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Xu H, Lin C, Tang H, Li R, Xia Z, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Shen J. A Method for Detecting Five Carbapenemases in Bacteria Based on CRISPR-Cas12a Multiple RPA Rapid Detection Technology. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1599-1614. [PMID: 38699075 PMCID: PMC11063466 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s429707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the last line of defense for clinical treatment, Carbapenem antibiotics are increasingly challenged by multi-drug resistant bacteria containing carbapenemases. The rapid spread of these multidrug-resistant bacteria is the greatest threat to severe global health problems. Methods To solve the problem of rapid transmission of this multidrug-resistant bacteria, we have developed a rapid detection technology using CRPSPR-Cas12a gene editing based on multiple Recombinase polymerase amplification. This technical method can directly isolate the genes of carbapenemase-containing bacteria from samples, with a relatively short detection time of 30 minutes. The instrument used for the detection is relatively inexpensive. Only a water bath can complete the entire experiment of Recombinase polymerase amplification and trans cleavage. This reaction requires no lid during the entire process while reducing a large amount of aerosol pollution. Results The detection sensitivity of this method is 1.5 CFU/mL, and the specificity is 100%. Discussion This multi-scene detection method is suitable for screening populations in wild low-resource environments and large-scale indoor crowds. It can be widely used in hospital infection control and prevention and to provide theoretical insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jilu Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Jin Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Xiong P, Cheng J, Xu T. An Integrated Microfluidic Biosensing System Based on a Versatile Valve and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Salmonella typhimurium. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:790. [PMID: 37622876 PMCID: PMC10452558 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Detecting foodborne pathogens on-site is crucial for ensuring food safety, necessitating the development of rapid, cost-effective, highly sensitive, and portable devices. This paper presents an integrated microfluidic biosensing system designed for the rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The biosensing system comprises a microfluidic chip with a versatile valve, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for nucleic acid detection, and a customized real-time fluorescence detection system. The versatile valve combines the functions of an active valve and a magnetic actuation mixer, enabling on-demand mixing and controlling fluid flow. Quantitative fluorescence is processed and detected through a custom-built smartphone application. The proposed integrated microfluidic biosensing system could detect Salmonella at concentrations as low as 1.0 × 102 copies/µL within 30 min, which was consistent with the results obtained from the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests. With its versatile valve, this integrated microfluidic biosensing system holds significant potential for on-site detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.J.)
| | - Jingyi Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.J.)
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.J.)
| | - Peng Xiong
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.J.)
| | - Jianing Cheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.J.)
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China
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Xesfyngi Y, Georgoutsou-Spyridonos M, Tripathy A, Milionis A, Poulikakos D, Mastellos DC, Tserepi A. A High-Performance Antibacterial Nanostructured ZnO Microfluidic Device for Controlled Bacterial Lysis and DNA Release. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 37627695 PMCID: PMC10451374 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the antibacterial properties of nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) surfaces are explored by incorporating them as walls in a simple-to-fabricate microchannel device. Bacterial cell lysis is demonstrated and quantified in such a device, which functions due to the action of its nanostructured ZnO surfaces in contact with the working fluid. To shed light on the mechanism responsible for lysis, E. coli bacteria were incubated in zinc and nanostructured ZnO substrates, as well as the here-investigated ZnO-based microfluidic devices. The unprecedented killing efficiency of E. coli in nanostructured ZnO microchannels, effective after a 15 min incubation, paves the way for the implementation of such microfluidic chips in the disinfection of bacteria-containing solutions. In addition, the DNA release was confirmed by off-chip PCR and UV absorption measurements. The results indicate that the present nanostructured ZnO-based microfluidic chip can, under light, achieve partial inactivation of the released bacterial DNA via reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage. The present device concept can find broader applications in cases where the presence of DNA in a sample is not desirable. Furthermore, the present microchannel device enables, in the dark, efficient release of bacterial DNA for downstream genomic DNA analysis. The demonstrated potential of this antibacterial device for tailored dual functionality in light/dark conditions is the main novel contribution of the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonni Xesfyngi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou E’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (Y.X.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Maria Georgoutsou-Spyridonos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou E’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (Y.X.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Abinash Tripathy
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.T.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Athanasios Milionis
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.T.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.T.); (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Dimitrios C. Mastellos
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou E’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece;
| | - Angeliki Tserepi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) “Demokritos”, Patr. Gregoriou E’ and 27 Neapoleos Str., 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece; (Y.X.); (M.G.-S.)
