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Guo Y, Tsuda K, Hosseini S, Murakami Y, Tricoli A, Coventry J, Lipiński W, Torres JF. Scalable nano-architecture for stable near-blackbody solar absorption at high temperatures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:384. [PMID: 38195671 PMCID: PMC10776863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Light trapping enhancement by nanostructures is ubiquitous in engineering applications, for example, in improving highly-efficient concentrating solar thermal (CST) technologies. However, most nano-engineered coatings and metasurfaces are not scalable to large surfaces ( > 100 m2) and are unstable at elevated temperatures ( > 850 °C), hindering their wide-spread adoption in CST. Here, we propose a scalable layer nano-architecture that can significantly enhance the solar absorption of an arbitrary material. Our electromagnetics modelling predicts that the absorptance of cutting-edge light-absorbers can be further enhanced by more than 70%, i.e. relative improvement towards blackbody absorption from a baseline value without the nano-architecture. Experimentally, the nano-architecture yields a solar absorber that is 35% optically closer to a blackbody, even after long-term (1000 h) high-temperature (900 °C) ageing in air. A stable solar absorptance of more than 97.88 ± 0.14% is achieved, to the best of our knowledge, the highest so far reported for these extreme ageing conditions. The scalability of the layer nano-architecture is further demonstrated with a drone-assisted deposition, paving the way towards a simple yet significant solar absorptance boosting and maintenance method for existing and newly developed CST absorbing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Guo
- ANU HEAT Lab, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Thermal Energy Group, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Sahar Hosseini
- ANU HEAT Lab, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Thermal Energy Group, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yasushi Murakami
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joe Coventry
- Thermal Energy Group, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Juan F Torres
- ANU HEAT Lab, School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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2
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Marus M, Mukha Y, Wong HT, Chan TL, Smirnov A, Hubarevich A, Hu H. Tsuchime-like Aluminum Film to Enhance Absorption in Ultra-Thin Photovoltaic Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2650. [PMID: 37836291 PMCID: PMC10574175 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin solar cells enable materials to be saved, reduce deposition time, and promote carrier collection from materials with short diffusion lengths. However, light absorption efficiency in ultra-thin solar panels remains a limiting factor. Most methods to increase light absorption in ultra-thin solar cells are either technically challenging or costly, given the thinness of the functional layers involved. We propose a cost-efficient and lithography-free solution to enhance light absorption in ultra-thin solar cells-a Tsuchime-like self-forming nanocrater (T-NC) aluminum (Al) film. T-NC Al film can be produced by the electrochemical anodization of Al, followed by etching the nanoporous alumina. Theoretical studies show that T-NC film can increase the average absorbance by 80.3%, depending on the active layer's thickness. The wavelength range of increased absorption varies with the active layer thickness, with the peak of absolute absorbance increase moving from 620 nm to 950 nm as the active layer thickness increases from 500 nm to 10 µm. We have also shown that the absorbance increase is retained regardless of the active layer material. Therefore, T-NC Al film significantly boosts absorbance in ultra-thin solar cells without requiring expensive lithography, and regardless of the active layer material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikita Marus
- Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety (CAiRS), Unit 1212–1213, 12/F, Building 19W, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (M.M.); (H.-T.W.); (T.-L.C.)
- Laboratory for Information Display and Processing Units, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 6 P. Brovki, 220013 Minsk, Belarus; (Y.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Yauhen Mukha
- Laboratory for Information Display and Processing Units, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 6 P. Brovki, 220013 Minsk, Belarus; (Y.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Him-Ting Wong
- Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety (CAiRS), Unit 1212–1213, 12/F, Building 19W, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (M.M.); (H.-T.W.); (T.-L.C.)
| | - Tak-Lam Chan
- Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety (CAiRS), Unit 1212–1213, 12/F, Building 19W, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (M.M.); (H.-T.W.); (T.-L.C.)
| | - Aliaksandr Smirnov
- Laboratory for Information Display and Processing Units, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 6 P. Brovki, 220013 Minsk, Belarus; (Y.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Aliaksandr Hubarevich
- Laboratory for Information Display and Processing Units, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 6 P. Brovki, 220013 Minsk, Belarus; (Y.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Haibo Hu
- Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety (CAiRS), Unit 1212–1213, 12/F, Building 19W, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (M.M.); (H.-T.W.); (T.-L.C.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Jerushah AS, Sherline JA, Robinson JA, Vinodha C, Shyla JM. Probing the effect of precursor concentration on the growth and properties of titanium dioxide nanocones for environment safe solar cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:97092-97101. [PMID: 37584800 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Environment friendly third-generation solar cells sensitized by dyes, quantum dots, and perovskites are seen as promising energy alternatives. Among the various strategies, employing one-dimensional nanostructures that exemplify the smallest dimension for efficient carrier transport rate from the active layer to electron transport layer (ETL) in photovoltaic devices is attempted in this work. We herein report the synthesis of well-aligned 1-D TiO2 nanocones as ETL for photovoltaic thin films by varying the precursor concentration (0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05 M) to track the evolution of growth. The hydrothermal approach is exploited to grow oriented rutile TiO2 nanocones on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) under neutral conditions. The examination of phase, crystallinity, morphology, and opto-electronic properties of the well-structured nanocone arrays is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultra violet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and field-dependent dark and photoconductivity analysis. The XRD pattern confirms the formation of the tetragonal rutile phase. SEM micrographs and UV-DRS spectroscopy reveals that the length of the nanocones and the energy gap is found to be maximum for 0.04 M concentration with a well-defined excitation band at 316 nm. Significantly, a strong light-trapping effect that decreases the incident light reflections and correspondingly increases the light absorption is unveiled through photoconductive studies for the TiO2 nanocones at 0.04 M having a surface area of 81.767 m2/g. The investigation essentially suggests that the as-prepared one-dimensional nanostructures would serve as efficient photoanodes in environment safe third-generation solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arokiaraj Shiny Jerushah
- Department of Physics, Energy Nanotechnology Centre (ENTeC), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India
| | - Joseph Akshara Sherline
- Department of Physics, Energy Nanotechnology Centre (ENTeC), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India
| | - Jesudas Antony Robinson
- Department of Physics, Energy Nanotechnology Centre (ENTeC), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India
| | - Charlie Vinodha
- Department of Physics, Energy Nanotechnology Centre (ENTeC), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India
| | - Joseph Merline Shyla
- Department of Physics, Energy Nanotechnology Centre (ENTeC), Loyola Institute of Frontier Energy (LIFE), Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai, 600034, India.
