmol/L, les lignes directrices recommandent, sur la base de données probantes de niveau 1A, de prendre 2 g d’icosapent éthyle 2 fois par jour. Cette même recommandation s’applique en prévention primaire pour les patients qui ont le diabète, une hypertriglycéridémie et un facteur de risque additionnel de MCV. À mesure que les stocks de poisson diminuent avec le temps, la préservation des pêches pour les pays en développement et l’obtention des AGO3 à partir des microalgues ou de sources végétales génétiquement modifiées pourraient prendre de l’importance. Conclusion Toutes les lignes directrices recommandent au moins 2 portions de poisson gras par semaine, même si les bienfaits des AGO3 sont principalement observés en prévention secondaire. Les huiles de poisson et les préparations composées d’acide eicosapentaénoïque et d’acide docosahexaénoïque n’ont pas démontré de bienfaits, quels que soient la dose et le niveau de prévention, chez les patients à qui on a prescrit des statines de manière appropriée. L’acide eicosapentaénoïque à forte dose procure des bienfaits considérables chez certains patients qui prennent des statines et ont des taux élevés de triglycérides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N John Bosomworth
- Chargé de cours honoraire au Département de pratique familiale de l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique à Vancouver.
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Guerrero-Wyss M, Yans C, Boscán-González A, Duran P, Parra-Soto S, Angarita L. Durvillaea antarctica: A Seaweed for Enhancing Immune and Cardiometabolic Health and Gut Microbiota Composition Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10779. [PMID: 37445955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Durvillaea antarctica is the seaweed that is the most consumed by the Chilean population. It is recognized worldwide for its high nutritional value in protein, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This is a narrative review in which an extensive search of the literature was performed to establish the immunomodulator, cardiometabolic, and gut microbiota composition modulation effect of Durvillaea antarctica. Several studies have shown the potential of Durvillaea antarctica to function as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota, which is related to anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic effects. The quantity of Bacteroides was negatively correlated with that of inflammatory monocytes and positively correlated with the levels of several gut metabolites. Seaweed-derived polysaccharides modulate the quantity and diversity of beneficial intestinal microbiota, decreasing phenol and p-cresol, which are related to intestinal diseases and the loss of intestinal function. Additionally, a beneficial metabolic effect related to this seaweed was observed, mainly promoting the decrease in the glycemic levels, lower cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk. Consuming Durvillaea antarctica has a positive impact on the immune system, and its bioactive compounds provide beneficial effects on glycemic control and other metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Guerrero-Wyss
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Caroline Yans
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Arturo Boscán-González
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Pablo Duran
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrino-Metabólicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela
| | - Solange Parra-Soto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepción 4260000, Chile
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Kopp L, Schweinlin A, Tingö L, Hutchinson AN, Feit V, Jähnichen T, Lehnert K, Vetter W, Rings A, Jensen MG, Brummer RJ, Bischoff SC. Potential Modulation of Inflammation and Physical Function by Combined Probiotics, Omega-3 Supplementation and Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Patients with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108567. [PMID: 37239916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and increased gut permeability. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of a nutritional supplement on these parameters in subjects with overweight and obesity. A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 76 adults with overweight or obesity (BMI 28 to 40) and low-grade inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) between 2 and 10 mg/L). The intervention consisted of a daily intake of a multi-strain probiotic of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, 640 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), and 200 IU of vitamin D (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39), administered for 8 weeks. hs-CRP levels did not change post-intervention, other than an unexpected slight increase observed in the treatment group. Interleukin (IL)-6 levels decreased in the treatment group (p = 0.018). The plasma fatty acid (FA) levels of the arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio and n-6/n-3 ratio (p < 0.001) decreased, and physical function and mobility improved in the treatment group (p = 0.006). The results suggest that hs-CRP may not be the most useful inflammatory marker, but probiotics, n-3 FAs, and vitamin D, as non-pharmaceutical supplements, may exert modest effects on inflammation, plasma FA levels, and physical function in patients with overweight and obesity and associated low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kopp
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Schweinlin
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lina Tingö
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
- Food and Health Programme, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashley N Hutchinson
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Feit
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tabea Jähnichen
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Rings
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Robert J Brummer
- Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70362 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Nieri P, Carpi S, Esposito R, Costantini M, Zupo V. Bioactive Molecules from Marine Diatoms and Their Value for the Nutraceutical Industry. Nutrients 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 36678334 PMCID: PMC9861441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for novel sources of nutrients is among the basic goals for achievement of sustainable progress. In this context, microalgae are relevant organisms, being rich in high-value compounds and able to grow in open ponds or photobioreactors, thus enabling profitable exploitation of aquatic resources. Microalgae, a huge taxon containing photosynthetic microorganisms living in freshwater, as well as in brackish and marine waters, typically unicellular and eukaryotic, include green algae (Chlorophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). In recent decades, diatoms have been considered the most sustainable sources of nutrients for humans with respect to other microalgae. This review focuses on studies exploring their bio-pharmacological activities when relevant for human disease prevention and/or treatment. In addition, we considered diatoms and their extracts (or purified compounds) when relevant for specific nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Marine Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Carpi
