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Yilmaz N, Kösehasanoğulları M. The effectiveness of virtual reality exercise games on balance functions and fear of falling in women with osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:1071-1076. [PMID: 38519809 PMCID: PMC11108864 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-024-05569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate and compare the effectiveness of Nintendo Wii games and home exercises on balance functions in patients with osteoporosis, an important disease adversely affecting balance functions. The patients included in the study were randomized into two groups the Wii exercise group (n = 30) and the home exercise group (n = 30). Wii exercise group performed balance exercises with a Nintendo Wii device and balance board three times a week for 12 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist in the hospital, and home exercise group was prescribed home exercises three days a week for 12 weeks. Balance functions were evaluated with the timed up-and-go-test and Berg Balance Scale, and the fall risk was evaluated with the Falls Efficacy Scale at the beginning and end of 12 weeks of treatment. Comparison of pre- and post-treatment timed up-and-go-test, Berg Balance Scale, and Falls Efficacy Scale results in both groups revealed statistically significant improvements (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). Furthermore, post-treatment test scores between the two groups demonstrated a significant enhancement in Wii exercise group regarding the Berg Balance Scale score (Mean ± SD 52.9 ± 3.63) (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). Within the osteoporotic population, balance functions serve as robust predictors of fall risk. Improvement in balance functions is crucial for the prevention of falls and subsequent osteoporotic fractures. In our study, we found that balance exercises performed with Wii games are effective in improving balance functions in patients with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Yilmaz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Uşak University Medical School, Uşak, Turkey.
| | - Meryem Kösehasanoğulları
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Adana Cıty Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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Yan T, Liang W, Chan CWH, Shen Y, Liu S, Li M. Effects of motor imagery training on gait performance in individuals after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38638087 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2337091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review systematically explores and summarise the effects of motor imagery training (MIT) compared to conventional therapy on gait performance in individuals after stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were systematically searched in five electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, OVID Nursing and CINAHL) from inception to 30 December 2022. Studies investigating MITs, targeted at individuals after stroke were eligible. Data were extracted related to study and intervention characteristics. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included. Compared with 'routine methods of treatment or training', the meta-analyses showed that MIT was more effective in improving cadence immediately post intervention (SMD: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.85, p = 0.0001, I2 = 25%) and at 1- or 2-months post intervention (SMD: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.35, 1.20, p = 0.0004, I2 = 46%). The results also showed that MIT improves the step length of the affected side and the unaffected side at 1- or 2-months post intervention. Separate meta-analyses were also conducted on different tests of walking endurance (assessed by the 6-Minute Walk Test) and functional mobility (assessed by the Timed-Up-and-Go test). CONCLUSIONS MIT effectively improved gait performance. The findings in individuals after stroke remain inconclusive due to significant heterogeneity in included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Carmen W H Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yao Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzi Li
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Abd El-Kafy EM, Alayat MS, Subahi MS, Badghish MS. Motion tracking virtual reality technology in improving gait in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2024; 38:520-529. [PMID: 38130064 DOI: 10.1177/02692155231217468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality-based treadmill training on gait performance and tolerance in the elderly. DESIGN Two-armed randomized controlled trial. SETTING The Medical Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Umm Al Qura University, Saudi Arabia. PARTICIPANTS Sixty Saudi elderly of both sexes, aged 65-75 years, were included. INTERVENTIONS Participants were divided into two groups. The control group received treadmill training without virtual reality, alongside a conventional exercise program. The experimental group received a training program that was similar to the control group's exercises but with C-Mill virtual reality treadmill training. The program lasted one hour, three times per week, over four consecutive weeks. MAIN MEASURES The study assessed changes in outcome measures at baseline, Post-1 (after four weeks of training), and Post-2 (four weeks post-training). These measures encompassed the primary outcome, the 6-minute walk test (meter), as well as secondary outcomes such as stride length (meter), stride time (second), cadence (steps/minute), and velocity (meter/second). These parameters were evaluated using the GaitRite electronic gait analysis walkway. RESULTS The experimental group showed better improvement in the mean values of the 6-minute walk test, stride length, stride time, cadence, and velocity compared to the control group at post-1 and post-2. The P-values were respectively at post-1 (0.019, 0.015, 0.041, 0.013, and 0.021) and (0.011, 0.025, 0.073, 0.061, and 0.017) at post-2 (all, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS C-Mill virtual reality treadmill training shows potential in improving gait parameters and walking tolerance in the elderly in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M Abd El-Kafy