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Wang CH, Liu MX, Pan CC, Jiang ZY. Broadband directional thermal radiator with flexible intensity–directivity tunability in the whole visible spectrum. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2023; 123. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0156810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling spectral and directional distributions of thermal radiation plays an important role in designing functional structures for thermal management. As a wideband phenomenon, thermal radiation is supposed to be manipulated within broad wave ranges for the case of practical thermal applications. However, currently, it is still challenging to constrain broadband radiation into wanted directions in a controllable manner. In this work, based on light-trapping effects mediated by periodic germanium strips on a silver substrate, we design a thermal radiator with broadband directional (BBD) emissivity in the whole visible spectrum. The radiator is free from intricate nanofabrication and can achieve low-dispersive directional emissivity within a continuous wave range of 0.4–0.8 μm. In addition, the proposed radiator exhibits flexible tunability on the BBD performance and emission intensity, making it an outstanding candidate for functional surfaces in thermal energy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-Hai Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chong-Chao Pan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ze-Yi Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
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Alrajhi AH, Ahmed NM, Halim MM, Altowyan AS, Azmi MN, Almessiere MA. Distinct Optical and Structural (Nanoyarn and Nanomat-like Structure) Characteristics of Zinc Oxide Nanofilm Derived by Using Salvia officinalis Leaves Extract Made without and with PEO Polymer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4510. [PMID: 37444824 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the optical properties of zinc oxide nanofilm fabricated by using organic natural products from Salvia officinalis leaves (SOL) extract and discusses the effect of the nanocrystal (NC) structure (nanoyarn and nanomat-like structure) on nanofilm optical properties. The surface-active layer of the nanofilm of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was passivated with natural organic SOL leaves hydrothermally, then accumulated on zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs). The nanofilms were fabricated (with and without PEO) on glass substrate (at 85 °C for 16 h) via chemical solution deposition (CSD). The samples were characterized by UV-vis, PL, FESEM, XRD, and TEM measurements. TEM micrographs confirmed the nucleation of ZnO NPs around 4 nm and the size distribution at 1.2 nm of ZnO QDs as an influence of the quantum confinement effect (QCE). The nanofilms fabricated with SOL surfactant (which works as a capping agent for ZnO NPs) represent distinct optoelectronic properties when compared to bulk ZnO. FESEM images of the nanofilms revealed nanoyarn and nanomat-like structures resembling morphologies. The XRD patterns of the samples exhibited the existence of ZnO nanocrystallites (ZnO NCs) with (100), (002), and (101) growth planes. The nanofilms fabricated represented a distinct optical property through absorption and broad emission, as the optical energy band gap reduced as the nanofilms annealed (at 120 ℃). Based on the obtained results, it was established that phytochemicals extracted from organic natural SOL leaves have a distinct influence on zoic oxide nanofilm fabrication, which may be useful for visible light spectrum trapping. The nanofilms can be used in photovoltaic solar cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan H Alrajhi
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Naser M Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mahadi Halim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Abeer S Altowyan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nurul Azmi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Munirah A Almessiere
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Herle D, Kiselev A, Villanueva LG, Martin OJF, Quack N. Broadband Mechanically Tunable Metasurface Reflectivity Modulator in the Visible Spectrum. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:1882-1889. [PMID: 37363628 PMCID: PMC10288533 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Reflectivity modulation is a critical feature for applications in telecommunications, 3D imaging and printing, advanced laser machining, or portable displays. Tunable metasurfaces have recently emerged as a promising implementation for miniaturized and high-performance tunable optical components. Commonly, metasurface response tuning is achieved by electro-optical effects. In this work, we demonstrate reflectivity modulation based on a nanostructured, mechanically tunable, metasurface, consisting of an amorphous silicon nanopillar array and a suspended amorphous silicon membrane with integrated electrostatic actuators. With a membrane displacement of only 150 nm, we demonstrate reflectivity modulation by Mie resonance enhanced absorption in the pillar array, leading to a reflectivity contrast ratio of 1:3 over the spectral range from 400-530 nm. With fast, low-power electrostatic actuation and a broadband response in the visible spectrum, this mechanically tunable metasurface reflectivity modulator could enable high frame rate dynamic reflective displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Herle
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, EPFL STI IMT NAM, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Guillermo Villanueva
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, EPFL STI IMT NAM, Station 11, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niels Quack
- Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Advanced Nano-Mechanical Systems
Laboratory, EPFL STI IGM NEMS, Station 9, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School
of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
(J07), University of Sydney, Blackwattle Creek Ln, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
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7
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Mkawi EM, Al-Hadeethi Y, Arkook B, Bekyarova E. Doping with Niobium Nanoparticles as an Approach to Increase the Power Conversion Efficiency of P3HT:PCBM Polymer Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2218. [PMID: 36984098 PMCID: PMC10057393 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal additive processing in polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction systems is recognized as a viable way for improving polymer photovoltage performance. In this study, the effect of niobium (Nb) metal nanoparticles at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/mL on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)-6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends was analyzed. The effect of Nb volume concentration on polymer crystallinity, optical properties, and surface structure of P3HT and PCBM, as well as the enhancement of the performance of P3HT:PC61BM solar cells, are investigated. Absorption of the P3HT:PC61BM mix is seen to have a high intensity and a red shift at 500 nm. The reduction in PL intensity with increasing Nb doping concentrations indicates an increase in PL quenching, suggesting that the domain size of P3HT or conjugation length increases. With a high Nb concentration, crystallinity, material composition, surface roughness, and phase separation are enhanced. Nb enhances PCBM's solubility in P3HT and decreases the size of amorphous P3HT domains. Based on the J-V characteristics and the optoelectronic study of the thin films, the improvement results from a decreased recombination current, changes in morphology and crystallinity, and an increase in the effective exciton lifespan. At high doping concentrations of Nb nanoparticles, the development of the short-circuit current (JSC) is associated with alterations in the crystalline structure of P3HT. The highest-performing glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM:Nb/MoO3/Au structures have short-circuit current densities (JSC) of 16.86 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltages (VOC) of 466 mV, fill factors (FF) of 65.73%, and power conversion efficiency (µ) of 5.16%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmoiz Merghni Mkawi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 42806, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassim Arkook
