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Quigley RM, Kearney M, Kennedy OD, Duncan HF. Tissue engineering approaches for dental pulp regeneration: The development of novel bioactive materials using pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:182-211. [PMID: 38966600 PMCID: PMC11223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The drive for minimally invasive endodontic treatment strategies has shifted focus from technically complex and destructive root canal treatments towards more conservative vital pulp treatment. However, novel approaches to maintaining dental pulp vitality after disease or trauma will require the development of innovative, biologically-driven regenerative medicine strategies. For example, cell-homing and cell-based therapies have recently been developed in vitro and trialled in preclinical models to study dental pulp regeneration. These approaches utilise natural and synthetic scaffolds that can deliver a range of bioactive pharmacological epigenetic modulators (HDACis, DNMTis, and ncRNAs), which are cost-effective and easily applied to stimulate pulp tissue regrowth. Unfortunately, many biological factors hinder the clinical development of regenerative therapies, including a lack of blood supply and poor infection control in the necrotic root canal system. Additional challenges include a need for clinically relevant models and manufacturing challenges such as scalability, cost concerns, and regulatory issues. This review will describe the current state of bioactive-biomaterial/scaffold-based engineering strategies to stimulate dentine-pulp regeneration, explicitly focusing on epigenetic modulators and therapeutic pharmacological inhibition. It will highlight the components of dental pulp regenerative approaches, describe their current limitations, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of novel epigenetic-laden bioactive materials for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Quigley
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Na L, Fan F. Advances in nanobubbles for cancer theranostics: Delivery, imaging and therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116341. [PMID: 38848778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Maximizing treatment efficacy and forecasting patient prognosis in cancer necessitates the strategic use of targeted therapy, coupled with the prompt precise detection of malignant tumors. Theutilizationof gaseous systems as an adaptable platform for creating nanobubbles (NBs) has garnered significant attention as theranostics, which involve combining contrast chemicals typically used for imaging with pharmaceuticals to diagnose and treattumorssynergistically in apersonalizedmanner for each patient. This review specifically examines the utilization of oxygen NBsplatforms as a theranostic weapon in the field of oncology. We thoroughly examine the key factors that impact the effectiveness of NBs preparations and the consequences of these treatment methods. This review extensively examines recent advancements in composition schemes, advanced developments in pre-clinical phases, and other groundbreaking inventions in the area of NBs. Moreover, this review offers a thorough examination of the optimistic future possibilities, addressing prospective methods for improvement and incorporation into widely accepted therapeutic practices. As we explore the ever-changing field of cancer theranostics, the incorporation of oxygen NBs appears as a promising development, providing new opportunities for precision medicine and marking a revolutionary age in cancer research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Na
- Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Fan Fan
- School of Automation, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China.
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3
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Kaminaga M, Otomo S, Tsunozaki S, Kadonosono T, Omata T. Fabrication of a Cancer Cell Aggregate Culture Device That Facilitates Observations of Nutrient and Oxygen Gradients. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:689. [PMID: 38930659 PMCID: PMC11205477 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture spheroids are commonly used for drug evaluation studies because they can produce large quantities of homogeneous cell aggregates. As the spheroids grow, nutrients supplied from outer spheroid regions render the inner spheroid areas hypoxic and hyponutrient, which makes them unobservable through confocal microscopy. In this study, we fabricated a cancer cell aggregate culture device that facilitates the observation of nutrient and oxygen gradients. An alginate gel fiber was created in the cell culture chamber to ensure a flow path for supplying the culture medium. A gradient of nutrients and oxygen was generated by positioning the flow channel close to the edge of the chamber. We devised a fabrication method that uses calcium carbonate as a source of Ca2+ for the gelation of sodium alginate, which has a slow reaction rate. We then cultured a spheroid of HCT116 cells, which were derived from human colorectal carcinoma using a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator. Fluorescence observation suggested the formation of a hypoxic and hyponutrient region within an area approximately 500 µm away from the alginate gel fiber. This indicates the development of a cancer cell aggregate culture device that enables the observation of different nutrition and oxygen states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Kaminaga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Toyota Campus, 2-1 Eisei-cho, Toyota 471-0067, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuta Otomo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori ku, Yokohama 226-0026, Kanagawa, Japan (T.O.)
| | - Seisyu Tsunozaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori ku, Yokohama 226-0026, Kanagawa, Japan (T.O.)
| | - Tetuya Kadonosono
- Department of Life Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori ku, Yokohama 226-0026, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toru Omata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori ku, Yokohama 226-0026, Kanagawa, Japan (T.O.)
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4
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Boscaro D, Sikorski P. Spheroids as a 3D in vitro model to study bone and bone mineralization. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213727. [PMID: 38101067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Traumas, fractures, and diseases can severely influence bone tissue. Insight into bone mineralization is essential for the development of therapies and new strategies to enhance bone regeneration. 3D cell culture systems, in particular cellular spheroids, have gained a lot of interest as they can recapitulate crucial aspects of the in vivo tissue microenvironment, such as the extensive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions found in tissue. The potential of combining spheroids and various classes of biomaterials opens also new opportunities for research within bone tissue engineering. Characterizing cellular organization, ECM structure, and ECM mineralization is a fundamental step for understanding the biological processes involved in bone tissue formation in a spheroid-based model system. Still, many experimental techniques used in this field of research are optimized for use with monolayer cell cultures. There is thus a need to develop new and improving existing experimental techniques, for applications in 3D cell culture systems. In this review, bone composition and spheroids properties are described. This is followed by an insight into the techniques that are currently used in bone spheroids research and how these can be used to study bone mineralization. We discuss the application of staining techniques used with optical and confocal fluorescence microscopy, molecular biology techniques, second harmonic imaging microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, as well as electron microscopy-based techniques, to evaluate osteogenic differentiation, collagen production and mineral deposition. Challenges in the applications of these methods in bone regeneration and bone tissue engineering are described. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 3D cell cultures have gained a lot of interest in the last decades as a possible technique that can be used to recreate in vitro in vivo biological process. The importance of 3D environment during bone mineralization led scientists to use this cell culture to study this biological process, to obtain a better understanding of the events involved. New and improved techniques are also required for a proper analysis of this cell model and the process under investigation. This review summarizes the state of the art of the techniques used to study bone mineralization and how 3D cell cultures, in particular spheroids, are tested and analysed to obtain better resolved results related to this complex biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamante Boscaro
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim 7034, Norway.
| | - Pawel Sikorski
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim 7034, Norway.
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Zieger V, Woehr E, Zimmermann S, Frejek D, Koltay P, Zengerle R, Kartmann S. Automated Nanodroplet Dispensing for Large-Scale Spheroid Generation via Hanging Drop and Parallelized Lossless Spheroid Harvesting. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:231. [PMID: 38398960 PMCID: PMC10893090 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Creating model systems that replicate in vivo tissues is crucial for understanding complex biological pathways like drug response and disease progression. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, especially multicellular spheroids (MCSs), offer valuable insights into physiological processes. However, generating MCSs at scale with consistent properties and efficiently recovering them pose challenges. We introduce a workflow that automates large-scale spheroid production and enables parallel harvesting into individual wells of a microtiter plate. Our method, based on the hanging-drop technique, utilizes a non-contact dispenser for dispensing nanoliter droplets of a uniformly mixed-cell suspension. The setup allows for extended processing times of up to 45 min without compromising spheroid quality. As a proof of concept, we achieved a 99.3% spheroid generation efficiency and maintained highly consistent spheroid sizes, with a coefficient of variance below 8% for MCF7 spheroids. Our centrifugation-based drop transfer for spheroid harvesting achieved a sample recovery of 100%. We successfully transferred HT29 spheroids from hanging drops to individual wells preloaded with collagen matrices, where they continued to proliferate. This high-throughput workflow opens new possibilities for prolonged spheroid cultivation, advanced downstream assays, and increased hands-off time in complex 3D cell culture protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Zieger
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Ellen Woehr
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
- Study Program Molecular and Technical Medicine, Faculty Medical and Life Science, University of Furtwangen, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Daniel Frejek
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
| | - Peter Koltay
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
| | - Sabrina Kartmann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.Z.); (P.K.); (R.Z.); (S.K.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (E.W.); (D.F.)