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Filippidou MK, Chatzandroulis S. Microfluidic Devices for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1520. [PMID: 37630055 PMCID: PMC10456312 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of air, water and soil by heavy metal ions is one of the most serious problems plaguing the environment. These metal ions are characterized by a low biodegradability and high chemical stability and can affect humans and animals, causing severe diseases. In addition to the typical analysis methods, i.e., liquid chromatography (LC) or spectrometric methods (i.e., atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS), there is a need for the development of inexpensive, easy-to-use, sensitive and portable devices for the detection of heavy metal ions at the point of interest. To this direction, microfluidic and lab-on-chip (LOC) devices fabricated with novel materials and scalable microfabrication methods have been proposed as a promising approach to realize such systems. This review focuses on the recent advances of such devices used for the detection of the most important toxic metal ions, namely, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) ions. Particular emphasis is given to the materials, the fabrication methods and the detection methods proposed for the realization of such devices in order to provide a complete overview of the existing technology advances as well as the limitations and the challenges that should be addressed in order to improve the commercial uptake of microfluidic and LOC devices in environmental monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavros Chatzandroulis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece;
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Daddy Gaoh S, Kweon O, Ahn Y. Propidium Monoazide (PMAxx)-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Exo (RPA Exo) Assay for Rapid Detection of Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHX) and Benzalkonium Chloride (BZK) Solutions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1401. [PMID: 37374904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sterile and non-sterile pharmaceutical products, which include antiseptics, have been recalled due to Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) contamination. Therefore, minimizing the frequency of outbreaks may be conducive to the development of a quick and sensitive approach that can distinguish between live and dead loads of BCC. We have assessed an exo probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with 10 µM propidium monoazide (PMAxx) for selective detection of live/dead BCC cells in various concentrations of antiseptics (i.e., chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and benzalkonium chloride (BZK) solutions) after 24 h. The optimized assay conducted using a set of primer-probes targeting gbpT was performed at 40 °C for 20 min and shows a detection limit of 10 pg/µL of genomic DNA from B. cenocepacia J2315, equivalent to 104 colony-forming units (CFU/mL). The specificity of a newly designed primer and probe was 80% (20 negatives out of 25). The readings for total cells (i.e., without PMAxx) from 200 µg/mL CHX using PMAxx-RPA exo assay was 310 relative fluorescence units (RFU), compared to 129 RFU with PMAxx (i.e., live cells). Furthermore, in 50-500 µg/mL BZK-treated cells, a difference in the detection rate was observed between the PMAxx-RPA exo assay in live cells (130.4-459.3 RFU) and total cells (207.82-684.5 RFU). This study shows that the PMAxx-RPA exo assay appears to be a valid tool for the simple, rapid and presumptive detection of live BCC cells in antiseptics, thereby ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumana Daddy Gaoh
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ohgew Kweon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Youngbeom Ahn
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Mitrogiannopoulou AM, Tselepi V, Ellinas K. Polymeric and Paper-Based Lab-on-a-Chip Devices in Food Safety: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:986. [PMID: 37241610 PMCID: PMC10223399 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Food quality and safety are important to protect consumers from foodborne illnesses. Currently, laboratory scale analysis, which takes several days to complete, is the main way to ensure the absence of pathogenic microorganisms in a wide range of food products. However, new methods such as PCR, ELISA, or even accelerated plate culture tests have been proposed for the rapid detection of pathogens. Lab-on-chip (LOC) devices and microfluidics are miniaturized devices that can enable faster, easier, and at the point of interest analysis. Nowadays, methods such as PCR are often coupled with microfluidics, providing new LOC devices that can replace or complement the standard methods by offering highly sensitive, fast, and on-site analysis. This review's objective is to present an overview of recent advances in LOCs used for the identification of the most prevalent foodborne and waterborne pathogens that put consumer health at risk. In particular, the paper is organized as follows: first, we discuss the main fabrication methods of microfluidics as well as the most popular materials used, and then we present recent literature examples for LOCs used for the detection of pathogenic bacteria found in water and other food samples. In the final section, we summarize our findings and also provide our point of view on the challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kosmas Ellinas
