1
|
Krasnova AO, Glebova NV, Kastsova AG, Pelageikina AO, Redkov AV, Tomkovich MV, Nechitailov AA. Stability of Graphene/Nafion Composite in PEM FC Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:922. [PMID: 38869547 PMCID: PMC11173984 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the stable operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is conducive to their real-world application. A promising direction for stabilizing electrodes is the stabilization of the ionomer via the formation of surface compounds with graphene. A comprehensive study of the (electrochemical, chemical, and thermal) stability of composites for fuel cell electrodes containing a modifying additive of few-layer graphene was carried out. Electrochemical stability was studied by cycling the potential on a disk electrode for 5000 cycles. Chemical stability was assessed via the resistance of the composites to H2O2 treatment using ion-selective potentiometry. Thermal stability was studied using differential thermal analysis. Composites were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, EDX, and SEM. It was shown that graphene inhibits Nafion degradation when exposed to heat. Contrariwise, Nafion is corrosive to graphene. During electrochemical and chemical exposure, the determining change for carbon-rich composites is the carbon loss (oxidation) of the carbon material. In the case of carbon-poor composites, the removal of fluorine and sulfur from the Nafion polymer with their partial replacement by oxygen prevails. In all cases, the F/S ratio is stable. The dispersity of Nafion in a sample affects its chemical stability more than the G/Nafion ratio does.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna O. Krasnova
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Glebova
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| | - Angelina G. Kastsova
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| | - Anna O. Pelageikina
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| | - Alexey V. Redkov
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Maria V. Tomkovich
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Nechitailov
- Department of Solid State Electronics, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.G.); (A.G.K.); (A.O.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu G, Pan H, Zhao S, Wang Y, Tang H, Zhang H. Grafting of Amine End-Functionalized Side-Chain Polybenzimidazole Acid-Base Membrane with Enhanced Phosphoric Acid Retention Ability for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:340. [PMID: 38257253 PMCID: PMC10819380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A high phosphoric acid uptake and retention capacity are crucial for the high performance and stable operation of phosphoric acid/polybenzimidazole (PA/PBI)-based high-temperature proton exchange membranes. In this work, amine end-functionalized side-chain grafted PBI (AGPBI) with different grafting degrees are synthesized to enhance both the phosphoric acid uptake and the acid retention ability of the accordingly formed membranes. The optimized acid-base membrane exhibits a PA uptake of 374.4% and an anhydrous proton conductivity of 0.067 S cm-1 at 160 °C, with the remaining proton conductivity percentages of 91.0% after a 100 h stability test. The accordingly fabricated membrane electrode assembly deliver peak power densities of 0.407 and 0.638 W cm-2 under backpressure of 0 and 200 kPa, which are significantly higher than 0.305 and 0.477 W cm-2 for the phosphoric acid-doped unmodified PBI membrane under the same conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Hongfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
- National Energy Key Laboratory for New Hydrogen-Ammonia Energy Technologies, Foshan Xianhu Laboratory, No. 1 Yangming Road, Danzao Town, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Shengqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
| | - Yadong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
- National Energy Key Laboratory for New Hydrogen-Ammonia Energy Technologies, Foshan Xianhu Laboratory, No. 1 Yangming Road, Danzao Town, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haolin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
- National Energy Key Laboratory for New Hydrogen-Ammonia Energy Technologies, Foshan Xianhu Laboratory, No. 1 Yangming Road, Danzao Town, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Nr. 122 Luoshi Rd., Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (H.T.)