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Liu H, Ye J, Hu H, Song Y, Qiang H, Wang J, Zhou L, Wang X, Fei X, Zhu M. 3D stem cell spheroids with urchin-like hydroxyapatite microparticles enhance osteogenesis of stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1232-1243. [PMID: 38165170 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell therapy (also known as cell transplantation) has been considered promising as a next-generation living-cell therapy strategy to surpass the effects of traditional drugs. However, their practical clinical uses and product conversion are hampered by the unsatisfied viability and efficacy of the transplanted cells. Herein, we propose a synergistic enhancement strategy to address these issues by constructing 3D stem cell spheroids integrated with urchin-like hydroxyapatite microparticles (uHA). Specifically, cell-sized uHA microparticles were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method using glutamic acid (Glu, E) as the co-template with good biocompatibility and structural antimicrobial performance (denoted as E-uHA). Combining with a hanging drop method, stem cell spheroids integrated with E-uHA were successfully obtained by culturing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with a low concentration of the E-uHA suspensions (10 μg mL-1). The resulting composite spheroids of BMSCs/E-uHA deliver a high cellular viability, migration activity, and a superior osteogenic property compared to the 2D cultured counterpart or other BMSC spheroids. This work provides an effective strategy for integrating a secondary bio-functional component into stem cell spheroids for designing more cell therapy options with boosted cellular viability and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yuheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Huijun Qiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xuefen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Vermeulen S, Knoops K, Duimel H, Parvizifard M, van Beurden D, López-Iglesias C, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Habibović P, Tahmasebi Birgani Z. An in vitro model system based on calcium- and phosphate ion-induced hMSC spheroid mineralization. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100844. [PMID: 38033367 PMCID: PMC10682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in regenerative medicine is creating the three-dimensional organic and inorganic in vitro microenvironment of bone, which would allow the study of musculoskeletal disorders and the generation of building blocks for bone regeneration. This study presents a microwell-based platform for creating spheroids of human mesenchymal stromal cells, which are then mineralized using ionic calcium and phosphate supplementation. The resulting mineralized spheroids promote an osteogenic gene expression profile through the influence of the spheroids' biophysical environment and inorganic signaling and require less calcium or phosphate to achieve mineralization compared to a monolayer culture. We found that mineralized spheroids represent an in vitro model for studying small molecule perturbations and extracellular mediated calcification. Furthermore, we demonstrate that understanding pathway signaling elicited by the spheroid environment allows mimicking these pathways in traditional monolayer culture, enabling similar rapid mineralization events. In sum, this study demonstrates the rapid generation and employment of a mineralized cell model system for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vermeulen
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Duimel
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Parvizifard
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Denis van Beurden
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy CORE Lab, M4I Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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8
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Seo JY, Park SB, Kim SY, Seo GJ, Jang HK, Lee TJ. Acoustic and Magnetic Stimuli-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:563-580. [PMID: 37052782 PMCID: PMC10313605 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In a conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture method, cells are attached to the bottom of the culture dish and grow into a monolayer. These 2D culture methods are easy to handle, cost-effective, reproducible, and adaptable to growing many different types of cells. However, monolayer 2D cell culture conditions are far from those of natural tissue, indicating the need for a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Various methods, such as hanging drop, scaffolds, hydrogels, microfluid systems, and bioreactor systems, have been utilized for 3D cell culture. Recently, external physical stimulation-based 3D cell culture platforms, such as acoustic and magnetic forces, were introduced. Acoustic waves can establish acoustic radiation force, which can induce suspended objects to gather in the pressure node region and aggregate to form clusters. Magnetic targeting consists of two components, a magnetically responsive carrier and a magnetic field gradient source. In a magnetic-based 3D cell culture platform, cells are aggregated by changing the magnetic force. Magnetic fields can manipulate cells through two different methods: positive magnetophoresis and negative magnetophoresis. Positive magnetophoresis is a way of imparting magnetic properties to cells by labeling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Negative magnetophoresis is a label-free principle-based method. 3D cell structures, such as spheroids, 3D network structures, and cell sheets, have been successfully fabricated using this acoustic and magnetic stimuli-based 3D cell culture platform. Additionally, fabricated 3D cell structures showed enhanced cell behavior, such as differentiation potential and tissue regeneration. Therefore, physical stimuli-based 3D cell culture platforms could be promising tools for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Bin Park
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Kim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jin Seo
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ki Jang
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, College of Art Culture and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Manikandan C, Jaiswal AK. Scaffold-based spheroid models of glioblastoma multiforme and its use in drug screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37366303 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Among several types of brain cancers, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a terminal and aggressive disease with a median survival of 15 months despite the most intensive surgery and chemotherapy. Preclinical models that accurately reproduce the tumor microenvironment are vital for developing new therapeutic alternatives. Understanding the complicated interactions between cells and their surroundings is essential to comprehend the tumor's microenvironment, however the monolayer cell culture approach falls short. Numerous approaches are used to develop GBM cells into tumor spheroids, while scaffold-based spheroids provides the opportunity to investigate the synergies between cells as well as cells and the matrix. This review summarizes the development of various scaffold-based GBM spheroid models and the prospective for their use as drug testing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceera Manikandan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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10
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Fang L, Pan XT, Liu K, Jiang D, Ye D, Ji LN, Wang K, Xia XH. Surface-Roughened SERS-Active Single Silver Nanowire for Simultaneous Detection of Intracellular and Extracellular pHs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20677-20685. [PMID: 37071781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous and accurate detection of intracellular pH (pHi) and extracellular pH (pHe) is essential for studying the complex physiological activities of cancer cells and exploring pH-related therapeutic mechanisms. Here, we developed a super-long silver nanowire-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection strategy for simultaneous sensing of pHi and pHe. A surface-roughened silver nanowire (AgNW) with a high aspect ratio is prepared at a nanoelectrode tip using a Cu-mediated oxidation process, which is then modified by pH-sensitive 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) to form 4-MBA@AgNW as a pH sensing probe. With the assistance of a 4D microcontroller, 4-MBA@AgNW is efficient in simultaneously detecting pHi and pHe in both 2D and 3D culture cancer cells by SERS, with minimal invasiveness, high sensitivity, and spatial resolution. Further investigation proves that the surface-roughened single AgNW can also be used in monitoring the dynamic variation of pHi and pHe of cancer cells upon stimulation with anticancer drugs or under a hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li-Na Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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11
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Hansen HHWB, Cha H, Ouyang L, Zhang J, Jin B, Stratton H, Nguyen NT, An H. Nanobubble technologies: Applications in therapy from molecular to cellular level. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108091. [PMID: 36592661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanobubbles are gaseous entities suspended in bulk liquids that have widespread beneficial usage in many industries. Nanobubbles are already proving to be versatile in furthering the effectiveness of disease treatment on cellular and molecular levels. They are functionalized with biocompatible and stealth surfaces to aid in the delivery of drugs. At the same time, nanobubbles serve as imaging agents due to the echogenic properties of the gas core, which can also be utilized for controlled and targeted delivery. This review provides an overview of the biomedical applications of nanobubbles, covering their preparation and characterization methods, discussing where the research is currently focused, and how they will help shape the future of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena H W B Hansen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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12
