Association of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products with Metabolic Syndrome in Young Mexican Adults

Dietary advanced glycation end products, body composition, and anthropometric measures: A cross-sectional analysis in women with excess body weight

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To assess the association between dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs) versus body composition and anthropometric variables.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), anthropometry, and habitual food intake were cross-sectionally evaluated in women with excess body weight and body fat. Mean dAGEs content was estimated using a database containing the Nԑ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) content of 549 foods, which was adjusted by mean energy intake, and categorized into low, medium, and high dAGEs, by the 10th and 50th percentiles of the sample. Associations were tested by linear regression adjusted for age, education, marital status, and physical activity level. Eighty participants had mean ± standard deviation dAGEs 7.85 ± 2.65 AGEs kU/kcal. Compared with high dAGEs, women with low dAGEs ingested more carbohydrate (62% vs. 50% of calories, p < 0.001) and fiber (≈25 g vs. ≈18 g, p = 0.027) and less protein (13% vs. 17% of calories, p = 0.006) and fat (26% vs. 33% of calories, p = 0.011). Women with low dAGEs had waist/hip ratio 0.05 higher than those with high dAGEs (R2 = 0.256, p = 0.005). Low dAGEs relative to medium (p = 0.009) and high (p = 0.002) dAGEs was associated with a ≈5% gynoid fat reduction (R2 = 0.164).

CONCLUSION

Low dAGEs was associated with a higher waist/hip ratio and lower percentage of gynoid fat in women with excess body weight and excess body fat.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

RBR-7z358j.

Dietary advanced glycation end products are associated with an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iranian adults

BACKGROUND

Dietary advanced glycation end products(AGEs) may contribute to increased inflammation and oxidative stress as risk factors for chronic diseases such as liver disease. In the current study, we aimed to examine the possible association of dietary AGEs with the odds of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Iranian adults.

METHODS

A total of 675 participants (225 newly diagnosed NAFLD cases and 450 controls), aged  20-60 years, were recruited for this case-control study. Nutritional data were measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary AGEs were determined for all participants. An ultrasound scan of the liver performed the detection of NAFLD in participants of the case group without alcohol consumption and other causes of hepatic disorders. We used logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, to estimate the odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence interval(CI) of NAFLD across tertiles of dietary AGEs.

RESULTS

Mean ± SD age and body mass index of the participants were 38.13 ± 8.85 years and 26.85 ± 4.31 kg/m², respectively. The median(IQR) of dietary AGEs in participants was 3262(2472-4301). In the sex and age-adjusted model, the odds of NAFLD were increased across tertiles of dietary AGEs intake(OR:16.48;95%CI:9.57-28.40, P_trend<0.001). Also, in the final model, after controlling for confounding effects of BMI, smoking, physical activity, marital status, socio-economic status, and energy intake, the odds of NAFLD were increased across tertiles of dietary AGEs intake(OR:12.16; 95%CI:6.06-24.39, P_trend<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that greater adherence to dietary pattern with high dietary AGEs intake was significantly related to increased odds of NAFLD.

The Biological Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Development and Progression of Colorectal Cancer

“Colorectal cancer” (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers, posing a scientific challenge and serving as a model for investigating the molecular pathways underlying its development. “Advanced glycation end products” (AGEs) have drawn interest in this context. The buildup of these diverse, chemically complex groups, which are formed by a “non-enzymatic interaction” between reducing sugar and a range of macromolecules, significantly increases “inflammation and oxidative stress” in the body, which has long been associated to cancer formation. The traditional pathways that promote AGE formation, as well as the significance of AGEs’ interaction with the receptor for “advanced glycation end products” (RAGE) and other means involved in CRC initiation and progression, are discussed in this review.

Personalized diet study of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) genotypes in obesity

Obesity prevalence have tripled in the past decades. It is logical to consider new approaches to halt its prevalence. In this concept, considering the effect of interaction between fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS₂) gene variants and dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on obesity-related characteristics seems to be challenging. The present cross-sectional study conducted among 347 obese individuals. A validated semi-quantitative 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to estimate dietary intakes and American multiethnic database was used to calculate AGEs content of food items which were not available in Iranian Food Composition Table (FCT). FADS₂ gene variants were determined according to Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the modifier effect of FADS₂ gene-dietary AGEs on biochemical values. Based on our findings, no significant differences was reported in term of biochemical variables between AGEs tertiles. In contrast, percent of macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat) of total calorie intake, amount of daily intake of fiber and meat groups showed a significant differences among AGEs tertiles. Furthermore, statistical assays clarified the modifier effects of FADS₂ gene-AGEs on weight (P_interaction = 0.04), fat mass (P_interaction = 0.03), waist circumference (P_interaction = 0.008) and cholesterol (P_interaction = 0.04) level. Accordingly, higher consumption of protein or fat based foods constitute high amount of AGEs and heterozygote genotype for FADS₂ tended to show lower level of AGEs content. These findings address further investigation to develop new approaches for nutritional interventions.

