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Yılmaz B, Emingil G. Validating proteomic biomarkers in saliva: distinguishing between health and periodontal diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024. [PMID: 39385324 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2413099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive soft tissue and alveolar bone loss due to interactions between microbial dental plaque and the host response. Despite extensive research on biomarkers from saliva or gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for diagnosing periodontitis, clinical and radiological parameters remain the primary diagnostic tools. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the ongoing research into salivary biomarkers for periodontitis diagnosis, emphasizing the need for reliable biomarkers to differentiate between periodontal health and disease. Salivary biomarker research has gained momentum with advancements in proteomic technologies, enabling noninvasive sample collection and revealing potential candidate biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION Proteomic research since the early 2000s has identified promising biomarkers and provided insights into the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Bioinformatic analysis of proteomic data elucidates underlying biological mechanisms. This review summarizes key findings and highlights common potential biomarkers identified through proteomic research in periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yılmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, İzmir
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, İzmir
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Ghiyasimoghaddam N, Shayan N, Mirkatuli HA, Baghbani M, Ameli N, Ashari Z, Mohtasham N. Does circulating tumor DNA apply as a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma? Discov Oncol 2024; 15:427. [PMID: 39259454 PMCID: PMC11390992 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity cancer is the most common type of head and neck cancer. There is no definitive standard diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response biomarker panel based on simple, specific, non-invasive, and reliable methods for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. On the other hand, the frequent post-treatment biopsies make it challenging to discriminate residual disease or recurrent tumors following postoperative reparative and post-radiation changes. Saliva, blood plasma, and serum samples were commonly used to monitor HNSCC through liquid biopsies. Based on the evidence, the most prominent molecular-based fluid biomarker, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), has potential applications for early cancer diagnosis, screening, patient management, and surveillance. ctDNA showed genomic and epigenomic changes and the status of human papillomavirus (HPV) with the real-time monitoring of tumor status through cancer therapy. Due to the intra and inter-tumor heterogeneity of tumor cells like cancer stem cells (CSCs) and tumor microenvironment (TME) in HNSCC, the tiny tissue biopsy cannot reflect all genomic and transcriptomic abnormality. Most liquid biopsies are applied to detect circulating molecular biomarkers consisting of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), ctDNA, microRNA, mRNA, and exosome for monitoring tumor progression. Based on the results of previous studies, liquid biopsy can be applied for comprehensive multi-omic discovery by assessing the predictive value of ctDNA in both early and advanced cancers. Liquid biopsy can be used to evaluate molecular signature profiles in HNSCC patients, with great potential to help in early diagnosis, prognosis, surveillance, and treatment monitoring of tumors. These happen by designing longitudinal extensive cohort studies and the utility of organoid technology that promotes the context of personalized and precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ghiyasimoghaddam
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bohlool Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Navidreza Shayan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Nima Ameli
- Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeynab Ashari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular (Genetic), Faculty of Biology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Nooshin Mohtasham
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 9177948959, Mashhad, Iran.
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Rajendran K, Krishnan UM. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119857. [PMID: 38986861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most common neurodegenerative disorders. AD is characterized by deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, leading to associated secondary pathologies, progressive neurodegeneration, and eventually death. Currently used diagnostics are largely image-based, lack accuracy and do not detect early disease, ie, prior to onset of symptoms, thus limiting treatment options and outcomes. Although biomarkers such as amyloid-β and tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid have gained much attention, these are generally limited to disease progression. Unfortunately, identification of biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. As such, body fluids such as sweat, serum, saliva, mucosa, tears, and urine are under investigation as alternative sources for biomarkers that can aid in early disease detection. This review focuses on biomarkers identified through proteomics in various biofluids and their potential for early and accurate diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities, & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India.