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Tevlek A, Kecili S, Ozcelik OS, Kulah H, Tekin HC. Spheroid Engineering in Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3630-3649. [PMID: 36743071 PMCID: PMC9893254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques are commonly employed to investigate biophysical and biochemical cellular responses. However, these culture methods, having monolayer cells, lack cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, mimicking the cell microenvironment and multicellular organization. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods enable equal transportation of nutrients, gas, and growth factors among cells and their microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cultures show similar cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation properties to in vivo. A spheroid is defined as self-assembled 3D cell aggregates, and it closely mimics a cell microenvironment in vitro thanks to cell-cell/matrix interactions, which enables its use in several important applications in medical and clinical research. To fabricate a spheroid, conventional methods such as liquid overlay, hanging drop, and so forth are available. However, these labor-intensive methods result in low-throughput fabrication and uncontrollable spheroid sizes. On the other hand, microfluidic methods enable inexpensive and rapid fabrication of spheroids with high precision. Furthermore, fabricated spheroids can also be cultured in microfluidic devices for controllable cell perfusion, simulation of fluid shear effects, and mimicking of the microenvironment-like in vivo conditions. This review focuses on recent microfluidic spheroid fabrication techniques and also organ-on-a-chip applications of spheroids, which are used in different disease modeling and drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Seren Kecili
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ozge S. Ozcelik
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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13
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Abstract
Spheroids enable the study of tumors and tumor hypoxia using a more representative model of the physiological environment compared to 2D cell culture. Spheroids can be grown in a cell suspension or when adhered to a solid scaffold. The spheroid formation method used is dependent on cell type. Here we describe the most common spheroid formation methods, including hanging drop, low adhesion plates, hydrogel, micropatterned plates, and microfluidics. After spheroids are formed, they can be used for drug treatment trials and analyzed using Western Blots, qPCR, and microscopy. Microscopy can then be used to measure the invasiveness of cells when a basement membrane is added to spheroids and for monitoring changes in the proliferation, quiescent, and necrotic zones of spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kirsh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sydney A Pascetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James Uniacke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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14
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Zhuang X, Deng G, Wu X, Xie J, Li D, Peng S, Tang D, Zhou G. Recent advances of three-dimensional bioprinting technology in hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer models. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1143600. [PMID: 37188191 PMCID: PMC10175665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1143600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) cancer is a serious category of cancer including tumors originating in the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and biliary ducts. It is limited by two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models for studying its complicated tumor microenvironment including diverse contents and dynamic nature. Recently developed three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a state-of-the-art technology for fabrication of biological constructs through layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks in a spatially defined manner, which is computer-aided and designed to generate viable 3D constructs. 3D bioprinting has the potential to more closely recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, dynamic and complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions compared to the current methods, which benefits from its precise definition of positioning of various cell types and perfusing network in a high-throughput manner. In this review, we introduce and compare multiple types of 3D bioprinting methodologies for HPB cancer and other digestive tumors. We discuss the progress and application of 3D bioprinting in HPB and gastrointestinal cancers, focusing on tumor model manufacturing. We also highlight the current challenges regarding clinical translation of 3D bioprinting and bioinks in the field of digestive tumor research. Finally, we suggest valuable perspectives for this advanced technology, including combination of 3D bioprinting with microfluidics and application of 3D bioprinting in the field of tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhuang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juping Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Zhou, ;
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15
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Kim W, Gwon Y, Park S, Kim H, Kim J. Therapeutic strategies of three-dimensional stem cell spheroids and organoids for tissue repair and regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:50-74. [PMID: 35441116 PMCID: PMC8987319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occur in vivo. Moreover, 3D cell culture systems have unique properties that help guide specific functions, growth, and processes of stem cells (e.g., embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and organogenesis). Thus, 3D stem cell culture systems that mimic in vivo environments enable basic research about various tissues and organs. In this review, we focus on the advanced therapeutic applications of stem cell-based 3D culture systems generated using different engineering techniques. Specifically, we summarize the historical advancements of 3D cell culture systems and discuss the therapeutic applications of stem cell-based spheroids and organoids, including engineering techniques for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woochan Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoseong Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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16
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Dai Y, Cha H, Nguyen NK, Ouyang L, Galogahi F, Yadav AS, An H, Zhang J, Ooi CH, Nguyen NT. Dynamic Behaviours of Monodisperse Double Emulsion Formation in a Tri-Axial Capillary Device. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1877. [PMID: 36363898 PMCID: PMC9694789 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated experimentally, analytically, and numerically the formation process of double emulsion formations under a dripping regime in a tri-axial co-flow capillary device. The results show that mismatches of core and shell droplets under a given flow condition can be captured both experimentally and numerically. We propose a semi-analytical model using the match ratio between the pinch-off length of the shell droplet and the product of the core growth rate and its pinch-off time. The mismatch issue can be avoided if the match ratio is lower than unity. We considered a model with the wall effect to predict the size of the matched double emulsion. The model shows slight deviations with experimental data if the Reynolds number of the continuous phase is lower than 0.06 but asymptotically approaches good agreement if the Reynolds number increases from 0.06 to 0.14. The numerical simulation generally agrees with the experiments under various flow conditions.
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17
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Macaraniag C, Luan Q, Zhou J, Papautsky I. Microfluidic techniques for isolation, formation, and characterization of circulating tumor cells and clusters. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:031501. [PMID: 35856010 PMCID: PMC9288269 DOI: 10.1063/5.0093806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters that are shed from the primary tumor into the bloodstream are associated with a poor prognosis, elevated metastatic potential, higher proliferation rate, and distinct molecular features compared to single CTCs. Studying CTC clusters may give us information on the differences in the genetic profiles, somatic mutations, and epigenetic changes in circulating cells compared to the primary tumor and metastatic sites. Microfluidic systems offer the means of studying CTC clusters through the ability to efficiently isolate these rare cells from the whole blood of patients in a liquid biopsy. Microfluidics can also be used to develop in vitro models of CTC clusters and make possible their characterization and analysis. Ultimately, microfluidic systems can offer the means to gather insight on the complexities of the metastatic process, the biology of cancer, and the potential for developing novel or personalized therapies. In this review, we aim to discuss the advantages and challenges of the existing microfluidic systems for working with CTC clusters. We hope that an improved understanding of the role microfluidics can play in isolation, formation, and characterization of CTC clusters, which can lead to increased sophistication of microfluidic platforms in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Macaraniag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Qiyue Luan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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18
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Fernandes S, Vyas C, Lim P, Pereira RF, Virós A, Bártolo P. 3D Bioprinting: An Enabling Technology to Understand Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143535. [PMID: 35884596 PMCID: PMC9318274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a potentially fatal cancer with rising incidence over the last 50 years, associated with enhanced sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation. Its incidence is highest in people of European descent and the ageing population. There are multiple clinical and epidemiological variables affecting melanoma incidence and mortality, such as sex, ethnicity, UV exposure, anatomic site, and age. Although survival has improved in recent years due to advances in targeted and immunotherapies, new understanding of melanoma biology and disease progression is vital to improving clinical outcomes. Efforts to develop three-dimensional human skin equivalent models using biofabrication techniques, such as bioprinting, promise to deliver a better understanding of the complexity of melanoma and associated risk factors. These 3D skin models can be used as a platform for patient specific models and testing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Fernandes
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Cian Vyas
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peggy Lim
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Rúben F. Pereira
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amaya Virós
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence: or
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19