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou & Makrygianni St, GR 81400 Myrina, Greece
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7
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Wang J, Jiang H, Pan L, Gu X, Xiao C, Liu P, Tang Y, Fang J, Li X, Lu C. Rapid on-site nucleic acid testing: On-chip sample preparation, amplification, and detection, and their integration into all-in-one systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1020430. [PMID: 36815884 PMCID: PMC9930993 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As nucleic acid testing is playing a vital role in increasingly many research fields, the need for rapid on-site testing methods is also increasing. The test procedure often consists of three steps: Sample preparation, amplification, and detection. This review covers recent advances in on-chip methods for each of these three steps and explains the principles underlying related methods. The sample preparation process is further divided into cell lysis and nucleic acid purification, and methods for the integration of these two steps on a single chip are discussed. Under amplification, on-chip studies based on PCR and isothermal amplification are covered. Three isothermal amplification methods reported to have good resistance to PCR inhibitors are selected for discussion due to their potential for use in direct amplification. Chip designs and novel strategies employed to achieve rapid extraction/amplification with satisfactory efficiency are discussed. Four detection methods providing rapid responses (fluorescent, optical, and electrochemical detection methods, plus lateral flow assay) are evaluated for their potential in rapid on-site detection. In the final section, we discuss strategies to improve the speed of the entire procedure and to integrate all three steps onto a single chip; we also comment on recent advances, and on obstacles to reducing the cost of chip manufacture and achieving mass production. We conclude that future trends will focus on effective nucleic acid extraction via combined methods and direct amplification via isothermal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Pan
- Zhejiang Hongzheng Testing Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuying Gu
- Zhejiang Gongzheng Testing Center Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaogeng Xiao
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety detection for Zhejiang Market Regulation, Zhejiang Fangyuan Testing Group LO.T, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Hangzhou Tiannie Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-products Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification for high-risk and low-risk type HPV detection, as potential local use in single tube. Sci Rep 2023; 13:829. [PMID: 36646782 PMCID: PMC9841928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High rates of new cervical cancer cases and deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries yearly, and one reason was found related to limitation of regular cervical cancer screening in local and low-resource settings. HPV has over 150 types, yet certain 14-20 high-risk and 13-14 low-risk types are common, and, thus, most conventional HPV nucleic acid assays, for examples, Cobas 4800 HPV test (Roche Diagnostics, New Jersey, USA) and REBA HPV-ID (Molecules and Diagnostics, Wonju, Republic of Korea) were developed to cover these types. We thereby utilized bioinformatics combined with recent isothermal amplification technique at 35-42 °C to firstly describe multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification assay that is specific to these common 20 high-risk and 14 low-risk types, and also L1 and E6/E7 genes that target different stages of cervical cancer development. Multiplex primer concentrations and reaction incubation conditions were optimized to allow simultaneous two gene detections at limit of detection of 1000 copies (equivalent to 2.01 fg) for L1 and 100 copies (0.0125 fg) for E6/E7, respectively. The assay was validated against urogenital and other pathogens, normal flora, and human control. In 130 real clinical sample tests, the assay demonstrated 100% specificity, 78% diagnostic accuracy, and 75% sensitivity compared with REBA HPV-ID test, and is much more rapid (15-40 min), less expensive (~ 3-4 USD/reaction) and does not require instrumentation (35-42 °C reaction condition so hand holding or tropical temperature is possible). Hence, the developed novel assay provides alternative screening tool for potential local screening. Furthermore, as this assay uses safe chemical reagents, it is safe for users.
