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McCann Smith E, Bartosova Z, Wagner M, Jaspers VLB, Monclús L. Exposure to microplastics affects fatty acid composition in the Japanese quail depending on sex and particle size. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169019. [PMID: 38048993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastic ingestion in birds is a widespread phenomenon of increasing concern. However, little is known about how exposure to microplastics (MP) affects the health of birds. In other organisms, MP exposure alters lipid metabolism and composition. If also true in birds, this could affect their fitness, especially since birds heavily rely on lipids during migration and egg production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of MP (polypropylene and polyethylene collected in nature) in two size ranges, large (3 mm) and small (<125 μm), affects lipid metabolism in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). We orally exposed 55 one-week-old quail during 5 weeks to a total of 600 mg of MP in sizes of either large, small, or a mixture of both. After the exposure period, females fed small MP had higher liver masses compared to control females (on average ± SD, 8.95 ± 2.3 g vs. 6.34 ± 1.0 g), while liver lipid content did not differ in either males or females. The levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were lower in females exposed to large MP and the mixture of both MP sizes compared to controls. Females exposed to MP also had different levels of oleic- (18:1) and palmitoleic (16:1) acid compared to controls dependent on MP size. Exposure to small MP increased levels of palmitic- (16:0) and palmitoleic (16:1) acid in both males and females suggesting a possible increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Taken together, our results point towards a sex-specific sensitivity to MP as well as size-dependent MP effects on lipid metabolism in birds. Disruption of fatty acid composition could affect important life stages in female birds, such as migration and egg-laying. We stress the importance of further research focused on determining the mechanisms of action of MP on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana McCann Smith
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Laura Monclús
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Fathallah N, El Deeb M, Rabea AA, Almehmady AM, Alkharobi H, Elhady SS, Khalil N. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Metabolic Profiling of Ammi majus Roots as Waste Product with Isolation and Assessment of Oral Mucosal Toxicity of Its Psoralen Component Xanthotoxin. Metabolites 2023; 13:1044. [PMID: 37887369 PMCID: PMC10608439 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammi majus, a well-established member of the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family, is endogenous to Egypt. The main parts of this plant that are used are the fruits, which contain coumarins and flavonoids as major active constituents. The roots are usually considered by-products that are discarded and not fed to cattle because of coumarins' potential toxicity. The goal of this study was to ensure the sustainability of the plant, investigate the active metabolites present in the roots using UPLC/MS-MS, isolate and elucidate the major coumarin Xanthotoxin, and predict its oral bioavailability and its potential biological impact on tongue papillae. The results revealed coumarins as the dominant chemical class in a positive acquisition mode, with bergaptol-O-hexoside 5%, Xanthotoxin 5.5%, and isoarnoittinin 6% being the major compounds. However, phenolics ruled in the negative mode, with p-coumaroyl tartaric acid 7%, 3,7-dimethyl quercetin 6%, and hesperidin 5% being the most prominent metabolites. Fractionation and purification of the chloroform fraction yielded Xanthotoxin as one of the main compounds, which appeared as white needle crystals (20 mg). ADME studies for oral bioavailability were performed to predict the potential properties of the compound if used orally. It was noted that it followed Lipinski's rule of five, had just one parameter outside of the pink area in the radar plot, and was detected inside the threshold area using the boiled egg approach. In vivo, histopathological studies performed on rats showed a notable decrease in the tongue's keratin thickness from an average of 51.1 µm to 9.1 µm and an average of 51.8 µm to 9.8 µm in fungiform and filiform cells, respectively. The results indicated that although Xanthotoxin is a well-known medical agent with several potential therapeutic activities in oral therapy, it may cause a destructive effect on the structure of the specialized mucosa of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Fathallah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mona El Deeb
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (M.E.D.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Amany A. Rabea
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt; (M.E.D.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Alshaimaa M. Almehmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hanaa Alkharobi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameh S. Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha Khalil