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Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Becerra-Ruiz JS, Avetisyan A, Heboyan A. Activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults with dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:816. [PMID: 39026257 PMCID: PMC11264839 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of dental caries. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the following three objectives: 1)To deepen and discuss through a comprehensive analysis of the literature the effects of dental caries on the activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in saliva of children and young adults, 2)To compare the levels of this cytokines in saliva of the exposure group (moderate-severe dental caries) with the control group (caries-free or mild dental caries), and 3)To determine whether the levels of these cytokines could be used as a complementary clinical diagnostic tool to assess the severity of dental caries. METHODS The protocol followed PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines and was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF): https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MF74V . A digital search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Schoolar databases from February 15th, 2012, to January 13th, 2024. The methodological validity of the selected studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to evaluate the association between dental caries/health, and the concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. RESULTS The search strategy provided a total of 126 articles, of which 15 investigations met the inclusion criteria. The total number of patients studied was 1,148, of which 743 represented the case/exposure group, and 405 represented the control group. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 25 years. IL-6 was the most prevalent cytokine in the saliva of children and young adults with active dental caries. The meta-analysis revealed that there are significant differences between the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva of children with active dental caries compared to their control groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α levels may have potential as complementary biomarkers for assessing dental caries severity. However, further research is needed to validate these findings in larger and more diverse populations before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Alarcón-Sánchez
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, 39090, Mexico.
| | - Julieta Sarai Becerra-Ruiz
- Institute of Research of Bioscience, University Center of Los Altos, University of Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, 47600, Mexico
| | - Anna Avetisyan
- Department of Therapeutic Stomatology, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia.
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Karegar St, Tehran, Iran.
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Park MJ, Park SY, Kim KJ, Oh B, Kim JY. Effect of the probiotic Weissella cibaria CMS1 on the immune response and the oral microbiome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Food Funct 2024; 15:4409-4420. [PMID: 38563257 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The oral cavity connects the external environment and the respiratory and digestive systems, and the oral microbial ecosystem is complex and plays a crucial role in overall health and immune defense against external threats. Recently, the potential use of probiotics for disease prevention and treatment has gained attention. This study aimed to assess the effect of Weissella cibaria CMS1 (W. cibaria CMS1) consumption on the oral microbiome and immune function in healthy individuals through a 12-week clinical trial. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial enrolled 90 healthy subjects. The consumption of W. cibaria CMS1 significantly increased salivary immunoglobulin A (p = 0.046) and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (p = 0.008). Analysis of the oral microbiota revealed changes in beta diversity, increased abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria after 12 weeks of consuming W. cibaria CMS1. Significant increases in various strains, including Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus, and Firmicutes, were observed in the W. cibaria CMS1 group after 12 weeks of intake. Additionally, Fusobacteriia Fusobacteriales Fusobacteriaceae and Fusobacteriia Fusobacteriales Fusobacteriaceae Fusobacterium exhibited a positive correlation with TNF-α. These findings demonstrate the positive effect of W. cibaria CMS1 on the oral environment and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjo Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Song EAC, Chung SH, Kim JH. Molecular mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion. Eur J Oral Sci 2024; 132:e12969. [PMID: 38192116 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The exocrine salivary gland secretes saliva, a fundamental body component to maintain oral homeostasis. Saliva is composed of water, ions, and proteins such as amylase, mucins, and immunoglobulins that play essential roles in the digestion of food, lubrication, and prevention of dental caries and periodontitis. An increasing number of people experience saliva hyposecretion due to aging, medications, Sjögren's syndrome, and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. However, current treatments are mostly limited to temporary symptomatic relief. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying saliva secretion and hyposecretion to provide insight into putative therapeutic targets for treatment. Proteins implicated in saliva secretion pathways, including Ca2+ -signaling proteins, aquaporins, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors, and tight junctions, are aberrantly expressed and localized in patients with saliva hyposecretion, such as Sjögren's syndrome. Analysis of studies on the mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion suggests that crosstalk between fluid and protein secretory pathways via Ca2+ /protein kinase C and cAMP/protein kinase A regulates saliva secretion. Impaired crosstalk between the two secretory pathways may contribute to saliva hyposecretion. Future research into the detailed regulatory mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion may provide information to define novel targets and generate therapeutic strategies for saliva hyposecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ah Christine Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sul-Hee Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of KHU-KIST Converging Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Menditti D, Santagata M, Imola G, Staglianò S, Vitagliano R, Boschetti CE, Inchingolo AM. Personalized Medicine in Oral Oncology: Imaging Methods and Biological Markers to Support Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): A Narrative Literature Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1397. [PMID: 37763165 PMCID: PMC10532745 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been one of the most prevalent and mortal cancers worldwide. The gold standard for OSCC diagnosis is still histopathology but this narrative multidisciplinary review has the aim to explore the literature about conventional OSCC prognostic indicators related to the pTNM stage at the diagnosis such as the depth of invasion and the lymphovascular invasion associated with distant metastasis as indicators of poor life expectancy. Despite its multifactorial nature and recognizable precursors, its diagnosis at the early stages is still challenging. We wanted to highlight the importance of the screening as a primary weapon that a stomatologist should consider, intercepting all at-risk conditions and lesions associated with OSCC and its early stages. This narrative review also overviews the most promising imaging techniques, such as CT, MRI, and US-echography, and their application related to clinical and surgical practice, but also the most-investigated prognostic and diagnostic tissue and salivary biomarkers helpful in OSCC diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Our work highlighted remarkable potential biomarkers that could have a leading role in the future. However, we are still far from defining an appropriate and concrete protocol to apply in clinical practice. The hope is that the present and future research will overcome these limitations to benefit patients, clinicians, and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Menditti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Mario Santagata
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Gianmaria Imola
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Samuel Staglianò
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Rita Vitagliano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Ciro Emiliano Boschetti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (M.S.); (G.I.); (S.S.); (C.E.B.)