- National Energy Key Laboratory for New Hydrogen-Ammonia Energy Technologies, Foshan Xianhu Laboratory, No. 1 Yangming Road, Danzao Town, Nanhai District, Foshan 528200, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta P, Toksha B, Rahaman M. A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300295. [PMID: 37772671 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The research in energy storage and conversion is playing a critical role in energy policy as the innovation and technological progress are essential for achieving the energy transition and climate neutrality goals. Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology is considered a strategic element in the pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions. This technology is increasingly gaining attention in recent years as a potential substitute to conventional non-renewable energy sources. Fuel cell technology can be employed for domestic/commercial use along with powering the transportation sector which currently employs the use of conventional battery systems. However, these systems pose severe limitations with respect to longer charging times and limited distance range. This review article aims at providing a comprehensive methodical overview of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology along with key concepts, present day scenarios, including overview of the market and industry trends, government policies and initiatives, along with major stakeholders involved in scaling up the technology for mass consumption. The outlook of fuel cells, including their capability to revolutionise the energy sector is discussed. The technological advancements and breakthroughs on the horizon along with the challenges and safety concerns related to the widespread acceptance of fuel cells are analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gupta
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010, India
| | - Bhagwan Toksha
- MIT - Centre for Advanced Materials Research and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, 431010, India
| | - Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carneiro-Neto E, Li Z, Pereira E, Mathwig K, Fletcher PJ, Marken F. Understanding Transient Ionic Diode Currents and Impedance Responses for Aquivion-Coated Microholes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39905-39914. [PMID: 37567567 PMCID: PMC10450689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic diode based devices or circuits can be applied, for example, in electroosmotic pumps or in desalination processes. Aquivion ionomer coated asymmetrically over a Teflon film (5 μm thickness) with a laser-drilled microhole (approximately 10 μm diameter) gives a cationic diode with a rectification ratio of typically 10-20 (measured in 0.01 M NaCl with ±0.3 V applied bias). Steady state voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data are employed to characterize the ionic diode performance parameters. Next, a COMSOL 6.0 finite element model is employed to quantitatively assess/compare transient phenomena and to extract mechanistic information by comparison with experimental data. The experimental diode time constant and diode switching process associated with a distorted semicircle (with a typical diode switching frequency of 10 Hz) in the Nyquist plot are reproduced by computer simulation and rationalized in terms of microhole diffusion-migration times. Fundamental understanding and modeling of the ionic diode switching process can be exploited in the rational/optimized design of new improved devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evaldo
Batista Carneiro-Neto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São
Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, CEP, São
Carlos 13565-905, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhongkai Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Pereira
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São
Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 235, CEP, São
Carlos 13565-905, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- imec
within OnePlanet Research Center, Bronland 10, 6708
WH Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Philip J. Fletcher
- University
of Bath, Materials &
Chemical Characterisation Facility MC, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Marken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anis A, Alam M, Alhamidi A, Gupta RK, Tariq M, Al-Zahrani SM. Studies on Polybenzimidazole and Methanesulfonate Protic-Ionic-Liquids-Based Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2821. [PMID: 37447466 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, different methanesulfonate-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized and their structural characterization was performed using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal behavior and stability were studied using DSC and TGA, respectively, and EIS was used to study the ionic conductivity of these PILs. The PIL, which was diethanolammonium-methanesulfonate-based due to its compatibility with polybenzimidazole (PBI) to form composite membranes, was used to prepare proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application. The prepared PEMs were further characterized using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, and EIS. The FTIR results indicated good interaction among the PEM components and the DSC results suggested good miscibility and a plasticizing effect of the incorporated PIL in the PBI polymer matrix. All the PEMs showed good thermal stability and good proton conductivity for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manawwer Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariq
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Saeed M Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Virgilio M, Basso Peressut A, Pontoglio A, Latorrata S, Dotelli G. Study of Innovative GO/PBI Composites as Possible Proton Conducting Membranes for Electrochemical Devices. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:428. [PMID: 37103855 PMCID: PMC10143660 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The appeal of combining polybenzimidazole (PBI) and graphene oxide (GO) for the manufacturing of membranes is increasingly growing, due to their versatility. Nevertheless, GO has always been used only as a filler in the PBI matrix. In such context, this work proposes the design of a simple, safe, and reproducible procedure to prepare self-assembling GO/PBI composite membranes characterized by GO-to-PBI (X:Y) mass ratios of 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. SEM and XRD suggested a homogenous reciprocal dispersion of GO and PBI, which established an alternated stacked structure by mutual π-π interactions among the benzimidazole rings of PBI and the aromatic domains of GO. TGA indicated a remarkable thermal stability of the composites. From mechanical tests, improved tensile strengths but worsened maximum strains were observed with respect to pure PBI. The preliminary evaluation of the suitability of the GO/PBI X:Y composites as proton exchange membranes was executed via IEC determination and EIS. GO/PBI 2:1 (IEC: 0.42 meq g-1; proton conductivity at 100 °C: 0.0464 S cm-1) and GO/PBI 3:1 (IEC: 0.80 meq g-1; proton conductivity at 100 °C: 0.0451 S cm-1) provided equivalent or superior performances with respect to similar PBI-based state-of-the-art materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saverio Latorrata