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Prabhakaran P, Raethong N, Thananusak R, Nazir MYM, Sapkaew C, Soommat P, Kingkaw A, Hamid AA, Vongsangnak W, Song Y. Revealing holistic metabolic responses associated with lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159306. [PMID: 36907245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, a marine thraustochytrid, has been regarded as a potential candidate as a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producer. Even though the genomics of Aurantiochytrium sp. are available, the metabolic responses at a systems level are largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the global metabolic responses to DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp. through transcriptome and genome-scale network-driven analysis. Of a total of 13,505 genes, 2527 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in Aurantiochytrium sp., unravelling the transcriptional regulations behinds lipid and DHA accumulation. The highest number of DEG were found for pairwise comparison between growth phase and lipid accumulating phase where a total of 1435 genes were down-regulated with 869 genes being up-regulated. These uncovered several metabolic pathways that contributing in DHA and lipid accumulation including amino acid and acetate metabolism which involve in the generation of crucial precursors. Upon applying network-driven analysis, hydrogen sulphide was found as potential reporter metabolite that could be associated with the genes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis for DHA production. Our findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of these pathways is a ubiquitous feature in response to specific cultivation phases during DHA overproduction in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mohamed Yusuf Mohamed Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Chakkapan Sapkaew
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panyawarin Soommat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatic Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amornthep Kingkaw
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Centre for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
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Kumar K, Bruheim P. Nutrient-depended metabolic switching during batch cultivation of Streptomyces coelicolor explored with absolute quantitative mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:80. [PMID: 35242495 PMCID: PMC8882213 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known secondary metabolite-producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor is a natural choice for the development of super-hosts optimized for the heterologous expression of antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). In this study, we used S. coelicolor M145 and its derivative strain M1146 where all active BGCs have been deleted and generated high-resolution quantitative time series metabolite profiles under two cultivation conditions (phosphate and nitrogen limitation to cease growth and trigger secondary metabolism). Five targeted LC-MS/MS-based methods were used to quantify intracellular primary metabolites covering phosphorylated metabolites, amino acids, organic acids, (deoxy) nucleoside/sugar phosphates, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and Coenzyme A (CoA). The nitrogen limitation resulted in a sharp decline in respiration and an immediate drop in the cell mass concentration. Intracellularly, a reduction in the level of the metabolites next to α-ketoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a decrease in the NADH pool were among the most prominent adaptation to this nutrient limitation. Phosphate limitation evoked a different adaptation of the metabolite pools as most of the phosphorylated metabolite pools except 6-phosphogluconic acid (6PG) pool were downregulated. 13C-isotope-labeling experiments revealed the simultaneous activity of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis during the co-utilization of glucose and glutamate. The S. coelicolor M1146 strain had similar time-series metabolite profile dynamics as the parent M145 strain, except for a visibly increased 6PG pool in the stationary phase. In general, the nutrient limitation had a larger effect on the metabolite pool levels than the absence of secondary metabolite production in M1146. This study provides new insight into the primary carbon metabolism and its link to the secondary metabolism which is needed for further optimization of both super-host genotype and cultivation conditions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03146-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanhaiya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Rau EM, Bartosova Z, Kristiansen KA, Aasen IM, Bruheim P, Ertesvåg H. Overexpression of Two New Acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2-Like Acyl-CoA:Sterol Acyltransferases Enhanced Squalene Accumulation in Aurantiochytrium limacinum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822254. [PMID: 35145505 PMCID: PMC8821962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine eukaryotes known to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, and they also synthesize terpenoids like carotenoids and squalene, which all have an increasing market demand. However, a more extensive knowledge of the lipid metabolism is needed to develop thraustochytrids for profitable biomanufacturing. In this study, two putative type-2 Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT2) genes of Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, T66ASATa, and T66ASATb, and their homologs in Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21, AlASATa and AlASATb, were characterized. In A. limacinum SR21, genomic knockout of AlASATb reduced the amount of the steryl esters of palmitic acid, SE (16:0), and docosahexaenoic acid, SE (22:6). The double mutant of AlASATa and AlASATb produced even less of these steryl esters. The expression and overexpression of T66ASATb and AlASATb, respectively, enhanced SE (16:0) and SE (22:6) production more significantly than those of T66ASATa and AlASATa. In contrast, these mutations did not significantly change the level of triacylglycerols or other lipid classes. The results suggest that the four genes encoded proteins possessing acyl-CoA:sterol acyltransferase (ASAT) activity synthesizing both SE (16:0) and SE (22:6), but with the contribution from AlASATb and T66ASATb being more important than that of AlASATa and T66ASATa. Furthermore, the expression and overexpression of T66ASATb and AlASATb enhanced squalene accumulation in SR21 by up to 88%. The discovery highlights the functional diversity of DGAT2-like proteins and provides valuable information on steryl ester and squalene synthesis in thraustochytrids, paving the way to enhance squalene production through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Ming Rau