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Cai X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li T. Biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia: from bench to bedside. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:868-882. [PMID: 37752089 PMCID: PMC10522567 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is a common precursor lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma, which indicates a high potential of malignancy. The malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia seriously affects patient survival and quality of life; however, it is difficult to identify oral leukoplakia patients who will develop carcinoma because no biomarker exists to predict malignant transformation for effective clinical management. As a major problem in the field of head and neck pathologies, it is imperative to identify biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia. In this review, we discuss the potential biomarkers of malignant transformation reported in the literature and explore the translational probabilities from bench to bedside. Although no single biomarker has yet been applied in the clinical setting, profiling for genomic instability might be a promising adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Cai
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Heyu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology / National Center of Stomatology / National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases / National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China.
- Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing 100081, China.
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Bornes R, Montero J, Correia A, Marques T, Rosa N. Peri-implant diseases diagnosis, prognosis and dental implant monitoring: a narrative review of novel strategies and clinical impact. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:183. [PMID: 36997949 PMCID: PMC10061972 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of peri-implantar and periodontal relies mainly on a set of clinical measures and the evaluation of radiographic images. However, these clinical settings alone are not sufficient to determine, much less predict, periimplant bone loss or future implant failure. Early diagnosis of periimplant diseases and its rate of progress may be possible through biomarkers assessment. Once identified, biomarkers of peri-implant and periodontal tissue destruction may alert the clinicians before clinical signs show up. Therefore, it is important to consider developing chair-side diagnostic tests with specificity for a particular biomarker, indicating the current activity of the disease. METHODS A search strategy was created at Pubmed and Web of Science to answer the question: "How the molecular point-of-care tests currently available can help in the early detection of peri-implant diseases and throws light on improvements in point of care diagnostics devices?" RESULTS The PerioSafe® PRO DRS (dentognostics GmbH, Jena) and ImplantSafe® DR (dentognostics GmbH, Jena ORALyzer® test kits, already used clinically, can be a helpful adjunct tool in enhancing the diagnosis and prognosis of periodontal/peri-implantar diseases. With the advances of sensor technology, the biosensors can perform daily monitoring of dental implants or periodontal diseases, making contributions to personal healthcare and improve the current status quo of health management and human health. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings, more emphasis is given to the role of biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring periodontal and peri-implant diseases. By combining these strategies with traditional protocols, professionals could increase the accuracy of early detection of peri-implant and periodontal diseases, predicting disease progression, and monitoring of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bornes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal.
| | - Javier Montero
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - André Correia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Tiago Marques
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Nuno Rosa
- Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
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Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Dentistry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020286. [PMID: 36830822 PMCID: PMC9953492 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass Spectrometry (MS) is one of the fastest-developing methods in analytical instrumentation. As a highly sensitive, universal detector, it can identify known and unknown compounds, which can indeed be found in a minimal concentration. This review aims to highlight the significant milestones in MS applications in dentistry during recent decades. MS can be applied in three different fields of dentistry: (1) in research of dental materials and chemical agents, (2) in laboratory analysis of biospecimens, and (3) as a real-time diagnostic tool in service of oral surgery and pathology. MS applications on materials and agents may focus on numerous aspects, such as their clinical behavior, possible toxicity, or antimicrobial properties. MS is also a valuable, non-invasive tool for biomarkers' detection in saliva and has found great application in -omics technologies as it achieves efficient structure-finding in metabolites. As metabolites are located beyond the central dogma, this technique can provide a complete understanding of cellular functions. Thus, it is possible to determine the biological profile in normal and pathological conditions, detect various oral or systematic diseases and conditions, and predict their course. Lastly, some promising advances concerning the surgical approach to potentially oral malignant or malignant disorders exist. This breakthrough method provides a comprehensive approach to dental materials research and biomarker discovery in dental and craniofacial tissues. The current availability of various 'OMIC' approaches paves the way for individualized dentistry and provides suggestions for clinical applications in the point-of-care hubs.
