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Çiçek SS, Mangoni A, Hanschen FS, Agerbirk N, Zidorn C. Essentials in the acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of plant metabolite profiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114004. [PMID: 38331135 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant metabolite profiling reveals the diversity of secondary or specialized metabolites in the plant kingdom with its hundreds of thousands of species. Specialized plant metabolites constitute a vast class of chemicals posing significant challenges in analytical chemistry. In order to be of maximum scientific relevance, reports dealing with these compounds and their source species must be transparent, make use of standards and reference materials, and be based on correctly and traceably identified plant material. Essential aspects in qualitative plant metabolite profiling include: (i) critical review of previous literature and a reasoned sampling strategy; (ii) transparent plant sampling with wild material documented by vouchers in public herbaria and, optimally, seed banks; (iii) if possible, inclusion of generally available reference plant material; (iv) transparent, documented state-of-the art chemical analysis, ideally including chemical reference standards; (v) testing for artefacts during preparative extraction and isolation, using gentle analytical methods; (vi) careful chemical data interpretation, avoiding over- and misinterpretation and taking into account phytochemical complexity when assigning identification confidence levels, and (vii) taking all previous scientific knowledge into account in reporting the scientific data. From the current stage of the phytochemical literature, selected comments and suggestions are given. In the past, proposed revisions of botanical taxonomy were sometimes based on metabolite profiles, but this approach ("chemosystematics" or "chemotaxonomy") is outdated due to the advent of DNA sequence-based phylogenies. In contrast, systematic comparisons of plant metabolite profiles in a known phylogenetic framework remain relevant. This approach, known as chemophenetics, allows characterizing species and clades based on their array of specialized metabolites, aids in deducing the evolution of biosynthetic pathways and coevolution, and can serve in identifying new sources of rare and economically interesting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat S Çiçek
- Department of Biotechnology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e. V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts- Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Rodríguez VM, Velasco P, Cartea ME, Poveda J. Systemic biochemical changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against Rhizoctonia solani by kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) green manure application. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:515. [PMID: 37880578 PMCID: PMC10601221 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for new alternatives to avoid the problems associated with the use of synthetic chemical fungicides in agriculture, the use of green manure (GrM) could help combat fungal diseases of crops, such as those produced by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. In the case of the use of Brassica tissues as GrM, it could have an elicitor capacity for systemic plant resistance. RESULTS We used kale leaves as a GrM and applied it to pepper plants infected with R. solani. The application of freeze-dried kale tissues to the roots of pepper plants produced a systemic activation of foliar defences via the salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) pathways, significantly reducing pathogen damage. In addition, this systemic response led to the accumulation of secondary defence metabolites, such as pipecolic acid, hydroxycoumarin and gluconic acid, in leaves. Remarkably, pepper plants treated with lyophilised kale GrM accumulated glucosinolates when infected with R. solani. We also confirmed that autoclaving removed part of the glucobrassicin (85%) and sinigrin (19%) content of the kale tissues. CONCLUSIONS GrM kale tissues can activate systemic defences in bell pepper against foliar pathogens through SA/ET hormonal pathways, accumulating secondary defence metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain.
| | - María Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Recognized Research Group AGROBIOTECH, Consolidated Research Unit 370 (JCyL), Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, Palencia, 34004, Spain.
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Soengas P, Madloo P, Lema M. Spectral Reflectance Indexes Reveal Differences in the Physiological Status of Brassica oleracea with Contrasting Glucosinolate Content under Biotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2698. [PMID: 37514312 PMCID: PMC10384497 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Brassica species produce glucosinolates, a specific group of secondary metabolites present in the Brassicaceae family with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The employment of improved varieties for specific glucosinolates would reduce the production losses caused by pathogen attack. However, the consequences of the increment in these secondary metabolites in the plant are unknown. In this work, we utilized reflectance indexes to test how the physiological status of Brasica oleracea plants changes depending on their constitutive content of glucosinolates under nonstressful conditions and under the attack of the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The modification in the content of glucosinolates had consequences in the resistance to both necrotrophic pathogens, and in several physiological aspects of the plants. By increasing the content in sinigrin and glucobrassicin, plants decrease photosynthesis efficiency (PR531, FvFm), biomass production (CHL-NDVI, SR), pigment content (SIPI, NPQI, RE), and senescence (YI) and increase their water content (WI900). These variables may have a negative impact in the productivity of crops in an agricultural environment. However, when plants are subjected to the attack of both necrotrophic pathogens, an increment of sinigrin and glucobrassicin confers an adaptative advantage to the plants, which compensates for the decay of physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pari Madloo
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