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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8
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Soueiti J, Sarieddine R, Kadiri H, Alhussein A, Lerondel G, Habchi R. A review of cost-effective black silicon fabrication techniques and applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4738-4761. [PMID: 36808191 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of black silicon, scientists around the world have been trying to come up with novel, cost-effective methods of utilizing this super material in a variety of different industries due to its remarkably low reflectivity and excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties. In this review, many of the most common methods of black silicon fabrication are exhibited, including metal-assisted chemical etching, reactive ion etching, and femto-second laser irradiation. Different nanostructured silicon surfaces are assessed based on their reflectivity and applicable properties in both the visible wavelength range and the infrared range. The most cost efficient technique for the mass production of black silicon is discussed, as well as some promising contender materials ready to replace silicon. Also, solar cell, IR photo-detector, and antibacterial applications are looked into, along with their respective challenges to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Soueiti
- EC2M, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Campus Pierre Gemayel, Fanar, 90656, Lebanon.
| | - Rim Sarieddine
- EC2M, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Campus Pierre Gemayel, Fanar, 90656, Lebanon.
- L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Hind Kadiri
- L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Akram Alhussein
- UR LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Pôle Technologique Sud Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
| | - Gilles Lerondel
- L2n, Université de Technologie de Troyes, CNRS ERL 7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Roland Habchi
- EC2M, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Campus Pierre Gemayel, Fanar, 90656, Lebanon.
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Kolb F, El Gemayel M, Khan I, Dostalek J, Trattnig R, Sommer C, List-Kratochvil EJW. The impact of plasmonic electrodes on the photocarrier extraction of inverted organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2023; 129:230. [PMID: 36876320 PMCID: PMC9977711 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-023-06492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nano-patterning the semiconducting photoactive layer/back electrode interface of organic photovoltaic devices is a widely accepted approach to enhance the power conversion efficiency through the exploitation of numerous photonic and plasmonic effects. Yet, nano-patterning the semiconductor/metal interface leads to intertwined effects that impact the optical as well as the electrical characteristic of solar cells. In this work we aim to disentangle the optical and electrical effects of a nano-structured semiconductor/metal interface on the device performance. For this, we use an inverted bulk heterojunction P3HT:PCBM solar cell structure, where the nano-patterned photoactive layer/back electrode interface is realized by patterning the active layer with sinusoidal grating profiles bearing a periodicity of 300 nm or 400 nm through imprint lithography while varying the photoactive layer thickness (L PAL ) between 90 and 400 nm. The optical and electrical device characteristics of nano-patterned solar cells are compared to the characteristics of control devices, featuring a planar photoactive layer/back electrode interface. We find that patterned solar cells show for an enhanced photocurrent generation for a L PAL above 284 nm, which is not observed when using thinner active layer thicknesses. Simulating the optical characteristic of planar and patterned devices through a finite-difference time-domain approach proves for an increased light absorption in presence of a patterned electrode interface, originating from the excitation of propagating surface plasmon and dielectric waveguide modes. Evaluation of the external quantum efficiency characteristic and the voltage dependent charge extraction characteristics of fabricated planar and patterned solar cells reveals, however, that the increased photocurrents of patterned devices do not stem from an optical enhancement but from an improved charge carrier extraction efficiency in the space charge limited extraction regime. Presented findings clearly demonstrate that the improved charge extraction efficiency of patterned solar cells is linked to the periodic surface corrugation of the (back) electrode interface. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00339-023-06492-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kolb
- Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsges. mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Mirella El Gemayel
- Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsges. mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Imran Khan
- AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, BioSensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, BioSensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- FZU-Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Trattnig
- Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsges. mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Christian Sommer
- Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research Forschungsges. mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Emil J. W. List-Kratochvil
- Institut für Physik, Institut für Chemie & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Onggowarsito C, Feng A, Mao S, Nguyen LN, Xu J, Fu Q. Water Harvesting Strategies through Solar Steam Generator Systems. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201543. [PMID: 36163592 PMCID: PMC10098618 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solar steam generator (SSG) systems have attracted increasing attention, owing to its simple manufacturing, material abundance, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly freshwater production. This system relies on photothermic materials and water absorbing substrates for a clean continuous distillation process. To optimize this process, there are factors that are needed to be considered such as selection of solar absorber and water absorbent materials, followed by micro/macro-structural system design for efficient water evaporation, floating, and filtration capability. In this contribution, we highlight the general interfacial SSG concept, review and compare recent progresses of different SSG systems, as well as discuss important factors on performance optimization. Furthermore, unaddressed challenges such as SSG's cost to performance ratio, filtration of untreatable micropollutants/microorganisms, and the need of standardization testing will be discussed to further advance future SSG studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Onggowarsito