- Correspondence: (A.B.P.); (S.L.); Tel.: +39-02-2399-3190 (A.B.P. & S.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of microstructure on the retention of proton conductivity of Nafion/SiO2 composite membranes at elevated temperatures:An in situ SAXS study. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
|
8
|
Li T, Yang J, Chen Q, Zhang H, Wang P, Hu W, Liu B. Construction of Highly Conductive Cross-Linked Polybenzimidazole-Based Networks for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1932. [PMID: 36903047 PMCID: PMC10003937 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are of great interest to researchers in industry and academia because of their wide range of applications. This review lists some creative cross-linked polybenzimidazole-based membranes that have been prepared in recent years. Based on the investigation into their chemical structure, the properties of cross-linked polybenzimidazole-based membranes and the prospect of their future applications are discussed. The focus is on the construction of cross-linked structure of various types of polybenzimidazole-based membranes and their effect on proton conductivity. This review expresses the outlook and good expectation of the future direction of cross-linked polybenzimidazole membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Li
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiayu Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics of the Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang W, Liu M, Gu X, Shi Y, Deng Z, Cai N. Water Electrolysis toward Elevated Temperature: Advances, Challenges and Frontiers. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 36749705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since severe global warming and related climate issues have been caused by the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the vigorous development of renewable resources is needed, and transformation into stable chemical energy is required to overcome the detriment of their fluctuations as energy sources. As an environmentally friendly and efficient energy carrier, hydrogen can be employed in various industries and produced directly by renewable energy (called green hydrogen). Nevertheless, large-scale green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is prohibited by its uncompetitive cost caused by a high specific energy demand and electricity expenses, which can be overcome by enhancing the corresponding thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated working temperatures. In the present review, the effects of temperature variation are primarily introduced from the perspective of electrolysis cells. Following an increasing order of working temperature, multidimensional evaluations considering materials and structures, performance, degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies as well as electrolysis in stacks and systems are presented based on elevated temperature alkaline electrolysis cells and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells (ET-AECs and ET-PEMECs), elevated temperature ionic conductors (ET-ICs), protonic ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.,Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Zhanfeng Deng
- Beijing Institute of Smart Energy, Changping District, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Ningsheng Cai
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sithambaranathan P, Nasef MM, Ahmad A, Abbasi A, Ting TM. Composite Proton-Conducting Membrane with Enhanced Phosphoric Acid Doping of Basic Films Radiochemically Grafted with Binary Vinyl Heterocyclic Monomer Mixtures. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:105. [PMID: 36676912 PMCID: PMC9865669 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A composite proton conducting membrane (PCM) was prepared by radiation-induced grafting (RIG) of binary mixtures of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) and 1-vinylimidazole (1-VIm) onto poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) film followed by phosphoric acid (PA) doping. The grafting parameters such as absorbed dose, temperature, monomer concentration, time, and monomer ratio were varied to control the degree of grafting (DG%). The effect of the reactivity ratio of 4-VP and 1-VIm on the composition and degree of monomer unit alternation in the formed graft copolymer was investigated. The changes in the chemical and physical properties endowed by grafting and subsequent PA acid doping were monitored using analytical instruments. The mechanical properties and proton conductivity of the obtained membrane were evaluated and its performance was tested in H2/O2 fuel cell at 120 °C under anhydrous and partially wet conditions. The acid doping level was affected by the treatment parameters and enhanced by increasing DG. The proton conductivity was boosted by incorporating the combination of pyridine and imidazole rings originating from the formed basic graft copolymer of 4-VP/1-VIm dominated by 4-VP units in the structure. The proton conductivity showed a strong dependence on the temperature. The membrane demonstrated superior properties compared to its counterpart obtained by grafting 4-VP alone. The membrane also showed a strong potential for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) operating at 120 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paveswari Sithambaranathan
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Arshad Ahmad
- Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - T. M. Ting
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214252. [PMID: 36430726 PMCID: PMC9694323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Patdiya J, Gavane GB, Kandasubramanian B. A review on polybenzimidazoles blends and nanocomposites for engineering applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2069036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Patdiya
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India
| | - Ganesh B. Gavane
- Department of Plastic and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Modified sulfonated polyphenylsulfone proton exchange membrane with enhanced fuel cell performance: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Nanohybrid graphene oxide membranes functionalized using 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Maiti TK, Singh J, Majhi J, Ahuja A, Maiti S, Dixit P, Bhushan S, Bandyopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay S. Advances in polybenzimidazole based membranes for fuel cell applications that overcome Nafion membranes constraints. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Fuel cells (FCs) have received huge attention for development from lab and pilot scales to full commercial scale. This is mainly due to their inherent advantage of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy as a high-quality energy supply and, hence, higher conversion efficiency. Additionally, FCs have been produced at a wide range of capacities with high flexibility due to modularity characteristics. Using the right materials and efficient manufacturing processes is directly proportional to the total production cost. This work explored the different components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and their manufacturing processes. The challenges associated with these manufacturing processes were critically analyzed, and possible mitigation strategies were proposed. The PEMFC is a relatively new and developing technology so there is a need for a thorough analysis to comprehend the current state of fuel cell operational characteristics and discover new areas for development. It is hoped that the view discussed in this paper will be a means for improved fuel cell development.