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Martinez Villegas K, Rasouli R, Tabrizian M. Enhancing metabolic activity and differentiation potential in adipose mesenchymal stem cells via high-resolution surface-acoustic-wave contactless patterning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:79. [PMID: 35846175 PMCID: PMC9276743 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics has shown great potential for label-free bioparticle patterning with excellent biocompatibility. Acoustofluidic patterning enables the induction of cell-cell interactions, which play fundamental roles in organogenesis and tissue development. One of the current challenges in tissue engineering is not only the control of the spatial arrangement of cells but also the preservation of cell patterns over time. In this work, we developed a standing surface acoustic wave-based platform and demonstrated its capability for the well-controlled and rapid cell patterning of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a high-density homogenous collagen hydrogel. This biocompatible hydrogel is easily UV crosslinked and can be retrieved within 3 min. Acoustic waves successfully guided the cells toward pressure nodal lines, creating a contactless alignment of cells in <5 s in culture media and <1 min in the hydrogel. The acoustically patterned cells in the hydrogel did not show a decrease in cell viability (>90%) 48 h after acoustic induction. Moreover, 45.53% and 30.85% increases in metabolic activity were observed in growth and differentiation media, respectively, on Day 7. On Day 14, a 32.03% change in metabolic activity was observed using growth media, and no significant difference was observed using differentiation media. The alkaline phosphatase activity showed an increase of 80.89% and 24.90% on Days 7 and 14, respectively, for the acoustically patterned cells in the hydrogel. These results confirm the preservation of cellular viability and improved cellular functionality using the proposed high-resolution acoustic patterning technique and introduce unique opportunities for the application of stem cell regenerative patches for the emerging field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Rasouli
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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20
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Islam S, Parker J, Dash BC, Hsia HC. Human iPSC-Vascular smooth muscle cell spheroids demonstrate size-dependent alterations in cellular viability and secretory function. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1813-1823. [PMID: 35815599 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and their differentiated vascular cells have been revolutionizing the field of regenerative wound healing. These cells are shown to be rejuvenated with immense potentials in secreting paracrine factors. Recently, hiPSC-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC-VSMC) have shown regenerative wound healing ability via their paracrine secretion. The quest to modulate the secretory function of these hiPSC-VSMC is an ongoing effort and involves the use of both biochemical and biophysical stimuli. This study explores the development and optimization of a reproducible, inexpensive protocol to form hiPSC-VSMC derived spheroids to investigate the implications of spheroid size on viability and paracrine secretion. Our data show the successful formation of different sizes of spheroids using various amount of hiPSC-VSMC. The hiPSC-VSMC spheroids formed with 10,000 cells strike an ideal balance between overall cell health and maximal paracrine secretion. The conditioned medium from these spheroids was found to be bioactive in enhancing human dermal fibroblast cell proliferation and migration. This research will inform future studies on the optimal spheroid size for regenerative wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Islam
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jackson Parker
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Biraja C Dash
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henry C Hsia
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Lee SY, Lee JW. 3D Spheroid Cultures of Stem Cells and Exosome Applications for Cartilage Repair. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12070939. [PMID: 35888029 PMCID: PMC9317836 DOI: 10.3390/life12070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue that constitutes the structure of the body and consists of chondrocytes that produce considerable collagenous extracellular matrix and plentiful ground substances, such as proteoglycan and elastin fibers. Self-repair is difficult when the cartilage is damaged because of insufficient blood supply, low cellularity, and limited progenitor cell numbers. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, including pellet culture, hanging droplets, liquid overlays, self-injury, and spinner culture, have attracted attention. In particular, 3D spheroid culture strategies can enhance the yield of exosome production of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) when compared to two-dimensional culture, and can improve cellular restorative function by enhancing the paracrine effects of MSCs. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, which are intercellular communication systems that carry RNAs and proteins. Information transfer affects the phenotype of recipient cells. MSC-derived exosomes can facilitate cartilage repair by promoting chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation. In this article, we reviewed recent major advances in the application of 3D culture techniques, cartilage regeneration with stem cells using 3D spheroid culture system, the effect of exosomes on chondrogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic-specific markers related to stem cell derived exosomes. Furthermore, the utilization of MSC-derived exosomes to enhance chondrogenic differentiation for osteoarthritis is discussed. If more mechanistic studies at the molecular level are conducted, MSC-spheroid-derived exosomes will supply a better therapeutic option to improve osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6516; Fax: +82-32-899-6039
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22
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Ro J, Kim J, Cho YK. Recent advances in spheroid-based microfluidic models to mimic the tumour microenvironment. Analyst 2022; 147:2023-2034. [PMID: 35485712 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroid models can recapitulate the human tumour microenvironment with more accuracy than conventional cell culture models, as they include complex architectural structures and dynamic cellular interactions. Among the diverse platforms for spheroid formation, microfluidic platforms have been extensively applied to study spheroids because they can mimic the in vivo microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the advantages of 3D spheroid cultures with a summary of the recent applications for tumour microenvironment-focused cellular interactions, as well as the studies on spheroids and external stimuli. These 3D tumour spheroid-based microfluidic devices will provide a platform for a better understanding of cellular and external interactions, as well as the discovery of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Ro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Korea
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23
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24
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Zhang T, Zhang H, Zhou W, Jiang K, Liu C, Wang R, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Mei Q, Dong WF, Sun M, Li H. One-Step Generation and Purification of Cell-Encapsulated Hydrogel Microsphere With an Easily Assembled Microfluidic Device. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:816089. [PMID: 35155414 PMCID: PMC8831896 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.816089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-laden hydrogel microspheres with uniform size show great potential for tissue repair and drug screening applications. Droplet microfluidic systems have been widely used for the generation of cell-laden hydrogel microspheres. However, existing droplet microfluidic systems are mostly based on complex chips and are not compatible with well culture plates. Moreover, microspheres produced by droplet microfluidics need demulsification and purification from oil, which requires time and effort and may compromise cell viability. Herein, we present a simple one-step approach for producing and purifying hydrogel microspheres with an easily assembled microfluidic device. Droplets were generated and solidified in the device tubing. The obtained hydrogel microspheres were then transferred to a tissue culture plate filled with cell culture media and demulsified through evaporation of the oil at 37°C. The removal of oil caused the gelled microspheres to be released into the cell culture media. The encapsulated cells demonstrated good viability and grew into tumor spheroids in 12–14 days. Single cell-laden hydrogel microspheres were also obtained and grown into spheroid in 14 days. This one-step microsphere generation method shows good potential for applications in automated spheroid and organoid cultures as well as drug screening, and could potentially offer benefits for translation of cell/microgel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Fei Dong, ; Minxuan Sun, ; Haiwen Li, ; Tao Zhang,
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuping Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Keming Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Mei
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fei Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Fei Dong, ; Minxuan Sun, ; Haiwen Li, ; Tao Zhang,
| | - Minxuan Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Fei Dong, ; Minxuan Sun, ; Haiwen Li, ; Tao Zhang,
| | - Haiwen Li
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Fei Dong, ; Minxuan Sun, ; Haiwen Li, ; Tao Zhang,
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Harb A, Fakhreddine M, Zaraket H, Saleh FA. Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models to Study Respiratory Virus Infections Including COVID-19. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 7:3. [PMID: 35076456 PMCID: PMC8788432 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are among the most common illnesses and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the severe effects on health, the need of new tools to study the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses as well as to test for new antiviral drugs and vaccines is urgent. In vitro culture model systems, such as three-dimensional (3D) cultures, are emerging as a desirable approach to understand the virus host interactions and to identify novel therapeutic agents. In the first part of the article, we address the various scaffold-free and scaffold-based 3D culture models such as hydrogels, bioreactors, spheroids and 3D bioprinting as well as present their properties and advantages over conventional 2D methods. Then, we review the 3D models that have been used to study the most common respiratory viruses including influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses. Herein, we also explain how 3D models have been applied to understand the novel SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and to develop potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Harb
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (A.H.); (H.Z.)
| | | | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (A.H.); (H.Z.)