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Piazza San Silvestro, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80077 Ischia, Italy
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Stiefvatter L, Frick K, Lehnert K, Vetter W, Montoya-Arroyo A, Frank J, Schmid-Staiger U, Bischoff SC. Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant-A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:716. [PMID: 36421994 PMCID: PMC9694444 DOI: 10.3390/md20110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stiefvatter
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Montoya-Arroyo
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Fungal Contamination in Microalgal Cultivation: Biological and Biotechnological Aspects of Fungi-Microalgae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101099. [PMID: 36294664 PMCID: PMC9605242 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the increasing interest in microalgae as sources of new biomolecules and environmental remediators stimulated scientists’ investigations and industrial applications. Nowadays, microalgae are exploited in different fields such as cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals and as human and animal food supplements. Microalgae can be grown using various cultivation systems depending on their final application. One of the main problems in microalgae cultivations is the possible presence of biological contaminants. Fungi, among the main contaminants in microalgal cultures, are able to influence the production and quality of biomass significantly. Here, we describe fungal contamination considering both shortcomings and benefits of fungi-microalgae interactions, highlighting the biological aspects of this interaction and the possible biotechnological applications.
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Zimmermann J, Longin FH, Schweinlin A, Basrai M, Bischoff SC. No Difference in Tolerance between Wheat and Spelt Bread in Patients with Suspected Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142800. [PMID: 35889757 PMCID: PMC9319925 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with suspected non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) often report better tolerance of spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) bakery products. This experience has neither been validated nor explained on a molecular level. Therefore, we performed blinded wheat and spelt bread challenge in this patient group. Twenty-four adults with a history of NCWS but suspected spelt tolerance were challenged in a single-blinded crossover design over six weeks with six different study breads each at 300 g per day for 4 days followed by a washout phase of 3 days. Study breads comprised spelt and wheat breads made either after a traditional (T) or a current (C) recipe, resulting in four bread types plus a gluten-free bread with 1.5% added oligosaccharides (+FODMAP) and a gluten-free bread with 5% added wheat gluten (+Gluten). The main outcome parameter was the Irritable Bowel Syndrome—Severity Scoring System, which was higher than self-estimated by the participants after spelt bread consumption (p = 0.002 for T; p = 0.028 for C) and lower for wheat bread (p = 0.052 for T; p = 0.007 for C), resulting in no difference between wheat and spelt bread tolerance. The +FODMAP bread was better tolerated than both T breads (p = 0.003 for spelt; p = 0.068 for wheat) and equally well tolerated as both C breads and +Gluten breads after normalization to the washout scores. Neither signs of inflammation nor markers for intestinal barrier integrity were influenced. Our data do not confirm, on an objective basis, the differences in expected symptoms resulting from wheat and spelt products, suggesting a strong nocebo effect for wheat and a placebo effect for spelt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zimmermann
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Friedrich H. Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Anna Schweinlin
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Maryam Basrai
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (J.Z.); (A.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-24100
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Liu Y, Ren X, Fan C, Wu W, Zhang W, Wang Y. Health Benefits, Food Applications, and Sustainability of Microalgae-Derived N-3 PUFA. Foods 2022; 11:1883. [PMID: 35804698 PMCID: PMC9265382 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's consumers are increasingly aware of the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in preventing, delaying, and intervening various diseases, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, and many other ailments. The role of n-3 PUFA on aging and cognitive function is also one of the hot topics in basic research, product development, and clinical applications. For decades, n-3 PUFA, especially EPA and DHA, have been supplied by fish oil and seafood. With the continuous increase of global population, awareness about the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, and socioeconomic improvement worldwide, the supply chain is facing increasing challenges of insufficient production. In this regard, microalgae have been well considered as promising sources of n-3 PUFA oil to mitigate the supply shortages. The use of microalgae to produce n-3 PUFA-rich oils has been explored for over two decades and some species have already been used commercially to produce n-3 PUFA, in particular EPA- and/or DHA-rich oils. In addition to n-3 PUFA, microalgae biomass contains many other high value biomolecules, which can be used in food, dietary supplement, pharmaceutical ingredient, and feedstock. The present review covers the health benefits of n-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA, with particular attention given to the various approaches attempted in the nutritional interventions using EPA and DHA alone or combined with other nutrients and bioactive compounds towards improved health conditions in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. It also covers the applications of microalgae n-3 PUFA in food and dietary supplement sectors and the economic and environmental sustainability of using microalgae as a platform for n-3 PUFA-rich oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiang Ren
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (W.W.)