Collapse
|
17
|
Multisensory Systems Based on Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Modified with Polyaniline and PEDOT for Multicomponent Analysis of Sulfacetamide Pharmaceuticals. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132545. [PMID: 35808592 PMCID: PMC9269069 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of sulfacetamide with the formation of sulfanilamide leads to a deterioration in the quality of pharmaceuticals. In this work, potentiometric sensors for the simultaneous determination of sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide and inorganic ions, and for assessing the degradation of pharmaceuticals were developed. A multisensory approach was used for this purpose. The sensor cross-sensitivity to related analytes was achieved using perfluorosulfonic acid membranes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or polyaniline as dopants. The composite membranes were prepared by oxidative polymerization and characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SEM. The influence of the preparation procedure and the dopant concentration on the membrane hydrophilicity, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, and transport properties was investigated. The characteristics of the potentiometric sensors in aqueous solutions containing sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide and alkali metals ions in a wide pH range were established. The introduction of proton-acceptor groups and π-conjugated moieties into the perfluorosulfonic acid membranes increased the sensor sensitivity to organic analytes. The relative errors of sulfacetamide and sulfanilamide determination in the UV-degraded eye drops were 1.2 to 1.4 and 1.7 to 4%, respectively, at relative standard deviation of 6 to 9%.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ng WW, Thiam HS, Pang YL, Chong KC, Lai SO. A State-of-Art on the Development of Nafion-Based Membrane for Performance Improvement in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050506. [PMID: 35629832 PMCID: PMC9143503 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane (PEM), has been widely used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to serve as a proton carrier, methanol barrier, and separator for the anode and cathode. A significant drawback of Nafion in DMFC applications is the high anode-to-cathode methanol fuel permeability that results in over 40% fuel waste. Therefore, the development of a new membrane with lower permeability while retaining the high proton conductivity and other inherent properties of Nafion is greatly desired. In light of these considerations, this paper discusses the research findings on developing Nafion-based membranes for DMFC. Several aspects of the DMFC membrane are also presented, including functional requirements, transport mechanisms, and preparation strategies. More importantly, the effect of the various modification approaches on the performance of the Nafion membrane is highlighted. These include the incorporation of inorganic fillers, carbon nanomaterials, ionic liquids, polymers, or other techniques. The feasibility of these membranes for DMFC applications is discussed critically in terms of transport phenomena-related characteristics such as proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Moreover, the current challenges and future prospects of Nafion-based membranes for DMFC are presented. This paper will serve as a resource for the DMFC research community, with the goal of improving the cost-effectiveness and performance of DMFC membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wuen Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
| | - Hui San Thiam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Kok Chung Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Soon Onn Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evaluation of radiation stability of electron beam irradiated Nafion® and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Lakhtaria P, Ribeirinha P, Huhtinen W, Viik S, Sousa J, Mendes A. Hydrogen production via aqueous-phase reforming for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells - a review. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:81. [PMID: 37645145 PMCID: PMC10445907 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13812.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase reforming (APR) can convert methanol and other oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon dioxide at lower temperatures when compared with the corresponding gas phase process. APR favours the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction and inhibits alkane formation; moreover, it is a simpler and more energy efficient process compared to gas-phase steam reforming. For example, Pt-based catalysts supported on alumina are typically selected for methanol APR, due to their high activity at temperatures of circa 200°C. However, non-noble catalysts such as nickel (Ni) supported on metal-oxides or zeolites are being investigated with promising results in terms of catalytic activity and stability. The development of APR kinetic models and reactor designs is also being addressed to make APR a more attractive process for producing in situ hydrogen. This can also lead to the possibility of APR integration with high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The integration can result into increased overall system efficiency and avoiding critical issues faced in the state-of-the-art fuel cells integrated with methanol steam reforming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paranjeet Lakhtaria
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Paulo Ribeirinha
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Werneri Huhtinen
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 4 C, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Saara Viik
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 4 C, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - José Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Escola de Ciências da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
| | - Adélio Mendes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Basso Peressut A, Di Virgilio M, Bombino A, Latorrata S, Muurinen E, Keiski RL, Dotelli G. Investigation of Sulfonated Graphene Oxide as the Base Material for Novel Proton Exchange Membranes. Molecules 2022; 27:1507. [PMID: 35268613 PMCID: PMC8912047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work deals with the development of graphene oxide (GO)-based self-assembling membranes as possible innovative proton conductors to be used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Nowadays, the most adopted electrolyte is Chemours' Nafion; however, it reveals significant deficiencies such as strong dehydration at high temperature and low humidity, which drastically reduces its proton conductivity. The presence of oxygenated moieties in the GO framework makes it suitable for functionalization, which is required to enhance the promising, but insufficient, proton-carrying features of GO. In this study, sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H) that should favor proton transport were introduced in the membrane structure via a reaction between GO and concentrated sulfuric acid. Six acid-to-GO molar ratios were adopted in the synthesis procedure, giving rise to final products with different sulfonation degrees. All the prepared samples were characterized by means of TGA, ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent XRD, SEM and EDX, which pointed out morphological and microstructural changes resulting from the functionalization stage, confirming its effectiveness. Regarding functional features, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as well as measurements of ion exchange capacity (IEC) were carried out to describe the behavior of the various samples, with pristine GO and commercial Nafion® 212 used as reference. EIS tests were performed at five different temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C) under high (95%) and medium (42%) relative humidity conditions. Compared to both GO and Nafion® 212, the sulfonated specimens demonstrate an increase in the number of ion-carrying groups, as proved by both IEC and EIS tests, which reveal the enhanced proton conductivity of these novel membranes. Specifically, an acid-to-GO molar ratio of 10 produces a six-fold improvement of IEC (4.23 meq g-1) with respect to pure GO (0.76 meq g-1), while a maximum eight-fold improvement (5.72 meq g-1) is achieved in SGO-15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Basso Peressut