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Fatima A. Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 11-5020, Lebanon
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Dellaquila A, Le Bao C, Letourneur D, Simon‐Yarza T. In Vitro Strategies to Vascularize 3D Physiologically Relevant Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100798. [PMID: 34351702 PMCID: PMC8498873 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of 3D models represents a major challenge of tissue engineering and a key prerequisite for their clinical and industrial application. The use of prevascularized models built from dedicated materials could solve some of the actual limitations, such as suboptimal integration of the bioconstructs within the host tissue, and would provide more in vivo-like perfusable tissue and organ-specific platforms. In the last decade, the fabrication of vascularized physiologically relevant 3D constructs has been attempted by numerous tissue engineering strategies, which are classified here in microfluidic technology, 3D coculture models, namely, spheroids and organoids, and biofabrication. In this review, the recent advancements in prevascularization techniques and the increasing use of natural and synthetic materials to build physiological organ-specific models are discussed. Current drawbacks of each technology, future perspectives, and translation of vascularized tissue constructs toward clinics, pharmaceutical field, and industry are also presented. By combining complementary strategies, these models are envisioned to be successfully used for regenerative medicine and drug development in a near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dellaquila
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Elvesys Microfluidics Innovation CenterParis75011France
- Biomolecular PhotonicsDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of BielefeldBielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chau Le Bao
- Université de ParisINSERM U1148X Bichat HospitalParisF‐75018France
- Université Sorbonne Paris NordGalilée InstituteVilletaneuseF‐93430France
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Paraiso WKD, Garcia-Chica J, Ariza X, Zagmutt S, Fukushima S, Garcia J, Mochida Y, Serra D, Herrero L, Kinoh H, Casals N, Kataoka K, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Quader S. Poly-ion complex micelles effectively deliver CoA-conjugated CPT1A inhibitors to modulate lipid metabolism in brain cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7076-7091. [PMID: 34397074 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) is a central player in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the first step to fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Inhibiting CPT1A, especially in the brain, can have several pharmacological benefits, such as in treating obesity and brain cancer. C75-CoA is a strong competitive inhibitor of CPT1A. However, due to its negatively charged nature, it has low cellular permeability. Herein, we report the use of poly-ion complex (PIC) micelles to deliver the specific CPT1A inhibitors (±)-, (+)-, and (-)-C75-CoA into U87MG glioma cells and GT1-7 neurons. PIC micelles were formed through charge-neutralization of the cargo with the cationic side chain of PEG-poly{N-[N'-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl]aspartamide} (PEG-PAsp(DET)), forming particles with 55 to 65 nm diameter. Upon short-term incubation with cells, the micelle-encapsulated CPT1A inhibitors resulted in up to 5-fold reduction of ATP synthesis compared to the free drug, without an apparent decline in cell viability. Micelle treatment showed a discernible decrease in 14C-palmitate oxidation into CO2 and acid-soluble metabolites, confirming that the substantial lowering of ATP production has resulted from FAO inhibition. Micelle treatment also diminished IC50 by 2 to 4-fold over the free drug-treated U87MG after long-term incubation. To measure the cellular uptake of these CoA-adduct loaded PIC micelles, we synthesized a fluorescent CoA derivative and prepared Fluor-CoA micelles which showed efficient internalization in the cell lines, both in 2D and 3D culture models, especially in neurons where uptake reached up to 3-fold over the free dye. Our results starkly demonstrate that the PIC micelles are a promising delivery platform for anionic inhibitors of CPT1A in glioma cells and neurons, laying the groundwork for future research or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- West Kristian D Paraiso
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Jesús Garcia-Chica
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain. and Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain
| | - Xavier Ariza
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain.
| | - Shigeto Fukushima
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Jordi Garcia
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Yuki Mochida
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, E-08028 Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain. and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, E-08195 Spain.
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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Kim H, Han Y, Suhito IR, Choi Y, Kwon M, Son H, Kim HR, Kim TH. Raman Spectroscopy-Based 3D Analysis of Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Spheroids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9995-10004. [PMID: 34241992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to establish three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures that mimic the structure, cell composition, and functions of actual tissues and organs in vitro; however, owing to its intrinsic complexity, precise characterization of 3D differentiation remains challenging and often results in high variations in the resulting differentiated spheroids. This study reports a 3D Raman mapping-based analytical method that helps us to identify the crucial factors responsible for inducing variability in differentiated stem cell spheroids. Human dental pulp stem cell spheroids were generated at various cell densities using the hanging drop (HD) and molded parafilm-based (MP) methods and were then further subjected to odontogenic differentiation. Thereafter, the 3D cellular differentiation in these spheroids was analyzed based on three different Raman peaks, namely, 960, 1156/1528, and 2935 cm-1, which correspond to hydroxyapatite (HA, odontogenic differentiation marker), β-carotene (precursor of HA), and proteins/cellular components (cell reference). By correlating such cell differentiation-related peaks and water/medium peaks (3400 cm-1), we discovered that the diffusion of the medium containing various nutrients and differentiation factors was crucial in determining the variations in 3D differentiation of stem cell spheroids. Odontogenic differentiation was majorly induced at the outer shell of HD spheroids (up to ∼20 μm), whereas odontogenic differentiation was markedly induced in MP spheroids (up to 40-50 μm). Considering the challenges associated with high variations in spheroid and organoid differentiation, we conclude that the proposed Raman-based 3D analysis plays a pivotal role in stem cell-based regenerative therapy and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojoong Han
- R&D Division, Nanobase, Inc., Seoul 08502, Republic of Korea
| | - Intan Rosalina Suhito
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kwon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungbin Son
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.,Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Selim OA, Lakhani S, Midha S, Mosahebi A, Kalaskar DM. Three-Dimensional Engineered Peripheral Nerve: Toward a New Era of Patient-Specific Nerve Repair Solutions. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:295-335. [PMID: 33593147 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) with substance loss remains challenging because of limited treatment solutions and unsatisfactory patient outcomes. Currently, nerve autografting is the first-line management choice for bridging critical-sized nerve defects. The procedure, however, is often complicated by donor site morbidity and paucity of nerve tissue, raising a quest for better alternatives. The application of other treatment surrogates, such as nerve guides, remains questionable, and it is inefficient in irreducible nerve gaps. More importantly, these strategies lack customization for personalized patient therapy, which is a significant drawback of these nerve repair options. This negatively impacts the fascicle-to-fascicle regeneration process, critical to restoring the physiological axonal pathway of the disrupted nerve. Recently, the use of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has offered major advancements to the bioengineering solutions for PNI therapy. These techniques aim at reinstating the native nerve fascicle pathway using biomimetic approaches, thereby augmenting end-organ innervation. AM-based approaches, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, are capable of biofabricating 3D-engineered nerve graft scaffolds in a patient-specific manner with high precision. Moreover, realistic in vitro models of peripheral nerve tissues that represent the physiologically and functionally relevant environment of human organs could also be developed. However, the technology is still nascent and faces major translational hurdles. In this review, we spotlighted the clinical burden of PNIs and most up-to-date treatment to address nerve gaps. Next, a summarized illustration of the nerve ultrastructure that guides research solutions is discussed. This is followed by a contrast of the existing bioengineering strategies used to repair peripheral nerve discontinuities. In addition, we elaborated on the most recent advances in 3D printing and biofabrication applications in peripheral nerve modeling and engineering. Finally, the major challenges that limit the evolution of the field along with their possible solutions are also critically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Selim
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Lakhani
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Swati Midha
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Afshin Mosahebi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak M Kalaskar
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London (UCL), Stanmore, United Kingdom