- Medical Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad S Alayat
- Medical Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad S Subahi
- Medical Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Abd El-Kafy EM, Alayat MS, Subahi MS, Badghish MS. C-Mill Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Treadmill Training for Reducing Risk of Fall in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Games Health J 2024. [PMID: 38563663 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2023.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Falling is considered one of the major problems that may affect the elderly, leading to multiple health issues. Walking adaptability to environmental demands is essential for safe walking in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) treadmill training on balance performance and the risk of falls in the elderly. Materials and Methods: Sixty Saudi elderly individuals of both genders, aged between 60 and 70 years, participated in the study. The participants were categorized into two groups: the experimental and the control groups. Both groups received 1 hour of training: 30 minutes of conventional exercises and 30 minutes of gait training on the C-Mill VR/AR treadmill. The experimental group used the C-Mill treadmill with VR and AR games therapy. The control group had gait training on the C-Mill treadmill without VR and AR. The training for both groups was conducted for 6 successive weeks/three times a week. The changes in the scores of the following variables were recorded at baseline, after 6 weeks of training, and 4 weeks after the completion of training. These variables involved the time needed for completing the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, overall stability indices of the Fall Risk (FR) test and Limit of Stability (LOS) test evaluated using the Biodex Balance System (BBS), and the time required for completing the LOS test. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in all measured variables immediately post-training, and this improvement persisted for 4 weeks after completing the training. The experimental group exhibited greater improvement in the recorded values of all measured variables compared with the control group following the training. Conclusions: This study concluded that C-Mill VR/AR treadmill training is effective in improving balance control and reducing the fall risk in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mohamed Abd El-Kafy
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Salaheldien Alayat
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moayad Saleh Subahi
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Ortiz-Mallasén V, Claramonte-Gual E, González-Chordá VM, Llagostera-Reverter I, Valero-Chillerón MJ, Cervera-Gasch Á. Can Virtual Reality Help Improve Motor and Cognitive Function in Active Aging in Older Adults? A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:356. [PMID: 38338241 PMCID: PMC10855498 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active aging is considered one of the most effective methods for a healthy aging process. There are numerous clinical practice guidelines that address this model and propose multiple strategies for its achievement through the improvement of motor and cognitive function. Virtual reality is emerging as a potential tool, with various modalities focused on promoting good health maintenance in older adults. The objectives of this review were to map the potential benefits of virtual reality for active aging and delve into adaptability and adherence in older individuals. METHODS A scoping review was conducted on studies published between 2013 and 2023 in English, Spanish, or Catalan, examining virtual reality interventions in older adults. The search was performed using the Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality was assessed using CASPe and FLC 3.0 critical appraisal guidelines. The graphical data were reported narratively, grouping results based on the study characteristics and the impact of virtual reality. RESULTS The review process resulted in the inclusion of 22 articles out of the initial 459 following the application of the selection criteria. Most articles were randomized controlled trials (45.4%; n = 10), systematic reviews (40.9%; n = 9), observational studies (9%; n = 2), and pilot studies (4.5%; n = 1). The information was organized based on the virtual reality modality (immersive, non-immersive, and 360) and application area (motor, cognitive, and mental health). CONCLUSIONS Virtual reality (both immersive and non-immersive) is a valuable tool for promoting physical exercise in older adults, helping to prevent recurrent accidental falls. It also yields positive results for cognitive stimulation in healthy older individuals, improving memory, depression, and mental health in those with cognitive impairment. Virtual reality is generally well-received by older adults, achieving high adherence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Ortiz-Mallasén
- Nursing Department, Jaume I University, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (V.M.G.-C.); (I.L.-R.); (M.J.V.-C.); (Á.C.-G.)