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Matteo Di Virgilio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Antonella Bombino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Saverio Latorrata
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Esa Muurinen
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.M.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Riitta L. Keiski
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; (E.M.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Giovanni Dotelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.B.P.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alashkar A, Al-Othman A, Tawalbeh M, Qasim M. A Critical Review on the Use of Ionic Liquids in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020178. [PMID: 35207099 PMCID: PMC8877517 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work provides a comprehensive review on the incorporation of ionic liquid (ILs) into polymer blends and their utilization as proton exchanges membranes (PEM). Various conventional polymers that incorporate ILs are discussed, such as Nafion, poly (vinylidene fluoride), polybenzimidazole, sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone), and sulfonated polyimide. The methods of synthesis of IL/polymer composite membranes are summarized and the role of ionic liquids as electrolytes and structure directing agents in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) is presented. In addition, the obstacles that are reported to impede the development of commercial polymerized IL membranes are highlighted in this work. The paper concludes that the presence of certain ILs can increase the conductivity of the PEM, and consequently, enhance the performance of PEMFCs. Nevertheless, the leakage of ILs from composite membranes as well as the limited long-term thermal and mechanical stability are considered as the main challenges that limit the employment of IL/polymer composite membranes in PEMFCs, especially for high-temperature applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Alashkar
- Materials Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Membrane-Based Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110810. [PMID: 34832039 PMCID: PMC8625528 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is a zero-carbon footprint energy source with high energy density that could be the basis of future energy systems. Membrane-based water electrolysis is one means by which to produce high-purity and sustainable hydrogen. It is important that the scientific community focus on developing electrolytic hydrogen systems which match available energy sources. In this review, various types of water splitting technologies, and membrane selection for electrolyzers, are discussed. We highlight the basic principles, recent studies, and achievements in membrane-based electrolysis for hydrogen production. Previously, the Nafion™ membrane was the gold standard for PEM electrolyzers, but today, cheaper and more effective membranes are favored. In this paper, CuCl–HCl electrolysis and its operating parameters are summarized. Additionally, a summary is presented of hydrogen production by water splitting, including a discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and efficiencies of the relevant technologies. Nonetheless, the development of cost-effective and efficient hydrogen production technologies requires a significant amount of study, especially in terms of optimizing the operation parameters affecting the hydrogen output. Therefore, herein we address the challenges, prospects, and future trends in this field of research, and make critical suggestions regarding the implementation of comprehensive membrane-based electrolytic systems.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fernandez Bordín SP, Andrada HE, Carreras AC, Castellano G, Schweins R, Cuello GJ, Mondelli C, Galván Josa VM. Water channel structure of alternative perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Long Z, Miyatake K. ePTFE reinforced, sulfonated aromatic polymer membranes enable durable, high-temperature operable PEMFCs. iScience 2021; 24:102962. [PMID: 34458706 PMCID: PMC8379343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonated polyphenylene (SPP)-based ionomers have been developed for electrochemical applications in recent years due to their inherent thermal and chemical stability. However, the difficult synthesis, limited solubility, and rigid backbone obstructs their progress. Herein, a new monomer, 3,3″-dichloro-2',3',5',6'-tetrafluoro-1,1':4',1″-terphenyl (TP-f) with high polymerization reactivity was designed and polymerized with sulfonated phenylene monomer to prepare SPP-based ionomers (SPP-TP-f) with high ion exchange capacity up to 4.5 mequiv g-1. The resulting flexible membranes were more proton conductive than Nafion (state-of-the-art proton exchange membrane) even at 120°C and 20% RH. Unlike typical SPP ionomers, SPP-TP-f 5.1 was soluble in ethanol and thus, could be reinforced with double expanded polytetrafluorethylene thin layers to obtain SPP-TP-f 5.1/DPTFE membrane. SPP-TP-f 5.1/DPTFE showed superior fuel cell performance to that of Nafion, in particular, at low humidity (30% RH, > 100°C) and reasonable durability under the severe accelerated conditions combining OCV hold and humidity cycling tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tellez-Cruz MM, Escorihuela J, Solorza-Feria O, Compañ V. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3064. [PMID: 34577965 PMCID: PMC8468942 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon oxides into chemical fuels attracts a great deal of attention by different researchers. The main role of this process is in mitigating the worldwide energy crisis through a closed technological carbon cycle, where chemical fuels, such as hydrogen, are stored and reconverted to electricity via electrochemical reaction processes in fuel cells. The scientific community focuses its efforts on the development of high-performance polymeric membranes together with nanomaterials with high catalytic activity and stability in order to reduce the platinum group metal applied as a cathode to build stacks of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to work at low and moderate temperatures. The design of new conductive membranes and nanoparticles (NPs) whose morphology directly affects their catalytic properties is of utmost importance. Nanoparticle morphologies, like cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons, bipyramids, plates, and polyhedrons, among others, are widely studied for catalysis applications. The recent progress around the high catalytic activity has focused on the stabilizing agents and their potential impact on nanomaterial synthesis to induce changes in the morphology of NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M. Tellez-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Solorza-Feria
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico; (M.M.T.-C.); (O.S.-F.)