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Ooi CH, Vadivelu R, Jin J, Sreejith KR, Singha P, Nguyen NK, Nguyen NT. Liquid marble-based digital microfluidics - fundamentals and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1199-1216. [PMID: 33656019 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid marbles are droplets with volume typically on the order of microliters coated with hydrophobic powder. Their versatility, ease of use and low cost make liquid marbles an attractive platform for digital microfluidics. This paper provides the state of the art of discoveries in the physics of liquid marbles and their practical applications. The paper first discusses the fundamental properties of liquid marbles, followed by the summary of different techniques for the synthesis of liquid marbles. Next, manipulation techniques for handling liquid marbles are discussed. Applications of liquid marbles are categorised according to their use as chemical and biological reactors. The paper concludes with perspectives on the future development of liquid marble-based digital microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hong Ooi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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The triad of nanotechnology, cell signalling, and scaffold implantation for the successful repair of damaged organs: An overview on soft-tissue engineering. J Control Release 2021; 332:460-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Stanković T, Ranđelović T, Dragoj M, Stojković Burić S, Fernández L, Ochoa I, Pérez-García VM, Pešić M. In vitro biomimetic models for glioblastoma-a promising tool for drug response studies. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 55:100753. [PMID: 33667959 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The poor response of glioblastoma to current treatment protocols is a consequence of its intrinsic drug resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy is primarily associated with considerable cellular heterogeneity, and plasticity of glioblastoma cells, alterations in gene expression, presence of specific tumor microenvironment conditions and blood-brain barrier. In an attempt to successfully overcome chemoresistance and better understand the biological behavior of glioblastoma, numerous tri-dimensional (3D) biomimetic models were developed in the past decade. These novel advanced models are able to better recapitulate the spatial organization of glioblastoma in a real time, therefore providing more realistic and reliable evidence to the response of glioblastoma to therapy. Moreover, these models enable the fine-tuning of different tumor microenvironment conditions and facilitate studies on the effects of the tumor microenvironment on glioblastoma chemoresistance. This review outlines current knowledge on the essence of glioblastoma chemoresistance and describes the progress achieved by 3D biomimetic models. Moreover, comprehensive literature assessment regarding the influence of 3D culturing and microenvironment mimicking on glioblastoma gene expression and biological behavior is also provided. The contribution of the blood-brain barrier as well as the blood-tumor barrier to glioblastoma chemoresistance is also reviewed from the perspective of 3D biomimetic models. Finally, the role of mathematical models in predicting 3D glioblastoma behavior and drug response is elaborated. In the future, technological innovations along with mathematical simulations should create reliable 3D biomimetic systems for glioblastoma research that should facilitate the identification and possibly application in preclinical drug testing and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Stanković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Ranđelović
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miodrag Dragoj
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Stojković Burić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luis Fernández
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor M Pérez-García
- Departamento de Matemáticas, E.T.S.I. Industriales and Instituto de Matemática Aplicada a la Ciencia y la Ingeniería (IMACI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ma R, Mandell J, Lu F, Heim T, Schoedel K, Duensing A, Watters RJ, Weiss KR. Do Patient-derived Spheroid Culture Models Have Relevance in Chondrosarcoma Research? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021; 479:477-490. [PMID: 32469486 PMCID: PMC7899730 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-grade chondrosarcoma, 5-year survival is lower than 50%. Therefore, it is important that preclinical models that mimic the disease with the greatest possible fidelity are used to potentially develop new treatments. Accumulating evidence suggests that two-dimensional (2-D) cell culture may not accurately represent the tumor's biology. It has been demonstrated in other cancers that three-dimensional (3-D) cancer cell spheroids may recapitulate tumor biology and response to treatment with greater fidelity than traditional 2-D techniques. To our knowledge, the formation of patient-derived chondrosarcoma spheroids has not been described. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Can patient-derived chondrosarcoma spheroids be produced? (2) Do spheroids recapitulate human chondrosarcoma better than 2-D cultures, both morphologically and molecularly? (3) Can chondrosarcoma spheroids provide an accurate model to test novel treatments? METHODS Experiments to test the feasibility of spheroid formation of chondrosarcoma cells were performed using HT-1080, an established chondrosarcoma cell line, and two patient-derived populations, TP19-S26 and TP19-S115. Cells were cultured in flasks, trypsinized, and seeded into 96-well ultra-low attachment plates with culture media. After spheroids formed, they were monitored daily by bright-field microscopy. Spheroids were fixed using paraformaldehyde and embedded in agarose. After dehydration with isopropanol, paraffin-embedded spheroids were sectioned, and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. To compare differences and similarities in gene expression between 2-D and 3-D chondrosarcoma cultures and primary tumors, and to determine whether these spheroids recapitulated the biology of chondrosarcoma, RNA was extracted from 2-D cultures, spheroids, and tumors. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect chondrosarcoma markers of interest, including vascular endothelial growth factor alpha, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, COL2A1, and COL10A1. To determine whether 2-D and 3-D cultures responded differently to novel chondrosarcoma treatments, we compared their sensitivities to disulfiram and copper chloride treatment. To test their sensitivity to disulfiram and copper chloride treatment, 10,000 cells were seeded into 96-well plates for 2-D culturing and 3000 cells in each well for 3-D culturing. After treating the cells with disulfiram and copper for 48 hours, we detected cell viability using quantitative presto-blue staining and measured via plate reader. RESULTS Cell-line and patient-derived spheroids were cultured and monitored over 12 days. Qualitatively, we observed that HT-1080 demonstrated unlimited growth, while TP19-S26 and TP19-S115 contracted during culturing relative to their initial size. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of HT-1080 spheroids revealed that cell-cell attachments were more pronounced at the periphery of the spheroid structure than at the core, while the core was less dense. Spheroids derived from the intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma TP19-S26 were abundant in extracellular matrix, and spheroids derived from the dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma TP19-S115 had a higher cellularity and heterogeneity with spindle cells at the periphery. In the HT-1080 cells, differences in gene expression were appreciated with spheroids demonstrating greater expressions of VEGF-α (1.01 ± 0.16 versus 6.48 ± 0.55; p = 0.003), COL2A1 (1.00 ± 0.10 versus 7.46 ± 2.52; p < 0.001), and COL10A1 (1.01 ± 0.19 versus 22.53 ± 4.91; p < 0.001). Differences in gene expressions were also noted between primary tumors, spheroids, and 2-D cultures in the patient-derived samples TP19-S26 and TP19-S115. TP19-S26 is an intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma. With the numbers we had, we could not detect a difference in VEGF-α and HIF1α gene expression compared with the primary tumor. COL2A1 (1.00 ± 0.14 versus 1.76 ± 0.10 versus 335.66 ± 31.13) and COL10A1 (1.06 ± 0.378 versus 5.98 ± 0.45 versus 138.82 ± 23.4) expressions were both greater in the tumor (p (COL2A1) < 0.001; p (COL10A1) < 0.0001) and 3-D cultures (p (COL2A1) = 0.004; p (COL10A1) < 0.0001) compared with 2-D cultures. We could not demonstrate a difference in VEGF-α and HIF1α expressions in TP19-S115, a dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, in the tumor compared with 2-D and 3-D cultures. COL2A1 (1.00 ± 0.02 versus 1.86 ± 0.18 versus 2.95 ± 0.56) and COL10A1 (1.00 ± 0.03 versus 5.52 ± 0.66 versus 3.79 ± 0.36) expressions were both greater in spheroids (p (COL2A1) = 0.003; p (COL10A1) < 0.0001) and tumors (p (COL2A1) < 0.001; p (COL10A1) < 0.0001) compared with 2-D cultures. Disulfiram-copper chloride treatment demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HT-1080 and SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells grown in the 2-D monolayer, but 3-D spheroids were highly resistant to this treatment. CONCLUSION We provide preliminary findings that it is possible to generate 3-D spheroids from chondrosarcoma cell lines and two human chondrosarcomas (one dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma and one intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma). Chondrosarcoma spheroids derived from human tumors demonstrated morphology more reminiscent of primary tumors than cells grown in 2-D culture. Spheroids displayed similar expressions of cartilage markers as the primary tumor, and we observed a higher expression of collagen markers in the spheroids compared with cells grown in monolayer. Spheroids also demonstrated greater chemotherapy resistance than monolayer cells, but more patient-derived spheroids are needed to further conclude that 3-D cultures may mimic the chemoresistance that chondrosarcomas demonstrate clinically. Additional studies on patient-derived chondrosarcoma spheroids are warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Chondrosarcomas demonstrate resistance to chemotherapy and radiation, and we believe that if they can be replicated, models such as 3-D spheroids may provide a method to test novel treatments for human chondrosarcoma. Additional comprehensive genomic studies are required to compare 2-D and 3-D models with the primary tumor to determine the most effective way to study this disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Ma
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Mandell
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Feiqi Lu
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanya Heim
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Schoedel
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anette Duensing
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Watters
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kurt R Weiss