- Centre for Technology in Water and WastewaterSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoNSW 2007Australia
| | - An Feng
- Centre for Technology in Water and WastewaterSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoNSW 2007Australia
| | - Shudi Mao
- Centre for Technology in Water and WastewaterSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoNSW 2007Australia
| | - Luong Ngoc Nguyen
- Centre for Technology in Water and WastewaterSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoNSW 2007Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of Chemical EngineeringUNSW InstitutionSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Centre for Technology in Water and WastewaterSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney15 BroadwayUltimoNSW 2007Australia
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Obraztsova AA, Barettin D, Furasova AD, Voroshilov PM, Auf der Maur M, Orsini A, Makarov SV. Light-Trapping Electrode for the Efficiency Enhancement of Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3210. [PMID: 36144998 PMCID: PMC9500818 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antireflection and light-trapping coatings are important parts of photovoltaic architectures, which enable the reduction of parasitic optical losses, and therefore increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we propose a novel approach to enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells using a light-trapping electrode (LTE) with non-reciprocal optical transmission, consisting of a perforated metal film covered with a densely packed array of nanospheres. Our LTE combines charge collection and light trapping, and it can replace classical transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) such as ITO or FTO, providing better optical transmission and conductivity. One of the most promising applications of our original LTE is the optimization of efficient bifacial perovskite solar cells. We demonstrate that with our LTE, the short-circuit current density and fill factor are improved for both front and back illumination of the solar cells. Thus, we observe an 11% improvement in the light absorption for the monofacial PSCs, and a 15% for the bifacial PSCs. The best theoretical results of efficiency for our PSCs are 27.9% (monofacial) and 33.4% (bifacial). Our study opens new prospects for the further efficiency enhancement for perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Obraztsova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Daniele Barettin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Università Niccoló Cusano, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pavel M. Voroshilov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Matthias Auf der Maur
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Università Niccoló Cusano, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergey V. Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Center of Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao 266000, China
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12
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Ecofriendly synthesis and characterization of Ni 2+ codoped silica magnesium zirconium copper nanoceramics for wastewater treatment applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9855. [PMID: 35701523 PMCID: PMC9198069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article investigates the effect of Ni2+ content on structural (XRD, XPS), morphological (TEM), and magnetic behaviors of silica magnesium zirconium copper nanoceramics calcined at 800 °C. The sol–gel route is followed for the silica magnesium zirconium copper/(0.0–0.7) Ni2+ samples preparation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to analyze the chemical states of elements for the samples. The three representative binding energy magnitudes for O, Ni, and Cu reside at 534, 857, and 979 eV, consecutively. The saturation magnetization constricts with the elevation of Ni2+ content, while the magnetic hysteresis loop resembles the superparamagnetic attitude. The optical spectra present the possibility of direct and indirect transitions in the prepared nanoceramics. Energy gap (value and type), refractive index, and real and imaginary dielectric constant were extracted. The energy gap approaches 3.75 eV and 3.71 eV for direct and indirect transitions correspondingly with (0.7) Ni2+. The antimicrobial and the toxicity performance of all inspected nanocomposites were conducted against pathogenic microbes. The attained results evidenced that SMZC-0.7Ni possesses energetic antimicrobial potential against all targeted microbes. The investigated SMZC-0.7Ni nanocomposite functioned to eradicate frequent waterborne pathogens in wastewater at an appropriate dose (100 mg/L), demonstrating that SMZC can be utilized as a competent disinfectant in the municipal wastewater decontamination process. Inherently, SMZC-0.7Ni can be employed as an excellent nano-weapon against multiple dangerous microorganisms.
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13
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Prudent M, Iabbaden D, Bourquard F, Reynaud S, Lefkir Y, Borroto A, Pierson JF, Garrelie F, Colombier JP. High-Density Nanowells Formation in Ultrafast Laser-Irradiated Thin Film Metallic Glass. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:103. [PMID: 35416497 PMCID: PMC9008105 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an effective approach for fabricating nanowell arrays in a one-step laser process with promising applications for the storage and detection of chemical or biological elements. Biocompatible thin films of metallic glasses are manufactured with a selected composition of Zr65Cu35, known to exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and glass forming ability. Dense nanowell arrays spontaneously form in the ultrafast laser irradiation spot with dimensions down to 20 nm. The flared shape observed by transmission electron microscopy is ideal to ensure chemical or biological material immobilization into the nanowells. This also indicates that the localization of the cavitation-induced nanopores can be tuned by the density and size of the initial nanometric interstice from the columnar structure of films deposited by magnetron sputtering. In addition to the topographic functionalization, the laser-irradiated amorphous material exhibits structural changes analyzed by spectroscopic techniques at the nanoscale such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Results reveal structural changes consisting of nanocrystals of monoclinic zirconia that grow within the amorphous matrix. The mechanism is driven by local oxidation process catalyzed by extreme temperature and pressure conditions estimated by an atomistic simulation of the laser-induced nanowell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Prudent
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Djafar Iabbaden
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Florent Bourquard
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Florence Garrelie
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Colombier
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institute of Optics Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR CNRS 5516, 42023, St-Etienne, France.