| | - Eloy Claramonte-Gual
- Department of Health in Castellón, Valencian Health System, Avda Benicassim, 128, 12004 Castellón de la Plana, Spain;
| | - Víctor Manuel González-Chordá
- Nursing Department, Jaume I University, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (V.M.G.-C.); (I.L.-R.); (M.J.V.-C.); (Á.C.-G.)
| | - Irene Llagostera-Reverter
- Nursing Department, Jaume I University, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (V.M.G.-C.); (I.L.-R.); (M.J.V.-C.); (Á.C.-G.)
| | - María Jesús Valero-Chillerón
- Nursing Department, Jaume I University, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (V.M.G.-C.); (I.L.-R.); (M.J.V.-C.); (Á.C.-G.)
| | - Águeda Cervera-Gasch
- Nursing Department, Jaume I University, Avda Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (V.M.G.-C.); (I.L.-R.); (M.J.V.-C.); (Á.C.-G.)
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Rodríguez-Almagro D, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Góngora-Rodríguez J, Rodríguez-Huguet M. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Therapy on Balance and Gait in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:158. [PMID: 38255047 PMCID: PMC10815791 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) therapies are presently utilized to treat physical and cognitive impairments among elderly people. This systematic review aims to collect the most recent evidence on the effectiveness of VR in improving balance and gait among healthy elderly individuals, in comparison with other therapies. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, and WoS databases, by selecting randomized clinical trials that evaluated balance, both static and dynamic, as well as gait in a population of healthy older adults who underwent virtual reality therapy. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. After eligibility criteria were applied and duplicates were removed, 20 studies were selected out of 1705 initially identified. The present systematic review concludes that virtual reality therapy is more effective than minimal intervention or usual care in enhancing static balance, dynamic balance, and gait in healthy elderly individuals. Moreover, virtual reality therapy yields better outcomes compared to traditional balance training and physical exercise in improving balance and gait in this demographic. However, both methods have shown effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez-Almagro
- Department of Nursing, Physical Therapy and Medicine, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.A.-O.); (A.J.I.-V.)
| | - Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (A.A.-O.); (A.J.I.-V.)
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Chirico A, Avellone M, Palombi T, Alivernini F, Alessandri G, Filosa L, Pistella J, Baiocco R, Lucidi F. Exploring the Psychological Nexus of Virtual and Augmented Reality on Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Rapid Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 14:31. [PMID: 38247683 PMCID: PMC10813312 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the global population of older adults projected to double to 2.1 billion by 2050, it becomes crucial to promote healthy aging to alleviate the associated disease burden. In this context, technology, particularly virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), has garnered attention for its potential to augment physical activity in older adults. These immersive technologies offer interactive and enjoyable exercise experiences, making physical activity more appealing. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is not solely attributed to technology itself but is deeply intertwined with psychological processes. This rapid review examines the effectiveness of VR and AR interventions in enhancing physical exercise among healthy older adults while exploring the role of psychological variables, including mood, self-efficacy, and motivation. The results of the study show that technology-enhanced physical activity interventions hold great promise but call attention to the need for a comprehensive understanding of psychological dynamics that will pave the way for more tailored and effective interventions. Future research endeavors should aim to bridge these gaps in knowledge to optimize the impact of technology on healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chirico
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Marco Avellone
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Tommaso Palombi
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Guido Alessandri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Filosa
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Jessica Pistella
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Psychology Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.); (J.P.); (R.B.); (F.L.)