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Lana M, Simón O, Velasco P, Rodríguez VM, Caballero P, Poveda J. First study on the root endophytic fungus Trichoderma hamatum as an entomopathogen: Development of a fungal bioinsecticide against cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis). Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127334. [PMID: 36804128 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis) is a pest that produces important losses in horticultural and ornamental crops in greenhouse, being classified as quarantine pest A2 by EPPO. One of the strategies proposed to control agricultural pests in a health and environmentally friendly way is biological control with entomopathogenic fungi. The genus of filamentous fungi Trichoderma includes different species with direct (infection, antibiosis, anti-feeding, etc.) and indirect (systemic activation of plant defenses) insecticidal capacity, however, the species T. hamatum has never been described previously as entomopathogenic. In this work, the entomopathogenic capacity of T. hamatum on S. littoralis L3 larvae was analyzed by applying spores and fungal filtrates (topically and orally). Infection by spores was compared with the commercial entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, obtaining similar results with respect to the production of larval mortality. Oral application of spores reported high mortality and fungal colonization of larvae, however, T. hamatum did not show chitinase activity when grown in the presence of S. littoralis tissues. Therefore, infection of S. littoralis larvae by T. hamatum is through natural openings such as mouth, anus or spiracles. With respect to the application of filtrates, only those obtained from the liquid culture of T. hamatum in contact with S. littoralis tissues reported a significant reduction in larval growth. Metabolomic analysis of the filtrates determined that the filtrate with insecticidal capacity presented the siderophore rhizoferrin in large quantities, which could be responsible for this activity. However, the production of this siderophore had never been previously described in Trichoderma and its insecticidal capacity was unknown. In conclusion, T. hamatum presents entomopathogenic capacity against S. littoralis larvae through the application of spores and filtrates, and both ways could be the basis for the development of efficient bioinsecticides against the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Lana
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane Simón
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Víctor M Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal; Recognised Research Group AGROBIOTECH, Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
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Nicolas-Espinosa J, Garcia-Ibañez P, Lopez-Zaplana A, Yepes-Molina L, Albaladejo-Marico L, Carvajal M. Confronting Secondary Metabolites with Water Uptake and Transport in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032826. [PMID: 36769147 PMCID: PMC9917477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds and glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites that play fundamental roles in plant resistance to abiotic stress. These compounds have been found to increase in stress situations related to plant adaptive capacity. This review assesses the functions of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates in plant interactions involving abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, metals toxicity, and mineral deficiency or excess. Furthermore, their relation with water uptake and transport mediated through aquaporins is reviewed. In this way, the increases of phenolic compounds and glucosinolate synthesis have been related to primary responses to abiotic stress and induction of resistance. Thus, their metabolic pathways, root exudation, and external application are related to internal cell and tissue movement, with a lack of information in this latter aspect.
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Poveda J, Rodríguez VM, Díaz-Urbano M, Sklenář F, Saati-Santamaría Z, Menéndez E, Velasco P. Endophytic fungi from kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) modify roots-glucosinolate profile and promote plant growth in cultivated Brassica species. First description of Pyrenophora gallaeciana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981507. [PMID: 36274741 PMCID: PMC9580329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi of crops can promote plant growth through various mechanisms of action (i.e., improve nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency, and produce and modulate plant hormones). The genus Brassica includes important horticultural crops, which have been little studied in their interaction with endophytic fungi. Previously, four endophytic fungi were isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), with different benefits for their host, including plant growth promotion, cold tolerance, and induction of resistance to pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris) and pests (Mamestra brassicae). In the present work, the molecular and morphological identification of the four different isolates were carried out, describing them as the species Acrocalymma vagum, Setophoma terrestris, Fusarium oxysporum, and the new species Pyrenophora gallaeciana. In addition, using a representative crop of each Brassica U’s triangle species and various in vitro biochemical tests, the ability of these fungi to promote plant growth was described. In this sense, the four fungi used promoted the growth of B. rapa, B. napus, B. nigra, B. juncea, and B. carinata, possibly due to the production of auxins, siderophores, P solubilization or cellulase, xylanase or amylase activity. Finally, the differences in root colonization between the four endophytic fungi and two pathogens (Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and the root glucosinolate profile were studied, at different times. In this way, how the presence of progoitrin in the roots reduces their colonization by endophytic and pathogenic fungi was determined, while the possible hydrolysis of sinigrin to fungicidal products controls the colonization of endophytic fungi, but not of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
| | - Víctor M. Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Urbano
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - František Sklenář
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zaki Saati-Santamaría
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Menéndez
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
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Advances in Plant Metabolomics and Its Applications in Stress and Single-Cell Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136985. [PMID: 35805979 PMCID: PMC9266571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the post-genomic era envisaged high-throughput technologies, resulting in more species with available genome sequences. In-depth multi-omics approaches have evolved to integrate cellular processes at various levels into a systems biology knowledge base. Metabolomics plays a crucial role in molecular networking to bridge the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes. However, the greater complexity of metabolites with diverse chemical and physical properties has limited the advances in plant metabolomics. For several years, applications of liquid/gas chromatography (LC/GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been constantly developed. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS has shown utility in resolving isomeric and isobaric metabolites. Both MS and NMR combined metabolomics significantly increased the identification and quantification of metabolites in an untargeted and targeted manner. Thus, hyphenated metabolomics tools will narrow the gap between the number of metabolite features and the identified metabolites. Metabolites change in response to environmental conditions, including biotic and abiotic stress factors. The spatial distribution of metabolites across different organs, tissues, cells and cellular compartments is a trending research area in metabolomics. Herein, we review recent technological advancements in metabolomics and their applications in understanding plant stress biology and different levels of spatial organization. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in multiple stress interactions, multi-omics, and single-cell metabolomics.