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Bienes KM, Mao L, Selekon B, Gonofio E, Nakoune E, Wong G, Berthet N. Rapid Detection of the Varicella-Zoster Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification-Lateral Flow System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122957. [PMID: 36552964 PMCID: PMC9777233 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). VZV infections are ubiquitous and highly contagious, and diagnosis is mostly based on the assessment of signs and symptoms. However, monkeypox, an emerging infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has clinical manifestations that are similar to those of VZV infections. With the recent monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic regions, VZV infections are likely to be misdiagnosed in the absence of laboratory testing. Considering the lack of accessible diagnostic tests that discriminate VZV from MPXV or other poxviruses, a handy and affordable detection system for VZV is crucial for rapid differential diagnosis. Here, we developed a new detection method for VZV using recombinase-aided amplification technology, combined with the lateral flow system (RAA-LF). Given the prevalence of VZV worldwide, this method can be applied not only to distinguish VZV from other viruses causing rash, but also to foster early detection, contributing substantially to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjing Mao
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Ella Gonofio
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
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Toldrà A, Ainla A, Khaliliazar S, Landin R, Chondrogiannis G, Hanze M, Réu P, Hamedi MM. Portable electroanalytical nucleic acid amplification tests using printed circuit boards and open-source electronics. Analyst 2022; 147:4249-4256. [PMID: 35993403 PMCID: PMC9511072 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00923d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The realization of electrochemical nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) at the point of care (POC) is highly desirable, but it remains a challenge given their high cost and lack of true portability/miniaturization. Here we show that mass-produced, industrial standardized, printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be repurposed to act as near-zero cost electrodes for self-assembled monolayer-based DNA biosensing, and further integration with a custom-designed and low-cost portable potentiostat. To show the analytical capability of this system, we developed a NAAT using isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification, bypassing the need of thermal cyclers, followed by an electrochemical readout relying on a sandwich hybridization assay. We used our sensor and device for analytical detection of the toxic microalgae Ostreopsis cf. ovata as a proof of concept. This work shows the potential of PCBs and open-source electronics to be used as powerful POC DNA biosensors at a low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toldrà
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Alar Ainla
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Shirin Khaliliazar
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Roman Landin
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Georgios Chondrogiannis
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Martin Hanze
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Pedro Réu
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
| | - Mahiar M Hamedi
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden.
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Editorial for the Special Issue on Lab-on-PCB Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071001. [PMID: 35888818 PMCID: PMC9316257 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Perdigones F, Quero JM. Printed Circuit Boards: The Layers' Functions for Electronic and Biomedical Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:460. [PMID: 35334752 PMCID: PMC8952574 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication opportunities that Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) offer for electronic and biomedical engineering. Historically, PCB substrates have been used to support the components of the electronic devices, linking them using copper lines, and providing input and output pads to connect the rest of the system. In addition, this kind of substrate is an emerging material for biomedical engineering thanks to its many interesting characteristics, such as its commercial availability at a low cost with very good tolerance and versatility, due to its multilayer characteristics; that is, the possibility of using several metals and substrate layers. The alternative uses of copper, gold, Flame Retardant 4 (FR4) and silver layers, together with the use of vias, solder masks and a rigid and flexible substrate, are noted. Among other uses, these characteristics have been using to develop many sensors, biosensors and actuators, and PCB-based lab-on chips; for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification devices for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In addition, several applications of these devices are going to be noted in this paper, and two tables summarizing the layers' functions are included in the discussion: the first one for metallic layers, and the second one for the vias, solder mask, flexible and rigid substrate functions.
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