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Monea M, Pop AM. The Use of Salivary Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases as an Adjuvant Method in the Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Literature Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:6306-6322. [PMID: 36547091 PMCID: PMC9776994 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with increased mortality, in which the early diagnosis is the most important step in increasing patients' survival rate. Extensive research has evaluated the role of saliva as a source of diagnostic biomarkers, among which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have shown a valuable potential for detecting even early stages of OSCC. The aim of this review was to present recent clinical data regarding the significance of salivary MMPs in the detection of early malignant transformation of the oral mucosa. A narrative review was conducted on articles published in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO and SciELO databases, using specific terms. Our search revealed that MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12 and MMP-13 had significantly higher levels in saliva from patients with OSCC compared to controls. However, the strength of evidence is limited, as most information regarding their use as adjuvant diagnostic tools for OSCC comes from studies with a low number of participants, variable methodologies for saliva sampling and diagnostic assays, and insufficient adjustment for all covariates. MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were considered the most promising candidates for salivary diagnosis of OSCC, but larger studies are needed in order to validate their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Monea
- Department of Odontology and Oral Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Anca Maria Pop
- Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proteomic Overview. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040037. [PMID: 36412636 PMCID: PMC9680331 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Endoscopic methods may be useful in the evaluation of oral injuries even though the diagnostic gold standard is a biopsy. Targeted screenings could be considered the best way to prevent the occurrence of oral cancer. Aimed to elucidate the potential identification of specific biomarkers of OSCC, the use of saliva is convenient and noninvasive. Many studies reported more than a hundred putative saliva biomarkers for OSCC, and proteogenomic approaches were fundamental to disclosing this issue. METHODS Relevant literature published in the last few years was systematically searched on PubMed and we focused on articles about the use and study of salivary biomarkers in the diagnostics of head and neck cancer (n = 110). Thereafter, we performed a selection focusing on diagnosis with salivary proteomics in OSCC (n = 8). RESULTS Saliva proteomics can be a source of biomarkers for OSCC. We reviewed literature of biomarker proteins in saliva that could also be evaluated as probable targets for non-invasive screening of oral neoplasm such as cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and acute-phase response proteins. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of salivary biomarkers is a highly hopeful technique for the diagnosis of OSCC. Proteogenomic approaches could permit an accurate and early diagnosis of OSCC. This review seeks to generate an up-to-date view on translational OSCC issues by raising awareness of researchers, physicians, and surgeons. Renewed clinical studies, which will validate the sensitivity and specificity of salivary biomarkers, are necessary to translate these results into possible strategies for early diagnosis of OSCC, thus improving patient outcomes.
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Peres PEC, Fu J, Zero DT, Cury JA. Effect of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, a protease inhibitor, on enamel surface remineralization. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8670883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) is a protease inhibitor widely used in research, but fluoride is released during its action and this knowledge has been neglected in dental research. Aim: to evaluate if fluoride released by salivary protease action on PMSF affects enamel remineralization and fluoride uptake. Methods: Groups of 10 enamel slabs, with caries-like lesions and known surface hardness (SH), were subjected to one of the following treatment groups: Stimulated human saliva (SHS), negative control; SHS containing 1.0 μg F/mL (NaF), positive control; and SHS containing 10, 50 or 100 μM PMSF. The slabs were subjected to a pH-cycling regimen consisting of 22 h/day in each treatment solution and 2 h/day in a demineralizing solution. After 12 days, SH was again measured to calculate the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), followed by enamel fluoride uptake determination. The time-related fluoride release from 100.0 μM PMSF by SHS action was also determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. Results: The release of fluoride from PMSF by SHS was rapid, reaching a maximum value after 10 min. Fluoride released from PMSF was more effective in enhancing %SHR and increasing fluoride uptake in enamel compared with SHS alone (p < 0.05); furthermore, it was equivalent to the positive control (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, fluoride released by saliva from PMSF is available to react with enamel and needs to be taken into account in research using this protease inhibitor.
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