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14
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Enhanced Absorption in InP Nanodisk Arrays on Ultra-Thin-Film Silicon for Solar Cell Applications. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The photovoltaic (PV) market today is dominated by silicon (Si)-based solar cells, which, however, can be improved in performance and cost by developing technologies that use less material. We propose an indium phosphide (InP) nanoresonator array on silicon ultra-thin film with a combined thickness of 0.5 μm to 2 μm as a solution to minimize cost and maximize power efficiency. This paper focuses on simultaneously achieving broadband antireflection and enhanced absorption in thin-film Si with integrated InP nanodisk arrays. Electromagnetic simulations are used to design and optimize the reflectance and absorption of the proposed design. By varying the height and radius of the InP nanodisks on the Si substrate, together with the array pitch, a weighted reflectance minimum, with respect to the AM1.5 solar spectrum, of 2.9% is obtained in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 1100 nm. The antireflective properties are found to be a combination of a Mie-resonance-induced strong forward-scattering into the structure and an effective index-matching to the Si substrate. In terms of absorption, even up to 2 μm from the Si surface the InP nanodisk/Si structure consistently shows superior performance compared to plain Si as well as a Si nanodisk/Si structure. At a depth of 500 nm from the surface of the substrate, the absorption values were found to be 47.5% for the InP nanodisk/Si structure compared to only 18.2% for a plain Si substrate. This shows that direct bandgap InP nanoresonator arrays on thin-film Si solar cells can be a novel design to enhance the absorption efficiency of the cell.
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15
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Ali A, El-Mellouhi F, Mitra A, Aïssa B. Research Progress of Plasmonic Nanostructure-Enhanced Photovoltaic Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050788. [PMID: 35269276 PMCID: PMC8912550 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of the electromagnetic properties of metallic nanostructures constitute an extensive research field related to plasmonics. The latter term is derived from plasmons, which are quanta corresponding to longitudinal waves that are propagating in matter by the collective motion of electrons. Plasmonics are increasingly finding wide application in sensing, microscopy, optical communications, biophotonics, and light trapping enhancement for solar energy conversion. Although the plasmonics field has relatively a short history of development, it has led to substantial advancement in enhancing the absorption of the solar spectrum and charge carrier separation efficiency. Recently, huge developments have been made in understanding the basic parameters and mechanisms governing the application of plasmonics, including the effects of nanoparticles’ size, arrangement, and geometry and how all these factors impact the dielectric field in the surrounding medium of the plasmons. This review article emphasizes recent developments, fundamentals, and fabrication techniques for plasmonic nanostructures while investigating their thermal effects and detailing light-trapping enhancement mechanisms. The mismatch effect of the front and back light grating for optimum light trapping is also discussed. Different arrangements of plasmonic nanostructures in photovoltaics for efficiency enhancement, plasmonics’ limitations, and modeling performance are also deeply explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ali
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (A.A.); (F.E.-M.)
| | - Fedwa El-Mellouhi
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (A.A.); (F.E.-M.)
| | - Anirban Mitra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India;
| | - Brahim Aïssa
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (A.A.); (F.E.-M.)
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Kaschuk JJ, Al Haj Y, Rojas OJ, Miettunen K, Abitbol T, Vapaavuori J. Plant-Based Structures as an Opportunity to Engineer Optical Functions in Next-Generation Light Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104473. [PMID: 34699648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the reconstruction of structural plant components (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses) into materials displaying advanced optical properties. The strategies to isolate the main building blocks are discussed, and the effects of fibrillation, fibril alignment, densification, self-assembly, surface-patterning, and compositing are presented considering their role in engineering optical performance. Then, key elements that enable lignocellulosic to be translated into materials that present optical functionality, such as transparency, haze, reflectance, UV-blocking, luminescence, and structural colors, are described. Mapping the optical landscape that is accessible from lignocellulosics is shown as an essential step toward their utilization in smart devices. Advanced materials built from sustainable resources, including those obtained from industrial or agricultural side streams, demonstrate enormous promise in optoelectronics due to their potentially lower cost, while meeting or even exceeding current demands in performance. The requirements are summarized for the production and application of plant-based optically functional materials in different smart material applications and the review is concluded with a perspective about this active field of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Jaqueline Kaschuk
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
| | - Yazan Al Haj
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, 00076, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kati Miettunen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - Tiffany Abitbol
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, SE-114 28, Sweden
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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17