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Velasco P, Rodríguez VM, Soengas P, Poveda J. Trichoderma hamatum Increases Productivity, Glucosinolate Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Leafy Brassica Vegetables. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112449. [PMID: 34834812 PMCID: PMC8619120 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brassica crops include important vegetables known as "superfoods" due to the content of phytochemicals of great interest to human health, such as glucosinolates (GSLs) and antioxidant compounds. On the other hand, Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes several species described as biostimulants and/or biological control agents in agriculture. In a previous work, an endophytic strain of Trichoderma hamatum was isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), describing its ability to induce systemic resistance in its host plant. In the present work, some of the main leafy Brassica crops (kale, cabbage, leaf rape and turnip greens) have been root-inoculated with T. hamatum, having the aim to verify the possible capacity of the fungus as a biostimulant in productivity as well as the foliar content of GSLs and its antioxidant potential, in order to improve these "superfoods". The results reported, for the first time, an increase in the productivity of kale (55%), cabbage (36%) and turnip greens (46%) by T. hamatum root inoculation. Furthermore, fungal inoculation reported a significant increase in the content of total GSLs in cabbage and turnip greens, mainly of the GSLs sinigrin and gluconapin, respectively, along with an increase in their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, T. hamatum could be a good agricultural biostimulant in leafy Brassica crops, increasing the content of GSLs and antioxidant potential of great food and health interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Velasco
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.V.); (V.M.R.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Pilar Soengas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain; (P.V.); (V.M.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Campus Arrosadía, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Merinas-Amo T, Lozano-Baena MD, Obregón-Cano S, Alonso-Moraga Á, de Haro-Bailón A. Role of Glucosinolates in the Nutraceutical Potential of Selected Cultivars of Brassica rapa. Foods 2021; 10:2720. [PMID: 34829001 PMCID: PMC8617875 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa (turnip greens), a traditionally consumed vegetable, is well-known due to its high content of glucosinolates, which are secondary metabolites with a positive biological activity for human health. Our hypothesis has been based on the relation between B. rapa glucosinolate content and its healthy properties, and our aim is to establish guidelines for safe B. rapa vegetable consumption. Three B. rapa cultivars (143N5, 143N7 and 163N7) have been characterized by HPLC analysis of purified extracts from leaf samples in order to determine their glucosinolate content and to relate this content to beneficial effects on DNA protection, lifespan extension and chemoprevention. In order to ascertain the heath properties in vitro and in vivo, toxicity activities were assayed in the Drosophila melanogaster and leukaemia cell models; genomic safety was also assessed in both models using genotoxicity, fragmentation and comet assay. The Drosophila model has also been used to study the antioxidative activity and the longevity induction. Our results showed a relationship between B. rapa glucosinolate content and its safety and benefices in its consumption. Gluconapin, the main B. rapa glucosinolate, was directly related with these wholesome effects. The relevant conclusion in the present research is focused on B. rapa cultivar 163N7 due to its high gluconapin content and low progoitrin content, which exert anti-cancer and DNA protection properties and could be recommended as being safe and healthy for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Merinas-Amo
- Department of Genetics, Gregor Mendel Building, Faculty of Science, Campus Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (M.-D.L.-B.); (Á.A.-M.)
| | - María-Dolores Lozano-Baena
- Department of Genetics, Gregor Mendel Building, Faculty of Science, Campus Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (M.-D.L.-B.); (Á.A.-M.)
| | - Sara Obregón-Cano
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (S.O.-C.); (A.d.H.-B.)
| | - Ángeles Alonso-Moraga
- Department of Genetics, Gregor Mendel Building, Faculty of Science, Campus Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (M.-D.L.-B.); (Á.A.-M.)
| | - Antonio de Haro-Bailón
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avd. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (S.O.-C.); (A.d.H.-B.)
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