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
A Review of Recent Developments and Advanced Applications of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14175440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status, operating principles, and recent advances in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membranes (HT-PEMs), with a particular focus on the recent developments, technical challenges, and commercial prospects of the HT-PEM fuel cells. A detailed review of the most recent research activities has been covered by this work, with a major focus on the state-of-the-art concepts describing the proton conductivity and degradation mechanisms of HT-PEMs. In addition, the fuel cell performance and the lifetime of HT-PEM fuel cells as a function of operating conditions have been discussed. In addition, the review highlights the important outcomes found in the recent literature about the HT-PEM fuel cell. The main objectives of this review paper are as follows: (1) the latest development of the HT-PEMs, primarily based on polybenzimidazole membranes and (2) the latest development of the fuel cell performance and the lifetime of the HT-PEMs.
Collapse
|
28
|
He S, Lu Z, Dai W, Yang K, Xue Y, Jia X, Lin J. Anchoring Water Soluble Phosphotungstic Acid by Hybrid Fillers to Construct Three-Dimensional Proton Transport Networks. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:536. [PMID: 34357185 PMCID: PMC8303771 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotungstic acid (HPW)-filled composite proton exchange membranes possess high proton conductivity under low relative humidity (RH). However, the leaching of HPW limits their wide application. Herein, we propose a novel approach for anchoring water soluble phosphotungstic acid (HPW) by polydopamine (PDA) coated graphene oxide and halloysite nanotubes (DGO and DHNTs) in order to construct hybrid three-dimensional proton transport networks in a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane. The introduction of PDA on the surfaces of the hybrid fillers could provide hydroxyl groups and secondary amine groups to anchor HPW, resulting in the uniform dispersion of HPW in the SPEEK matrix. The SPEEK/DGO/DHNTs/HPW (90/5/5/60) composite membrane exhibited higher water uptake and much better conductivity than the SPEEK membrane at low relative humidity. The best conductivity reached wass 0.062 S cm-1 for the composite membrane, which is quite stable during the water immersion test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian He
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhongrui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Wenxu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Kangning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; (S.H.); (Z.L.); (W.D.); (K.Y.); (X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Current progress in membranes for fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
30
|
Long Z, Miyatake K. High-Performance Fuel Cell Operable at 120 °C Using Polyphenlyene Ionomer Membranes with Improved Interfacial Compatibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15366-15372. [PMID: 33755439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been considerably improved over the last decade, high-temperature operation (above 100 °C) is still an issue. We designed a sulfonated polyphenylene containing tetrafluorophenylene groups (SPP-QP-f) for high-temperature and low-humidity operation of PEMFCs. Compared to state-of-the-art perfluorinated PEMs and the previous polyphenylene ionomer membrane with no fluorine-containing groups, the SPP-QP-f membrane exhibited superior proton conductivity under all testing conditions (80-120 °C, 20-95% RH). Because of the improved interfacial compatibility with the catalyst layers, the SPP-QP-f membrane induced high cathode catalytic activity. These attractive properties of the SPP-QP-f membrane resulted in high fuel cell performance (390 mW cm-2 maximum power density) at 120 °C and 30% RH. The durability was confirmed under accelerated degradation conditions (100 °C, 30% RH) for 1000 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Long
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyatake
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University of Yamanashi, 4 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Papac M, Stevanović V, Zakutayev A, O'Hayre R. Triple ionic-electronic conducting oxides for next-generation electrochemical devices. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:301-313. [PMID: 33349671 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triple ionic-electronic conductors (TIECs) are materials that can simultaneously transport electronic species alongside two ionic species. The recent emergence of TIECs provides intriguing opportunities to maximize performance in a variety of electrochemical devices, including fuel cells, membrane reactors and electrolysis cells. However, the potential application of these nascent materials is limited by lack of fundamental knowledge of their transport properties and electrocatalytic activity. The goal of this Review is to summarize and analyse the current understanding of TIEC transport and electrochemistry in single-phase materials, including defect formation and conduction mechanisms. We particularly focus on the discovery criteria (for example, crystal structure and ion electronegativity), design principles (for example, cation and anion substitution chemistry) and operating conditions (for example, atmosphere) of materials that enable deliberate tuning of the conductivity of each charge carrier. Lastly, we identify important areas for further advances, including higher chemical stability, lower operating temperatures and discovery of n-type TIEC materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Papac
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Vladan Stevanović
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Ryan O'Hayre