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kåre Andre Kristiansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inga Marie Aasen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Helga Ertesvåg,
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Kumar K, Bruheim P. A comparative study at bioprocess and metabolite levels of superhost strain Streptomyces coelicolor M1152 and its derivative M1581 heterologously expressing chloramphenicol biosynthetic gene cluster. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:145-161. [PMID: 34636422 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial superhost strains should provide an ideal platform for the efficient homologous or heterologous phenotypic expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of new and novel bioactive molecules. Our aim in the current study was to perform a comparative study at the bioprocess and metabolite levels of the previously designed superhost strain Streptomyces coelicolor M1152 and its derivative strain S. coelicolor M1581 heterologously expressing chloramphenicol BGC. Parent strain M1152 was characterized by a higher specific growth rate, specific CO2 evolution rate, and a higher specific l-glutamate consumption rate as compared with M1581. Intracellular primary central metabolites (nucleoside/sugar phosphates, amino acids, organic acids, and CoAs) were quantified using four targeted LC-MS/MS-based methods. The metabolite pathways in the nonantibiotic producing S. coelicolor host strain were flooded with carbon from both carbon sources, whereas in antibiotic-producing strain, the carbon of l-glutamate seems to be draining out through excreting synthesized antibiotic. The 13 C-isotope-labeling experiments revealed the bidirectionality in the glycolytic pathway and reversibility in the non-oxidative part of PPP even with continuous uptake of d-glucose. The change in the primary metabolites due to the insertion of BGC disclosed a clear linkage between the primary and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanhaiya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Multiproduct biorefinery from marine thraustochytrids towards a circular bioeconomy. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:448-462. [PMID: 34627647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal biotechnology research continues to expand due to largely unexplored marine environments and growing consumer interest in healthy products. Thraustochytrids, which are marine oleaginous protists, are known for their production of bioactives with significant applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture. A wide range of high-value biochemicals, such as nutritional supplements (omega-3 fatty acids), squalene, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), enzymes, aquaculture feed, and biodiesel and pigment compounds, have been investigated. We discuss thraustochytrids as potential feedstocks to produce various bioactive compounds and advocate developing a biorefinery to offset production costs. We anticipate that future advances in cell manufacturing, lipidomic analysis, and nanotechnology-guided lipid extraction would facilitate large-scale cost-competitive production through these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Geelong, Australia.
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Kumar K, Bruheim P. Large dependency of intracellular NAD and CoA pools on cultivation conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:372. [PMID: 34556160 PMCID: PMC8461857 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the variation of NAD and CoA metabolite pools in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivated under various cultivation conditions. This study complements a previous report on glycolytic, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acids, and deoxy-/nucleoside phosphate pools determined under the same cultivation conditions. RESULTS S. cerevisiae pellets from batch (four carbohydrate sources) and chemostat (carbon-, nitrogen-, phosphate-limited and a range of dilution rates) bioreactor cultivations were extracted and analyzed with two recently established absolute quantitative liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for NAD and CoA metabolites. Both methods apply 13C internal standard dilution strategy for the enhanced analytical accuracy and precision. Individual metabolite pools were relatively constant for the different growth rates within the same mode of cultivation, but large differences were observed among some of the modes, i.e. NAD metabolites were 10 to 100-fold lower in nitrogen limited chemostats compared to the other modes, and phosphate limited chemostats were characterized with much lower CoA metabolite pools. The results complement the previous results and together provide a comprehensive insight into primary metabolite pools variations at a large range in growth and carbon source consumption rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanhaiya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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