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Introducing surface functionality on thermoformed polymeric films. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Nourdine A, Abdelli M, Charvin N, Flandin L. Custom Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires for Efficient Ambient Air-Processed Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32365-32378. [PMID: 34901589 PMCID: PMC8655780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuration of solar cells is an interesting approach to improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE). This work aims at developing architectured 3D hybrid photovoltaic solar cells using ZnO nanowires (ZnONWs) as the electron transport layer (ETL) and nanocollectors of electrons within the active layer (AL). ZnONWs have been synthesized using a hydrothermal process with a meticulous control of the morphology. The AL of solar cells is elaborated using ZnONWs interpenetrated with a bulk heterojunction composed of donor (π-conjugate low band gap polymer: PBDD4T-2F)/acceptor (fullerene derivate: PC71BM) materials. An ideal interpenetrating ZnONW-D/A system with predefined specific morphological characteristics (length, diameter, and inter-ZnONW distances) was designed and successfully realized. The 3D architectures based on dense ZnONW arrays covered with conformal coatings of AL result in an increased amount of the ETL/AL interface, enhanced light absorption, and improved charge collection efficiency. For AL/ZnONW assembly, spin-coating at 100 °C was found to be the best. Other parameters were also optimized such as the D/A ratio and the pre/post-treatments achieving the optimal device with a D/A ratio of 1.25/1 and methanol treated on ZnONWs before and after the deposition of AL. A PCE of 7.7% (1.4 times better than that of the 2D cells) is achieved. The improvement of the performances with the 3D architecture results from both of: (i) the enhancement of the ZnO/AL surface interface (1 μm2/μm2 for the 2D structure to 6.6 μm2/μm2 for the 3D architecture), (ii) the presence of ZnONWs inside the AL, which behave as numerous nanocollectors (∼60 ZnONW/μm2) of electrons in the depth of the AL. This result validates the efficiency of the concept of nanotexturing of substrates, the method of solar cell assembly based on the nano-textured surface, the chosen morphological characteristics of the nanotexture, and the selected photoactive organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nourdine
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie
Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marwen Abdelli
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie
Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Charvin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie
Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Flandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie
Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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19
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Artificial Neural Networks in MPPT Algorithms for Optimization of Photovoltaic Power Systems: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101260. [PMID: 34683311 PMCID: PMC8541603 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of photovoltaic systems for clean electrical energy has increased. However, due to their low efficiency, researchers have looked for ways to increase their effectiveness and improve their efficiency. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) inverters allow us to maximize the extraction of as much energy as possible from PV panels, and they require algorithms to extract the Maximum Power Point (MPP). Several intelligent algorithms show acceptable performance; however, few consider using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). These have the advantage of giving a fast and accurate tracking of the MPP. The controller effectiveness depends on the algorithm used in the hidden layer and how well the neural network has been trained. Articles over the last six years were studied. A review of different papers, reports, and other documents using ANN for MPPT control is presented. The algorithms are based on ANN or in a hybrid combination with FL or a metaheuristic algorithm. ANN MPPT algorithms deliver an average performance of 98% in uniform conditions, exhibit a faster convergence speed, and have fewer oscillations around the MPP, according to this research.
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20
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Analysis of Power Generation for Solar Photovoltaic Module with Various Internal Cell Spacing. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) systems directly convert solar energy into electricity and researchers are taking into consideration the design of photovoltaic cell interconnections to form a photovoltaic module that maximizes solar irradiance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cell spacing effect of light diffusion on output power. In this work, the light absorption of solar PV cells in a module with three different cell spacings was studied. An optical engineering software program was used to analyze the reflecting light on the backsheet of the solar PV module towards the solar cell with varied internal cell spacing of 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm. Then, assessments were performed under standard test conditions to investigate the power output of the PV modules. The results of the study show that the module with an internal cell spacing of 8 mm generated more power than 5 mm and 2 mm. Conversely, internal cell spacing from 2 mm to 5 mm revealed a greater increase of power output on the solar PV module compared to 5 mm to 8 mm. Furthermore, based on the simulation and experiment, internal cell spacing variation showed that the power output of a solar PV module can increase its potential to produce more power from the diffuse reflectance of light.
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21
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El-Bashar R, Hussein M, Hegazy SF, Badr Y, Farhat O Hameed M, Obayya SSA. Analysis of highly efficient quad-crescent-shaped Si nanowires solar cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13641-13656. [PMID: 33985095 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured semiconductor nanowires (NWs) present a smart solution for broadband absorption solar cells (SCs) with high efficiency and low-cost. In this paper, a novel design of quad crescent-shaped silicon NW SC is introduced and numerically studied. The suggested NW has quad crescent shapes which create a cavity between any adjacent NWs. Such a cavity will permit multiple light scattering with improved absorption. Additionally, new modes will be excited along the NWs, which are highly coupled with the incident light. Further, the surface reflection from the crescent NWs is decreased due to the reduced surface filling ratio. The finite difference time domain method is utilized to analyze the optical characteristics of the reported structure. The proposed NW offers short circuit current density (Jsc) of 27.8 mA/cm2 and ultimate efficiency (ηul) of 34% with an enhancement of 14% and volume reduction of 40% compared to the conventional NWs. The Jsc and ηul are improved to 35.8 mA/cm2 and 43.7% by adding a Si substrate and back reflector to the suggested crescent NWs.