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Effect of Polyhedral Silsesquioxane Functionalized Sulfonic Acid Groups Incorporated Into Highly Sulfonated Polyphenylsulfone as Proton-Conducting Membrane. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-05088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Application of Crosslinked Polybenzimidazole-Poly(Vinyl Benzyl Chloride) Anion Exchange Membranes in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10110349. [PMID: 33212912 PMCID: PMC7698426 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked membranes have been synthesized by a casting process using polybenzimidazole (PBI) and poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC). The membranes were quaternized with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) to obtain fixed positive quaternary ammonium groups. XPS analysis has showed insights into the changes from crosslinked to quaternized membranes, demonstrating that the crosslinking reaction and the incorporation of DABCO have occurred, while the 13C-NMR corroborates the reaction of DABCO with PVBC only by one nitrogen atom. Mechanical properties were evaluated, obtaining maximum stress values around 72 MPa and 40 MPa for crosslinked and quaternized membranes, respectively. Resistance to oxidative media was also satisfactory and the membranes were evaluated in single direct ethanol fuel cell. PBI-c-PVBC/OH 1:2 membrane obtained 66 mW cm−2 peak power density, 25% higher than commercial PBI membranes, using 0.5 bar backpressure of pure O2 in the cathode and 1 mL min−1 KOH 2M EtOH 2 M aqueous solution in the anode. When the pressure was increased, the best performance was obtained by the same membrane, reaching 70 mW cm−2 peak power density at 2 bar O2 backpressure. Based on the characterization and single cell performance, PBI-c-PVBC/OH membranes are considered promising candidates as anion exchange electrolytes for direct ethanol fuel cells.
Collapse
|
35
|
Aili D, Henkensmeier D, Martin S, Singh B, Hu Y, Jensen JO, Cleemann LN, Li Q. Polybenzimidazole-Based High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: New Insights and Recent Progress. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
36
|
Li G, Kujawski W, Rynkowska E. Advancements in proton exchange membranes for high-performance high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC). REV CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) offers several advantages, such as high proton conductivity, high CO tolerance, good chemical/thermal stability, good mechanical properties, and low cost. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is the critical component of HT-PEMFC. This work discusses the methods of current PEMs development for HT-PEMFC including modifications of Nafion® membranes and the advancement in composite PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. The modified Nafion®-based membranes can be used at temperatures up to 140 °C. Nevertheless, the application of Nafion®-based membranes is limited by their humidification with water molecules acting as proton carriers and, thus, by the operation conditions of membranes under a relative humidity below 20%. To obtain PEMs applied at higher temperatures under non-humidified conditions, phosphoric acid (PA) or ionic liquids (ILs) are used as proton carriers in PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. The research discussed in this work provides the approaches to improving the physicochemical properties and performance fuel cell of PEMs. The effects of polymer blending, crosslinking, and the incorporation of inorganic particles on the membrane properties and fuel cell performance have been scrutinized. The incorporation of inorganic particles modified with ILs might be an effective approach to designing high-performance PEMs for HT-PEMFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Li
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Faculty of Chemistry , 7, Gagarina Street , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Faculty of Chemistry , 7, Gagarina Street , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI , 31, Kashira Hwy , Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Edyta Rynkowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Faculty of Chemistry , 7, Gagarina Street , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Highly Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Blend with Hydrophobic Polyether Sulfone as an Alternative Electrolyte for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
Escorihuela J, Olvera-Mancilla J, Alexandrova L, del Castillo LF, Compañ V. Recent Progress in the Development of Composite Membranes Based on Polybenzimidazole for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1861. [PMID: 32825111 PMCID: PMC7564738 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increasing of the population in combination with the emergence of new energy-consuming technologies has risen worldwide total energy consumption towards unprecedent values. Furthermore, fossil fuel reserves are running out very quickly and the polluting greenhouse gases emitted during their utilization need to be reduced. In this scenario, a few alternative energy sources have been proposed and, among these, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising. Recently, polybenzimidazole-based polymers, featuring high chemical and thermal stability, in combination with fillers that can regulate the proton mobility, have attracted tremendous attention for their roles as PEMs in fuel cells. Recent advances in composite membranes based on polybenzimidazole (PBI) for high temperature PEM fuel cell applications are summarized and highlighted in this review. In addition, the challenges, future trends, and prospects of composite membranes based on PBI for solid electrolytes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jessica Olvera-Mancilla
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - Larissa Alexandrova
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - L. Felipe del Castillo
- Departamento de Polímeros, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (J.O.-M.); (L.A.); (L.F.d.C.)