- R. Ma, J. Mandell, F. Lu, T. Heim, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- R. Ma, F. Lu, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- J. Mandell, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- K. Schoedel, A. Duensing, K. R. Weiss, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- A. Duensing, R. Watters, K. R. Weiss, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Maury P, Porcel E, Mau A, Lux F, Tillement O, Mahou P, Schanne-Klein MC, Lacombe S. Rapid Evaluation of Novel Therapeutic Strategies Using a 3D Collagen-Based Tissue-Like Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:574035. [PMID: 33681152 PMCID: PMC7929985 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.574035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2D cell cultures are commonly used to rapidly evaluate the therapeutic potential of various treatments on living cells. However, the effects of the extracellular matrix (ECM) including the 3D arrangement of cells and the complex physiology of native environment are missing, which makes these models far from in vivo conditions. 3D cell models have emerged in preclinical studies to simulate the impact of the ECM and partially bridge the gap between monolayer cultures and in vivo tissues. To date, the difficulty to handle the existing 3D models, the cost of their production and their poor reproducibility have hindered their use. Here, we present a reproducible and commercially available "3D cell collagen-based model" (3D-CCM) that allows to study the influence of the matrix on nanoagent uptake and radiation effects. The cell density in these samples is homogeneous. The oxygen concentration in the 3D-CCM is tunable, which opens the opportunity to investigate hypoxic effects. In addition, thanks to the intrinsic properties of the collagen, the second harmonic imaging microscopy may be used to probe the whole volume and visualize living cells in real-time. Thus, the architecture and composition of 3D-CCMs as well as the impact of various therapeutic strategies on cells embedded in the ECM is observed directly. Moreover, the disaggregation of the collagen matrix allows recovering of cells without damaging them. It is a major advantage that makes possible single cell analysis and quantification of treatment effects using clonogenic assay. In this work, 3D-CCMs were used to evaluate the correlative efficacies of nanodrug exposure and medical radiation on cells contained in a tumor like sample. A comparison with monolayer cell cultures was performed showing the advantageous outcome and the higher potential of 3D-CCMs. This cheap and easy to handle approach is more ethical than in vivo experiments, thus, giving a fast evaluation of cellular responses to various treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Maury
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - Erika Porcel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - Adrien Mau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - François Lux
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5306 CNRS-UCBL, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR 5306 CNRS-UCBL, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marie-Claire Schanne-Klein
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sandrine Lacombe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Orsay, France
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Soto F, Guimarães CF, Reis RL, Franco W, Rizvi I, Demirci U. Emerging biofabrication approaches for gastrointestinal organoids towards patient specific cancer models. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:116-124. [PMID: 33577978 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered organoids are simple biomodels that can emulate the structural and functional complexity of specific organs. Here, we review developments in three-dimensional (3D) artificial cell constructs to model gastrointestinal dynamics towards cancer diagnosis. We describe bottom-up approaches to fabricate close-packed cell aggregates, from the use of biochemical and physical cues to guide the self-assembly of organoids, to the use of engineering approaches, including 3D printing/additive manufacturing and external field-driven protocols. Finally, we outline the main challenges and possible risks regarding the potential translation of gastrointestinal organoids from laboratory settings to patient-specific models in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Soto
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA
| | - Carlos F Guimarães
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA; 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, 94304-5427, USA.
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37
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Go G, Yoo A, Song HW, Min HK, Zheng S, Nguyen KT, Kim S, Kang B, Hong A, Kim CS, Park JO, Choi E. Multifunctional Biodegradable Microrobot with Programmable Morphology for Biomedical Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1059-1076. [PMID: 33290042 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We described a magnetic chitosan microscaffold tailored for applications requiring high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and monitoring by real-time imaging. Such magnetic microscaffolds exhibit adjustable pores and sizes depending on the target application and provide various functions such as magnetic actuation and enhanced cell adhesion using biomaterial-based magnetic particles. Subsequently, we fabricated the magnetic chitosan microscaffolds with optimized shape and pore properties to specific target diseases. As a versatile tool, the capability of the developed microscaffold was demonstrated through in vitro laboratory tasks and in vivo therapeutic applications for liver cancer therapy and knee cartilage regeneration. We anticipate that the optimal design and fabrication of the presented microscaffold will advance the technology of biopolymer-based microscaffolds and micro/nanorobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangjun Go
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Ami Yoo
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Woo Song
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Min
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
| | - Shirong Zheng
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Kim Tien Nguyen
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
| | - Seokjae Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
| | - Byungjeon Kang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Ayoung Hong
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Chang-Sei Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics (KIMIRo), 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61011, Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
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Agrawal G, Ramesh A, Aishwarya P, Sally J, Ravi M. Devices and techniques used to obtain and analyze three-dimensional cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3126. [PMID: 33460298 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures are indispensable for both basic and applied research. Advancements in cell culture and analysis increase their utility for basic research and translational applications. A marked development in this direction is advent of three-dimensional (3D) cultures. The extent of advancement in 3D cell culture methods over the past decade has warranted referring to a single cell type being cultured as an aggregate or spheroid using simple scaffolds as "traditional." In recent years, the development of "next-generation" devices has enabled cultured cells to mimic their natural environments much better than the traditional 3D culture systems. Automated platforms like chip-based devices, magnetic- and acoustics-based assembly devices, di-electrophoresis (DEP), micro pocket cultures (MPoC), and 3D bio-printing provide a dynamic environment compared to the rather static conditions of the traditional simple scaffold-based 3D cultures. Chip-based technologies, which are centered on principles of microfluidics, are revolutionizing the ways in which cell culture and analysis can be compacted into table-top instruments. A parallel evolution in analytical devices enabled efficient assessment of various complex physiological and pathological endpoints. This is augmented by concurrent development of software enabling rapid large-scale automated data acquisition and analysis like image cytometry, elastography, optical coherence tomography, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and biosensors. The techniques and devices utilized for the purpose of 3D cell culture and subsequent analysis depend primarily on the requirement of the study. We present here an in-depth account of the devices for obtaining and analyzing 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatika Agrawal
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Anuradha Ramesh
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pargaonkar Aishwarya
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer Sally
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Thanuthanakhun N, Kino-Oka M, Borwornpinyo S, Ito Y, Kim MH. The impact of culture dimensionality on behavioral epigenetic memory contributing to pluripotent state of iPS cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4985-4996. [PMID: 33305410 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture platforms have been explored to establish physiologically relevant cell culture environment and permit expansion scalability; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of pluripotency of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This study elucidated epigenetic modifications contributing to pluripotency of hiPSCs in response to 3D culture. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures, 3D cultured cells aggregated with each other to form ball-like aggregates. 2D cultured cells expressed elevated levels of Rac1 and RhoA; however, Rac1 level was significantly lower while RhoA level was persisted in 3D aggregates. Compared with 2D monolayers, the 3D aggregates also exhibited significantly lower myosin phosphorylation. Histone methylation analysis revealed remarkable H3K4me3 upregulation and H3K27me3 maintenance throughout the duration of 3D culture; in addition, we observed the existence of naïve pluripotency signatures in cells grown in 3D culture. These results demonstrated that hiPSCs adapted to 3D culture through alteration of the Rho-Rho kinase-phospho-myosin pathway, influencing the epigenetic modifications and transcriptional expression of pluripotency-associated factors. These results may help design culture environments for stable and high-quality hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruchit Thanuthanakhun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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40
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Three-Dimensional Spheroids as In Vitro Preclinical Models for Cancer Research. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121186. [PMID: 33291351 PMCID: PMC7762220 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer biologists still rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test in vitro anti-tumor drugs prior to in vivo testing. However, the vast majority of promising preclinical drugs have no or weak efficacy in real patients with tumors, thereby delaying the discovery of successful therapeutics. This is because 2D culture lacks cell–cell contacts and natural tumor microenvironment, important in tumor signaling and drug response, thereby resulting in a reduced malignant phenotype compared to the real tumor. In this sense, three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of 3D tumor systems and highlight the strategies for spheroid construction and evaluation tools of targeted therapies, focusing on their applicability in cancer research. Examples of the applicability of 3D culture for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines are discussed.