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22
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Elshorbagy MH, Sánchez PA, Cuadrado A, Alda J, Esteban Ó. Resonant nano-dimer metasurface for ultra-thin a-Si:H solar cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7179. [PMID: 33785847 PMCID: PMC8009869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells (a-Si:H) can perform better and be more competitive by including nanostructures. An optimized nano-dimer structure embedded in close contact with the back electrode of an aSi:H ultra-thin solar cells can enhance the deliverable short-circuit current up to 27.5 %. This enhancement is the result of an increase in the absorption at the active layer, that is the product of an efficient scattering from the nanostructure. From our calculations, the nano-dimer structure must be made out of a high-index of refraction material, like GaP. The evaluation of the scattering and absorption cross section of the structure supports the calculated enhancement in short-circuit current, that is always accompanied by a decrease in the total reflectance of the cell, which is reduced by about 50 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Elshorbagy
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Madrid, Spain.,Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El Minya, 61519, Egypt
| | - Pablo A Sánchez
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Cuadrado
- Escuela de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, University Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alda
- Applied Optics Complutense Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Arcos de Jalón, 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Esteban
- Photonics Engineering Group, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Girolami M, Bellucci A, Mastellone M, Orlando S, Serpente V, Valentini V, Polini R, Sani E, De Caro T, Trucchi DM. Femtosecond-Laser Nanostructuring of Black Diamond Films under Different Gas Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5761. [PMID: 33348641 PMCID: PMC7766203 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of diamond with femtosecond (fs) laser pulses in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions results in the formation of surface periodic nanostructures able to strongly interact with visible and infrared light. As a result, native transparent diamond turns into a completely different material, namely "black" diamond, with outstanding absorptance properties in the solar radiation wavelength range, which can be efficiently exploited in innovative solar energy converters. Of course, even if extremely effective, the use of UHV strongly complicates the fabrication process. In this work, in order to pave the way to an easier and more cost-effective manufacturing workflow of black diamond, we demonstrate that it is possible to ensure the same optical properties as those of UHV-fabricated films by performing an fs-laser nanostructuring at ambient conditions (i.e., room temperature and atmospheric pressure) under a constant He flow, as inferred from the combined use of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry analysis. Conversely, if the laser treatment is performed under a compressed air flow, or a N2 flow, the optical properties of black diamond films are not comparable to those of their UHV-fabricated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Girolami
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Alessandro Bellucci
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Matteo Mastellone
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base ed Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Orlando
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Tito Scalo, Area Industriale–Contrada S. Loia, Tito Scalo, 85050 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Valerio Serpente
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Veronica Valentini
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Riccardo Polini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Elisa Sani
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (INO–CNR), Largo E. Fermi, 50125 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Tilde De Caro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMN–CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy;
| | - Daniele M. Trucchi
- DiaTHEMA Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM–CNR), Sede Secondaria di Montelibretti, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Roma, Italy; (A.B.); (M.M.); (V.S.); (V.V.); (D.M.T.)
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Tran VT, Nguyen HQ, Kim YM, Ok G, Lee J. Photonic-Plasmonic Nanostructures for Solar Energy Utilization and Emerging Biosensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2248. [PMID: 33198391 PMCID: PMC7696832 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Issues related to global energy and environment as well as health crisis are currently some of the greatest challenges faced by humanity, which compel us to develop new pollution-free and sustainable energy sources, as well as next-generation biodiagnostic solutions. Optical functional nanostructures that manipulate and confine light on a nanometer scale have recently emerged as leading candidates for a wide range of applications in solar energy conversion and biosensing. In this review, recent research progress in the development of photonic and plasmonic nanostructures for various applications in solar energy conversion, such as photovoltaics, photothermal conversion, and photocatalysis, is highlighted. Furthermore, the combination of photonic and plasmonic nanostructures for developing high-efficiency solar energy conversion systems is explored and discussed. We also discuss recent applications of photonic-plasmonic-based biosensors in the rapid management of infectious diseases at point-of-care as well as terahertz biosensing and imaging for improving global health. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects associated with the existing solar energy conversion and biosensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tan Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Materials Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (V.T.T.); (H.-Q.N.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Huu-Quang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Materials Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (V.T.T.); (H.-Q.N.)
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Gyeongsik Ok
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Materials Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (V.T.T.); (H.-Q.N.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
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Liu W, Wang Y, Guo X, Song J, Wang X, Yi Y. Light Trapping in Single Elliptical Silicon Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10112121. [PMID: 33113822 PMCID: PMC7692122 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light trapping in single nanowires (NWs) is of vital importance for photovoltaic applications. However, circular NWs (CNWs) can limit their light-trapping ability due to high geometrical symmetry. In this work, we present a detailed study of light trapping in single silicon NWs with an elliptical cross-section (ENWs). We demonstrate that the ENWs exhibit significantly enhanced light trapping compared with the CNWs, which can be ascribed to the symmetry-broken structure that can orthogonalize the direction of light illumination and the leaky mode resonances (LMRs). That is, the elliptical cross-section can simultaneously increase the light path length by increasing the vertical axis and reshape the LMR modes by decreasing the horizontal axis. We found that the light absorption can be engineered via tuning the horizontal and vertical axes, the photocurrent is significantly enhanced by 374.0% (150.3%, 74.1%) or 146.1% (61.0%, 35.3%) in comparison with that of the CNWs with the same diameter as the horizontal axis of 100 (200, 400) nm or the vertical axis of 1000 nm, respectively. This work advances our understanding of how to improve light trapping based on the symmetry breaking from the CNWs to ENWs and provides a rational way for designing high-efficiency single NW photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Liu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China; (Y.W.); (X.G.); (J.S.)
- Integrated Nano Optoelectronics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA;
| | - Yinling Wang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China; (Y.W.); (X.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China; (Y.W.); (X.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jun Song
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China; (Y.W.); (X.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Integrated Nano Optoelectronics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA;
| | - Yasha Yi
- Integrated Nano Optoelectronics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA;
- Energy Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Xu Z, Rao N, Tang CY, Law WC. Seawater Desalination by Interfacial Solar Vapor Generation Method Using Plasmonic Heating Nanocomposites. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090867. [PMID: 32962173 PMCID: PMC7570019 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-growing demand in fresh water supply, great efforts have been devoted to developing sustainable systems which could generate fresh water continuously. Solar vapor generation is one of the promising strategies which comprise an unlimited energy source and efficient solar-to-heat generators for overcoming fresh water scarcity. However, current solar vapor generation systems suffer either from inefficient utilization of solar energy or an expensive fabrication process. In this paper, we introduced a nano-plasmonic approach, i.e., a floatable nanocompoiste where copper sulfide nanorods (Cu2-xS NRs) are embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, for solar-to-vapor generation. A high solar vapor generation efficiency of ~87% and water evaporation rate of 1.270 kg m−2 h−1 were achieved under simulated solar irradiation of 1 sun. With the illumination of natural daylight, seawater was purified using Cu2-xS NRs-PVA gel, with high purity, as distilled drinking water. The plasmonic nanocomposites demonstrated here are easy to fabricate and highly efficient for solar vapor generation, illustrating a potential solution for future seawater desalination.