| | - Vicente Compañ
- Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada (ETSII), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera. s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Glebova NV, Nechitailov AA, Krasnova AO. Thermal Degradation of Nafion in the Presence of Nanostructured Materials: Thermally Expanded Graphite, Carbon Black, and Platinum. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220070137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
40
|
Zhang J, Aili D, Lu S, Li Q, Jiang SP. Advancement toward Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells at Elevated Temperatures. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:9089405. [PMID: 32566932 PMCID: PMC7298353 DOI: 10.34133/2020/9089405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of operational temperatures of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) has been demonstrated with phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA/PBI) membranes. The technical perspective of the technology is simplified construction and operation with possible integration with, e.g., methanol reformers. Toward this target, significant efforts have been made to develop acid-base polymer membranes, inorganic proton conductors, and organic-inorganic composite materials. This report is devoted to updating the recent progress of the development particularly of acid-doped PBI, phosphate-based solid inorganic proton conductors, and their composite electrolytes. Long-term stability of PBI membranes has been well documented, however, at typical temperatures of 160°C. Inorganic proton-conducting materials, e.g., alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates, heteropolyacids, tetravalent metal pyrophosphates, and phosphosilicates, exhibit significant proton conductivity at temperatures of up to 300°C but have so far found limited applications in the form of thin films. Composite membranes of PBI and phosphates, particularly in situ formed phosphosilicates in the polymer matrix, showed exceptionally stable conductivity at temperatures well above 200°C. Fuel cell tests at up to 260°C are reported operational with good tolerance of up to 16% CO in hydrogen, fast kinetics for direct methanol oxidation, and feasibility of nonprecious metal catalysts. The prospect and future exploration of new proton conductors based on phosphate immobilization and fuel cell technologies at temperatures above 200°C are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices & School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - David Aili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 310, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shanfu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Energy Materials and Devices & School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 310, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - San Ping Jiang
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute & WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, WA6102, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lebedeva OV, Pozhidaev YN, Malakhova EA, Raskulova TV, Chesnokova AN, Kulshrestha V, Pozdnyakov AS. Sodium p-Styrene Sulfonate–1-Vinylimidazole Copolymers for Acid–Base Proton-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751620020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
42
|
Composite Polymers Development and Application for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Technologies-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071712. [PMID: 32276482 PMCID: PMC7180464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafion membranes are still the dominating material used in the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technologies. They are widely used in several applications thanks to their excellent properties: high proton conductivity and high chemical stability in both oxidation and reduction environment. However, they have several technical challenges: reactants permeability, which results in reduced performance, dependence on water content to perform preventing the operation at higher temperatures or low humidity levels, and chemical degradation. This paper reviews novel composite membranes that have been developed for PEM applications, including direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), hydrogen PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs), and water electrolysers (PEMWEs), aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of the commercial Nafion membranes. It provides a broad overview of the Nafion-based membranes, with organic and inorganic fillers, and non-fluorinated membranes available in the literature for which various main properties (proton conductivity, crossover, maximum power density, and thermal stability) are reported. The studies on composite membranes demonstrate that they are suitable for PEM applications and can potentially compete with Nafion membranes in terms of performance and lifetime.
Collapse
|
43
|
Yu L, Chen GZ. Supercapatteries as High-Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of novel electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies to enhance the performance of EES devices in terms of energy capacity, power capability and cycling life is urgently needed. To address this need, supercapatteries are being developed as innovative hybrid EES devices that can combine the merits of rechargeable batteries with the merits of supercapacitors into one device. Based on these developments, this review will present various aspects of supercapatteries ranging from charge storage mechanisms to material selection including electrode and electrolyte materials. In addition, strategies to pair different types of electrode materials will be discussed and proposed, including the bipolar stacking of multiple supercapattery cells internally connected in series to enhance the energy density of stacks by reducing the number of bipolar plates. Furthermore, challenges for this stack design will also be discussed together with recent progress on bipolar plates.
Graphic Abstract
Supercapattery is an innovated hybrid electrochemical energy storage (EES) device that combines the merit of rechargeable battery and supercapacitor characteristics into one device. This article reviews supercapatteries from the charge storage mechanisms to the selection of materials including the materials of electrodes and electrolytes. Strategies for pairing different kinds of electrode materials and device engineering are discussed.
Collapse
|