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Percy D, Phillips T, Torres F, Chaleunphonh M, Sung P. Effectiveness of virtual reality-based balance and gait in older adults with fear of movement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 28:e2037. [PMID: 37427539 DOI: 10.1002/pri.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) training and functional mobility in older adults with fear of movement. TYPE: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. METHODOLOGY An electronic search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Medline, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL. A data search from January 2015 to December 2022 and a manual electronic literature search were conducted to identify published RCTs. The effectiveness of VR-based balance training for balance and gait was evaluated in older adults with a fear of movement, which was measured by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES). Three reviewers independently performed the study selection, and the quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The reporting was based on the new Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines. SYNTHESIS The search product produced 345 results, from which 23 full text articles were studied. Seven RCTs of good methodological quality, including 265 participants, were included in the review. Overall, the studies reported that VR had a significant improvement on the TUG (Cohen's d = -0.91 [-1.38; -0.44], p = 0.001), while the FES was not significantly different (Cohen's d = -0.54 [-1.80; 0.71] p = 0.40). The average for PEDro scores (6.14) was good, and the risk of bias revealed that more than one-third of the studies correctly described the random sequence generation and allocation concealment procedures. CONCLUSION VR-based training is effective on balance or gait training based on the TUG; however, there were mixed results to improve FES scores following VR intervention. These inconsistent results might be limited due to variations in the studies, including heterogeneous training paradigms, sensitive outcome measures, small sample sizes, and short intervention durations, which limit the validity of our findings. Future investigations should compare different VR protocols to help establish better guidelines for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Percy
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
| | - Tyler Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
| | - Fabian Torres
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
| | - Michele Chaleunphonh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, Indiana, USA
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Zhang B, Wong KP, Qin J. Effects of Virtual Reality on the Limb Motor Function, Balance, Gait, and Daily Function of Patients with Stroke: Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:813. [PMID: 37109769 PMCID: PMC10142511 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This systematic review aimed to clarify the effectiveness of virtual reality rehabilitation on physical outcomes for people with stroke. Materials and Methods: Articles were searched through PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, from inception to 30 April 2022. Methodological quality was scored using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 tool. Each systematic review for the outcome of interest was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Results: Twenty-six articles were selected. These studies evaluated the effectiveness of virtual reality on limb motor function, balance, gait, and daily function in patients with stroke. The findings suggested a beneficial effect of virtual reality; there was a "very low" to "moderate" quality of evidence for improved limb extremity function, balance, and daily function, and a "very low" to "moderate" quality of evidence for improved gait. Conclusions: Despite widespread interest in the use of virtual reality rehabilitation, high-quality evidence for its routine use in stroke treatment is lacking. Further research is needed to determine the treatment modality, duration, and long-term effects of virtual reality on stroke populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zhang
- Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (B.Z.); (J.Q.)
| | - Ka-Po Wong
- Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (B.Z.); (J.Q.)
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Qin
- Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (B.Z.); (J.Q.)
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Xing L, Bao Y, Wang B, Shi M, Wei Y, Huang X, Dai Y, Shi H, Gai X, Luo Q, Yin Y, Qin D. Falls caused by balance disorders in the elderly with multiple systems involved: Pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1128092. [PMID: 36908603 PMCID: PMC9996061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1128092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Falls are the main contributor to both fatal and nonfatal injuries in elderly individuals as well as significant sources of morbidity and mortality, which are mostly induced by impaired balance control. The ability to keep balance is a remarkably complex process that allows for rapid and precise changes to prevent falls with multiple systems involved, such as musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system and sensory system. However, the exact pathogenesis of falls caused by balance disorders in the elderly has eluded researchers to date. In consideration of aging phenomenon aggravation and fall risks in the elderly, there is an urgent need to explore the pathogenesis and treatments of falls caused by balance disorders in the elderly. The present review discusses the epidemiology of falls in the elderly, potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying multiple systems involved in falls caused by balance disorders, including musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system and sensory system. Meanwhile, some common treatment strategies, such as physical exercise, new equipment based on artificial intelligence, pharmacologic treatments and fall prevention education are also reviewed. To fully understand the pathogenesis and treatment of falls caused by balance disorders, a need remains for future large-scale multi-center randomized controlled trials and in-depth mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Xing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China.,The First Clinical Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Binyang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Mingqin Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Youwu Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Hongling Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Xuesong Gai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming Yunnan, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming Yunnan, China
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