| | - Chao Fan
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhong Wu
- INNOBIO Corporation Limited, No. 49, DDA, Dalian 116600, China; (Y.L.); (C.F.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- DeOxiTech Consulting, 30 Cloverfield Court, Dartmouth, NS B2W 0B3, Canada;
| | - Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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12
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Stiefvatter L, Neumann U, Rings A, Frick K, Schmid-Staiger U, Bischoff SC. The Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum Is Well Suited as a Food with Positive Effects on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Generation of SCFA: Results from a Pre-Clinical Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:2504. [PMID: 35745233 PMCID: PMC9229211 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) are a sustainable source of nutrients, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fucoxanthin (Fx), and chrysolaminarin (Chrl), the concentrations of which can vary depending on the culture conditions. We generated three types of diets containing either an EPA- and Fx-rich (EPA/Fx) or Chrl-rich microalgae (with 5, 15, or 25% added to the diet) or an isocaloric control diet (CD). These diets were evaluated over 14 days in young C57BL/6J mice for safety and bioavailability, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiome analysis. Both microalgae diets increased body weight gain dose-dependently compared to the CD. Microalgae-derived EPA was well absorbed, resulting in increased liver and fat tissue levels and a decrease in the n-6:n-3 ratio in liver tissue. Both microalgae diets increased the production of selected SCFA and decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteriodota ratio, whereas the Chrl-rich diet led to an increase in Akkermansia. Doses of up to 4621 mg Chrl, 920 mg EPA, and 231 mg Fx per kg body weight daily were tolerated without adverse effects. This pre-clinical study shows that PT is suitable for mouse feed, with positive effects on microbiota composition and SCFA production, suggesting beneficial effects on gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Stiefvatter
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (U.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Ulrike Neumann
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (U.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Andreas Rings
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (U.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Konstantin Frick
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; (L.S.); (U.N.); (A.R.)
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13
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Saini RK, Prasad P, Lokesh V, Shang X, Shin J, Keum YS, Lee JH. Carotenoids: Dietary Sources, Extraction, Encapsulation, Bioavailability, and Health Benefits-A Review of Recent Advancements. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:795. [PMID: 35453480 PMCID: PMC9025559 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural carotenoids (CARs), viz. β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, bixin, norbixin, capsanthin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, β-Apo-8-carotenal, zeaxanthin, and β-apo-8-carotenal-ester, are being studied as potential candidates in fields such as food, feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. CAR research is advancing in the following three major fields: (1) CAR production from natural sources and optimization of its downstream processing; (2) encapsulation for enhanced physical and chemical properties; and (3) preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies of CARs' health benefits. This review critically discusses the recent developments in studies of the chemistry and antioxidant activity, marketing trends, dietary sources, extraction, bioaccessibility and bioavailability, encapsulation methods, dietary intake, and health benefits of CARs. Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies on cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disease, mental health, eye, and skin health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Parchuri Prasad
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Veeresh Lokesh
- Biocontrol Laboratory, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkote 587104, India;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
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