A negative association of dietary advanced glycation end products with obesity and body composition in Iranian adults

Obesity caused by excessive deposited fat is generally classified as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Research regarding the association between dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGE) and obesity is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dAGE and obesity and body composition in Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study included 265 adults aged 18-75 years from Tehran, Iran. dAGE were estimated using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ, according to the published food carboxymethyl lysine-AGE database for 549 routinely consumed food items for the Northeastern American multiethnic urban population, and were reported by dividing total energy intake. Dietary intake, sociodemographic data and physical activity status were collected using validated questionnaires, and anthropometric characteristics were measured. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and obesity was defined based on WHO guidelines. The intake of fat and meat was significantly increased in higher tertiles, compared with the first tertile of dAGE (P < 0·001). No association between dAGE and body composition measures and obesity was observed; however, there was a significant negative association between dAGE and BMI (BMI; P = 0·01), waist circumference (P = 0·01), waist:hip ratio (P = 0·03), fat-free mass (P = 0·02) and muscle mass index (P = 0·01) in non-linear models. In conclusion, higher consumption of dAGE was associated with increased intake of fat and meat and was negatively related to changes in body composition measurements. Therefore, dAGE may connect obesity to diet by energy imbalance.

Alagebrium Mitigates Metabolic Insults in High Carbohydrate and High Fat Diet Fed Wistar Rats

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by sustained hyperglycemia that triggers advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generation. Alagebrium (ALA) is an advanced glycation end products (AGEs) cross-links breaker.Methods: 32 Wistar rats were divided into normal control (NC) group (8 rats) and MS groups (24 rats) received a high carbohydrate high fat diet (HCFD) for 10 weeks. Rats with established MS were equally divided into 3 subgroups remained on HCFD for further 6 weeks: MS control (MSC), ALA treated received 10 mg/kg/day ALA orally and metformin treated (MF) (a reference drug) received 50 mg/kg/day MF orally. The studied parameters were systolic blood pressure (SBP), body and liver weights (BW, LW), LW/BW% ratio, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, lipid profile, liver enzymes, serum AGEs, hepatic Interleukin-17 (IL-17), adipokines, pAkt/Akt ratio, and liver histopathology.Results: HCFD elevated SBP, BW, LW and LW/BW% ratio, FBG, serum insulin, and AGEs. It also deteriorated lipid profile and liver enzymes, induced inflammation, insulin resistance and histopathological derangements. ALA ameliorated the elevated SBP, FBG, lipid profile, liver enzymes, mitigated insulin resistance, hepatic IL-17, serum AGEs, modulated adipokines levels and improved liver histopathology. However, MF had better effects than ALA in all studied parameters except AGEs.Conclusion: ALA is protective against dietary-induced MS via ameliorating the inflammatory process and serum AGEs that implicated in MS pathogenesis, which makes it a promising new tool in MS treatment.

Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the Middle East and its shared pathological mediators

The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially worldwide over the past decade. A growing body of research indicates that AD is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) and suggests that impaired insulin signaling acts as a crucial risk factor in determining the progression of this devastating disease. Many studies suggest people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's dementia or other dementias. Despite nationwide efforts to increase awareness, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen significantly in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region which might be due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of physical activity and rise in obesity. Growing body of evidence indicates that DM and AD are linked because both conditions involve impaired glucose homeostasis and altered brain function. Current theories and hypothesis clearly implicate that defective insulin signaling in the brain contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD. In the periphery, low-grade chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance followed by tissue deterioration. Thus insulin resistance acts as a bridge between DM and AD. There is pressing need to understand on how DM increases the risk of AD as well as the underlying mechanisms, due to the projected increase in age related disorders. Here we aim to review the incidence of AD and DM in the Middle East and the possible link between insulin signaling and ApoE carrier status on Aβ aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. We also critically reviewed mutation studies in Arab population which might influence DM induced AD. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency of anti-diabetic drugs have been reviewed.

Intake of dietary advanced glycation end products influences inflammatory markers, immune phenotypes, and antiradical capacity of healthy elderly in a little-studied population

Dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGE) have profound negative effects on overall health, and their intake must be assessed. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated dAGE intake of 337 adult participants (180/157:M/F; age range 50-73 years). Data were collected on anthropometrics, body composition, dietary intake, selected blood biochemistry, immunological parameters, and antiradical capacity (50% hemolysis time; HT50). From the dietary data, dAGEs and phytochemical index (PI) were calculated. Mean BMI, % body fat (%BF), and fasting plasma glucose were all within the accepted normal range. Subjects with high dAGE intake had higher %BF, higher energy intake, and lower PI. They tended to have lower CD4/CD8 ratios and higher proportions of B cells and NK cells, but had significantly higher hs-CRP levels and lower HT50 values. Results on HT50 suggested that being >60 years of age enhanced dAGE-associated impairment of defense capacity in both those with low and high HT50 compared with those <60 years of age. Thus, overall dAGE consumption was high, but elderly participants had lower dAGE intake than younger adults. Indicators of nutritional status and immunological parameters of the subjects were found to be associated with dAGE intake, suggesting a potential impact on health.