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Liu D, Chen S, Win Naing M. A review of manufacturing capabilities of cell spheroid generation technologies and future development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:542-554. [PMID: 33146407 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spheroid culture provides cells with a three-dimensional environment that can better mimic physiological conditions compared to monolayer culture. Technologies involved in the generation of cell spheroids are continuously being innovated to produce spheroids with enhanced properties. In this paper, we review the manufacturing capabilities of current cell spheroid generation technologies. We propose that spheroid generation technologies should enable tight and robust process controls to produce spheroids of consistent and repeatable quality. Future technology development for the generation of cell spheroids should look into improvement in process control, standardization, scalability and monitoring, in addition to advanced methods of spheroid transfer and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sixun Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May Win Naing
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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Huang D, Gibeley SB, Xu C, Xiao Y, Celik O, Ginsberg HN, Leong KW. Engineering liver microtissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909553. [PMID: 33390875 PMCID: PMC7774671 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah B. Gibeley
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ozgenur Celik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Velasco V, Shariati SA, Esfandyarpour R. Microtechnology-based methods for organoid models. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:76. [PMID: 34567686 PMCID: PMC8433138 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in biomaterials and stem cell technology have allowed for the emergence of novel three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like structures known as organoids and spheroids. As a result, compared to conventional 2D cell culture and animal models, these complex 3D structures have improved the accuracy and facilitated in vitro investigations of human diseases, human development, and personalized medical treatment. Due to the rapid progress of this field, numerous spheroid and organoid production methodologies have been published. However, many of the current spheroid and organoid production techniques are limited by complexity, throughput, and reproducibility. Microfabricated and microscale platforms (e.g., microfluidics and microprinting) have shown promise to address some of the current limitations in both organoid and spheroid generation. Microfabricated and microfluidic devices have been shown to improve nutrient delivery and exchange and have allowed for the arrayed production of size-controlled culture areas that yield more uniform organoids and spheroids for a higher throughput at a lower cost. In this review, we discuss the most recent production methods, challenges currently faced in organoid and spheroid production, and microfabricated and microfluidic applications for improving spheroid and organoid generation. Specifically, we focus on how microfabrication methods and devices such as lithography, microcontact printing, and microfluidic delivery systems can advance organoid and spheroid applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Velasco
- Biochemistry Department, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - S. Ali Shariati
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Rahim Esfandyarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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Characterising a PDMS based 3D cell culturing microfluidic platform for screening chemotherapeutic drug cytotoxic activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15915. [PMID: 32985610 PMCID: PMC7522244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroidal cell cultures are now recognised as better models of cancers as compared to traditional cell cultures. However, established 3D cell culturing protocols and techniques are time-consuming, manually laborious and often expensive due to the excessive consumption of reagents. Microfluidics allows for traditional laboratory-based biological experiments to be scaled down into miniature custom fabricated devices, where cost-effective experiments can be performed through the manipulation and flow of small volumes of fluid. In this study, we characterise a 3D cell culturing microfluidic device fabricated from a 3D printed master. HT29 cells were seeded into the device and 3D spheroids were generated and cultured through the perfusion of cell media. Spheroids were treated with 5-Fluorouracil for five days through continuous perfusion and cell viability was analysed on-chip at different time points using fluorescence microscopy and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay on the supernatant. Increasing cell death was observed in the HT29 spheroids over the five-day period. The 3D cell culturing microfluidic device described in this study, permits on-chip anti-cancer treatment and viability analysis, and forms the basis of an effective platform for the high-throughput screening of anti-cancer drugs in 3D tumour spheroids.
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Davoodi E, Sarikhani E, Montazerian H, Ahadian S, Costantini M, Swieszkowski W, Willerth S, Walus K, Mofidfar M, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A, Ashammakhi N. Extrusion and Microfluidic-based Bioprinting to Fabricate Biomimetic Tissues and Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:1901044. [PMID: 33072855 PMCID: PMC7567134 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201901044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Next generation engineered tissue constructs with complex and ordered architectures aim to better mimic the native tissue structures, largely due to advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Extrusion bioprinting has drawn tremendous attention due to its widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and its facile and rapid processing. However, poor printing resolution and low speed have limited its fidelity and clinical implementation. To circumvent the downsides associated with extrusion printing, microfluidic technologies are increasingly being implemented in 3D bioprinting for engineering living constructs. These technologies enable biofabrication of heterogeneous biomimetic structures made of different types of cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules. Microfluiding bioprinting technology enables highly controlled fabrication of 3D constructs in high resolutions and it has been shown to be useful for building tubular structures and vascularized constructs, which may promote the survival and integration of implanted engineered tissues. Although this field is currently in its early development and the number of bioprinted implants is limited, it is envisioned that it will have a major impact on the production of customized clinical-grade tissue constructs. Further studies are, however, needed to fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology in the lab and its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry – Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephanie Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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A Dynamic Hanging-Drop System for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124298. [PMID: 32560269 PMCID: PMC7352343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many microfluid technologies combined with hanging-drop for cell culture gotten developed in the past decade. A common problem within these devices is that the cell suspension introduced at the central inlet could cause a number of cells in each microwell to not regularize. Also, the instability of droplets during the spheroid formation remains an unsolved ordeal. In this study, we designed a microfluidic-based hanging-drop culture system with the design of taper-tube that can increase the stability of droplets while enhancing the rate of liquid exchange. A ring is surrounding the taper-tube. The ring can hold the cells to enable us to seed an adequate amount of cells before perfusion. Moreover, during the period of cell culture, the mechanical force around the cell is relatively low to prevent stem cells from differentiate and maintain the phenotype. As a result of our hanging system design, cells are designed to accumulate at the bottom of the droplet. This method enhances convenience for observation activities and analysis of experiments. Thus, this microfluid chip can be used as an in vitro platform representing in vivo physiological conditions, and can be useful in regenerative therapy.
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Bachman H, Gu Y, Rufo J, Yang S, Tian Z, Huang PH, Yu L, Huang TJ. Low-frequency flexural wave based microparticle manipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1281-1289. [PMID: 32154525 PMCID: PMC7392613 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00072h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of microparticles and bio-samples is a critical task in many research and clinical settings. Recently, acoustic based methods have garnered significant attention due to their relatively simple designs, and biocompatible and precise manipulation of small objects. Herein, we introduce a flexural wave based acoustofluidic manipulation platform that utilizes low-frequency (4-6 kHz) commercial buzzers to achieve dynamic particle concentration and translation in an open fluid well. The device has two primary modes of functionality, wherein particles can be concentrated in pressure nodes that are present on the bottom surface of the device, or particles can be trapped and manipulated in streaming vortices within the fluid domain; both of these functions result from flexural mode vibrations that travel from the transducers throughout the device. Throughout our research, we numerically and experimentally explored the wave patterns generated within the device, investigated the particle concentration phenomenon, and utilized a phase difference between the two transducers to achieve precision movement of fluid vortices and the entrapped particle clusters. With its simple, low-cost nature and open fluidic chamber design, this platform can be useful in many biological, biochemical, and biomedical applications, such as tumor spheroid generation and culture, as well as the manipulation of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Cell subtype-dependent formation of breast tumor spheroids and their variable responses to chemotherapeutics within microfluidics-generated 3D microgels with tunable mechanics. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110932. [PMID: 32409080 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor spheroids have been considered valuable miniaturized three dimensional (3D) tissue models for fundamental biological investigation as well as drug screening applications. Most tumor spheroids are generated utilizing the inherent aggregate behavior of tumor cells, and the effect of microenvironmental factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) on tumor spheroid formation has not been extensively elucidated to date. Herein, uniform-sized spherical microgels encapsulated with different subtypes of breast tumor cells, based on tumor aggressiveness, are developed by flow-focusing microfluidics technology. Mechanical properties of microgels are controlled in a wide range via polymer concentration, and their influence on tumor physiology and spheroid formation is shown to be highly dependent on cell subtype. Specifically, the formation of polyploid/multinucleated giant cancer cells is a key early step in determining initial proliferation and eventual tumor spheroid generation within microgels with varying mechanics. In addition, chemotherapeutic screening performed on these tumor spheroids in microgels also display significantly variable cytotoxic effects based on microgel mechanics for each cell subtype, further highlighting the importance of microenvironmental factors on tumor spheroid physiology.
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50
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Yu SJ, Choi G, Cho Y, Lee M, Cho Y, Shin JH, Lee E, Im SG. Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture on Polymer-Coated Surface Potentiate Stem Cell Functions via Enhanced Cell–Extracellular Matrix Interactions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2240-2250. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jung Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Goro Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbin Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghak Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H. Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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