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Duleba A, Pugachev M, Blumenau M, Martanov S, Naumov M, Shupletsov A, Kuntsevich A. Inert-Atmosphere Microfabrication Technology for 2D Materials and Heterostructures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:94. [PMID: 38258213 PMCID: PMC11154319 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Most 2D materials are unstable under ambient conditions. Assembly of van der Waals heterostructures in the inert atmosphere of the glove box with ex situ lithography partially solves the problem of device fabrication out of unstable materials. In our paper, we demonstrate an approach to the next-generation inert-atmosphere (nitrogen, <20 ppm oxygen content) fabrication setup, including optical contact mask lithography with a 2 μm resolution, metal evaporation, lift-off and placement of the sample to the cryostat for electric measurements in the same inert atmosphere environment. We consider basic construction principles, budget considerations, and showcase the fabrication and subsequent degradation of black-phosphorous-based structures within weeks. The proposed solutions are surprisingly compact and inexpensive, making them feasible for implementation in numerous 2D materials laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Duleba
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mikhail Pugachev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mark Blumenau
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Sergey Martanov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mark Naumov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), Moscow 127055, Russia;
| | - Aleksey Shupletsov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandr Kuntsevich
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.D.); (M.P.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.S.)
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Galiullin AA, Pugachev MV, Duleba AI, Kuntsevich AY. Cost-Effective Laboratory Matrix Projection Micro-Lithography System. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:39. [PMID: 38258158 PMCID: PMC11154530 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a home-built projection lithographer designed to transfer the image from a DLP (digital light processing) projector MEMS matrix onto the microscope objective's field of view, where a photoresist-covered substrate is placed. The photoresist is exposed using blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm. To calibrate the device and adjust focal lengths, we utilize a red light that does not affect the photoresist. The substrate is located on a movable platform, allowing the exposure field to be shifted, enabling the exposure of designs with lateral sizes of 1 × 1 cm2 at a resolution of a few micrometers. Our setup showcases a 2 μm resolution for the single frame 200 × 100 μm2, and a 5 μm resolution for 1 × 1 cm2 with field stitching. The exposure speed, approximately 1 mm2/100 s, proves to be sufficient for a variety of laboratory prototyping needs. This system offers a significant advantage due to its utilization of easily accessible and budget-friendly components, thereby enhancing its accessibility for a broader user base. The exposure speed and resolution meet the requirements for laboratory prototyping in the fields of 2D materials, quantum optics, superconducting microelectronics, microfluidics, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aleksandr Yu. Kuntsevich
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.G.); (M.V.P.); (A.I.D.)
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Zhang R, Jiang J, Wu W. Wearable chemical sensors based on 2D materials for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3079-3105. [PMID: 36723394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sensors worn on the body could make possible the continuous, noninvasive, and accurate monitoring of vital human signals, which is necessary for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Attractive for creating high-performance, wearable chemical sensors are atomically thin materials with intriguing physical features, abundant chemistry, and high surface-to-volume ratios. These advantages allow for appropriate material-analyte interactions, resulting in a high level of sensitivity even at trace analyte concentrations. Previous review articles covered the material and device elements of 2D material-based wearable devices extensively. In contrast, little research has addressed the existing state, future outlook, and promise of 2D materials for wearable chemical sensors. We provide an overview of recent advances in 2D-material-based wearable chemical sensors to overcome this deficiency. The structure design, manufacturing techniques, and mechanisms of 2D material-based wearable chemical sensors will be evaluated, as well as their applicability in human health monitoring. Importantly, we present a thorough review of the current state of the art and the technological gaps that would enable the future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials and wearable chemical sensors. Finally, we explore the challenges and opportunities associated with designing and implementing 2D wearable chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zhang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- The Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Paras, Yadav K, Kumar P, Teja DR, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty M, Mohapatra SS, Sahoo A, Chou MMC, Liang CT, Hang DR. A Review on Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Nanofabrication, Characterization and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:160. [PMID: 36616070 PMCID: PMC9824826 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern cutting-edge technology relies heavily on the huge success and advancement of nanotechnology, in which nanomaterials and nanostructures provide the indispensable material cornerstone. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions with possible quantum limit, nanomaterials and nanostructures possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, rich surface/interface effects, and distinct physical and chemical properties compared with their bulk counterparts, leading to the remarkably expanded horizons of their applications. Depending on their degree of spatial quantization, low-dimensional nanomaterials are generally categorized into nanoparticles (0D); nanorods, nanowires, and nanobelts (1D); and atomically thin layered materials (2D). This review article provides a comprehensive guide to low-dimensional nanomaterials and nanostructures. It begins with the classification of nanomaterials, followed by an inclusive account of nanofabrication and characterization. Both top-down and bottom-up fabrication approaches are discussed in detail. Next, various significant applications of low-dimensional nanomaterials are discussed, such as photonics, sensors, catalysis, energy storage, diverse coatings, and various bioapplications. This article would serve as a quick and facile guide for scientists and engineers working in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Kushal Yadav