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Vertically Arranged Zinc Oxide Nanorods as Antireflection Layer for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell: A Simulation Study of Photovoltaic Properties. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the unique antireflection (AR) layer of vertically arranged ZnO nanorods (NRs) on crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells and studies the charge transport and photovoltaic properties by simulation. The vertically arranged ZnO NRs were deposited on ZnO-seeded c-Si wafers by a simple low-temperature solution process. The lengths of the ZnO NRs were optimized by changing the reaction times. Highly dense and vertically arranged ZnO NRs were obtained over the c-Si wafer when the reaction time was 5 h. The deposited ZnO NRs on the c-Si wafers exhibited the lowest reflectance of ~7.5% at 838 nm, having a reasonable average reflectance of ~9.5% in the whole wavelength range (400–1000 nm). Using PC1D software, the charge transport and photovoltaic properties of c-Si solar cells were explored by considering the lengths of the ZnO NRs and the reflectance values. The 1.1 μm length of the ZnO NRs and a minimum average reflectance of 9.5% appeared to be the optimum values for achieving the highest power conversion efficiency of 14.88%. The simulation study for the vertically arranged ZnO NRs AR layers clearly reflects that the low-temperature deposited ZnO NRs on c-Si solar cells could pose a greater prospect in the manufacturing of low-cost c-Si solar cells.
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Design of Silicon Nanowire Array for PEDOT:PSS-Silicon Nanowire-Based Hybrid Solar Cell. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among various photovoltaic devices, the poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based hybrid solar cell is getting momentum for the next generation solar cell. Although, the power-conversion efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell has already been reported above 13% by many researchers, it is still at a primitive stage and requires comprehensive research and developments. When SiNWs interact with conjugate polymer PEDOT:PSS, the various aspects of SiNW array are required to optimize for high efficiency hybrid solar cell. Therefore, the designing of silicon nanowire (SiNW) array is a crucial aspect for an efficient PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, where PEDOT:PSS plays a role as a conductor with an transparent optical window just-like as metal-semiconductor Schottky solar cell. This short review mainly focuses on the current research trends for the general, electrical, optical and photovoltaic design issues associated with SiNW array for PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cells. The foremost features including the morphology, surface traps, doping of SiNW, which limit the efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, will be addressed and reviewed. Finally, the SiNW design issues for boosting up the fill-factor, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will be highlighted and discussed.
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Enabling selective absorption in perovskite solar cells for refractometric sensing of gases. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7761. [PMID: 32385355 PMCID: PMC7210928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells are currently considered a promising technology for solar energy harvesting. Their capability to deliver an electrical signal when illuminated can sense changes in environmental parameters. We have numerically analyzed the variation of the current delivered by a perovskite cell as a function of the index of refraction of air, that is in contact with the front surface of the cell. This calculation identifies which geometrical and material structures enhance this behavior. After replacing the top transparent electrode of a solar cell by an optimized subwavelength metallic grating, we find a large variation in the responsivity of the cell with respect to the change in the index of refraction of the surrounding medium. Such a refractometric sensor can be interrogated electronically, avoiding the cumbersome set-ups of spectral or angular interrogation methods. We present an adaptation of the performance parameters of refractometric sensors (sensitivity and figure of merit) to the case of opto-electronic interrogation methods. The values of sensitivity and Figure of Merit are promising for the development of refractometric perovskite-based sensors.
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Zheng BC, Shi JB, Lin HS, Hsu PY, Lee HW, Lin CH, Lee MW, Kao MC. Growth of Less than 20 nm SnO Nanowires Using an Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template for Gas Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020153. [PMID: 32019256 PMCID: PMC7074593 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stannous oxide (SnO) nanowires were synthesized by a template and catalyst-free thermal oxidation process. After annealing a Sn nanowires-embedded anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template in air, we obtained a large amount of SnO nanowires. SnO nanowires were first prepared by electrochemical deposition and an oxidization method based on an AAO template. The preparation of SnO nanowires used aluminum sheet (purity 99.999%) and then a two-step anodization procedure to obtain a raw alumina mold. Finally, transparent alumina molds (AAO template) were obtained by reaming, soaking with phosphoric acid for 20 min, and a stripping process. We got a pore size of < 20 nm on the transparent alumina mold. In order to meet electroplating needs, we produced a platinum film on the bottom surface of the AAO template by using a sputtering method as the electrode of electroplating deposition. The structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to observe the morphology. The EDS spectrum showed that components of the materials were Sn and O. FE-SEM results showed the synthesized SnO nanowires have an approximate length of ~10–20 μm with a highly aspect ratio of > 500. SnO nanowires with a Sn/O atomic ratio of ~1:1 were observed from EDS. The crystal structure of SnO nanowires showed that all the peaks within the spectrum lead to SnO with a tetragonal structure. This study may lead to the use of the 1D structure nanowires into electronic nanodevices and/or sensors, thus leading to nano-based functional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Chi Zheng
- Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (B.-C.Z.); (H.-S.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Jen-Bin Shi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (P.-Y.H.); (C.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-24517250 (ext. 4951)
| | - Hsien-Sheng Lin
- Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (B.-C.Z.); (H.-S.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Po-Yao Hsu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (P.-Y.H.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Hsuan-Wei Lee
- Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (B.-C.Z.); (H.-S.L.); (H.-W.L.)
| | - Chih-Hsien Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan; (P.-Y.H.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Ming-Way Lee
- Institute of Nanoscience and Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Cheng Kao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hsiuping University of Science and Technology, Taichung 41280, Taiwan;
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