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Dharmasanam Ravi Teja
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudipto Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Monojit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Abanti Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Mitch M. C. Chou
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Taiwan Consortium of Emergent Crystalline Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Da-Ren Hang
- Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center of Crystal Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Gritsienko AV, Duleba A, Pugachev MV, Kurochkin NS, Vlasov II, Vitukhnovsky AG, Kuntsevich AY. Photodynamics of Bright Subnanosecond Emission from Pure Single-Photon Sources in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4495. [PMID: 36558349 PMCID: PMC9782090 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bright and stable emitters of single indistinguishable photons are crucial for quantum technologies. The origin of the promising bright emitters recently observed in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) still remains unclear. This study reports pure single-photon sources in multi-layered hBN at room temperature that demonstrate high emission rates. The quantum emitters are introduced with argon beam treatment and air annealing of mechanically exfoliated hBN flakes with thicknesses of 5-100 nm. Spectral and time-resolved measurements reveal the emitters have more than 1 GHz of excited-to-ground state transition rate. The observed photoswitching between dark and bright states indicates the strong sensitivity of the emitter to the electrostatic environment and the importance of the indirect excitation for the photodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Gritsienko
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Aliaksandr Duleba
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Pugachev
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita S. Kurochkin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Igor I. Vlasov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei G. Vitukhnovsky
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskií Per., 141700 Dolgoprudnyí, Russia
| | - Alexandr Yu. Kuntsevich
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Klokov AY, Frolov NY, Sharkov AI, Nikolaev SN, Chernopitssky MA, Chentsov SI, Pugachev MV, Duleba AI, Shupletsov AV, Krivobok VS, Kuntsevich AY. 3D Hypersound Microscopy of van der Waals Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2070-2076. [PMID: 35225628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the layered crystals in the few layer limit are largely unexplored. We employ a picosecond ultrasonic technique to access the corresponding mechanical parameters. Temporal variation of the reflection coefficient of the Al film that covers hBN/WSe2/hBN (where hBN is hexagonal boron nitride) heterostructures on a sapphire substrate after the femtosecond laser pulse excitation is carefully measured using an interferometric technique with spatial resolution. The laser pulse generates a broadband sound wave packet propagating perpendicularly to the Al plane and partially reflecting from the heterostructural interfaces. The demonstrated technique allows one to resolve a WSe2 monolayer embedded in hBN. We apply a multilayered model of the optoacoustical response to evaluate the mechanical parameters, in particular, the rigidity of the interfaces. Mapping of the Fourier spectra of the response visualizes different composition regions and may serve as an acoustic tomography tool. Almost zero phonon dissipation below 150 GHz demonstrates the van der Waals heterostructures' potential for nanoacoustical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Klokov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay Yu Frolov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey I Sharkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Nikolaev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim A Chernopitssky
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Semen I Chentsov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pugachev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Aliaksandr I Duleba
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Shupletsov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Krivobok
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Yu Kuntsevich
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS, Leninsky Prospekt 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
- HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya ulitsa, Moscow 101000, Russia
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Jindal V, Sugunakar V, Ghosh S. Setup for photolithography on microscopic flakes of 2D materials by combining simple-geometry mask projection with writing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:023901. [PMID: 35232160 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An optical arrangement and procedure for photolithography on microscopic flakes of two-dimensional materials with an arbitrary shape/size is described. The technique combines projection of demagnified images of simple geometry macroscopic masks with writing. Only a few masks, such as vertical/horizontal slit and square hole, are sufficient to generate most of the required patterns. The setup allows for initially locating the photoresist coated flake on a substrate by imaging it. Thereafter, the automated precise sample stage motion followed by projection of the demagnified mask image is repeated several times to expose the photoresist in the shape of the required pattern. Appropriate light wavelength regimes for imaging and for exposure are chosen through automated optical filter switching. Programming steps for the process are described. The setup allows for direct lithography in one round on microscopic samples without requiring sample shape/size specific masks or predefined position markers. Making of electrode lines of width down to 3 μm, at desired locations on tiny flakes of MoS2, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwas Jindal
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Vasam Sugunakar
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sandip Ghosh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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