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Chaqroun A, Bertrand I, Wurtzer S, Moulin L, Boni M, Soubies S, Boudaud N, Gantzer C. Assessing infectivity of emerging enveloped viruses in wastewater and sewage sludge: Relevance and procedures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 943:173648. [PMID: 38825204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has heightened the need to evaluate the detection of enveloped viruses in the environment, particularly in wastewater, within the context of wastewater-based epidemiology. The studies published over the past 80 years focused primarily on non-enveloped viruses due to their ability to survive longer in environmental matrices such as wastewater or sludge compared to enveloped viruses. However, different enveloped viruses survive in the environment for different lengths of time. Therefore, it is crucial to be prepared to assess the potential infectious risk that may arise from future emerging enveloped viruses. This will require appropriate tools, notably suitable viral concentration methods that do not compromise virus infectivity. This review has a dual purpose: first, to gather all the available literature on the survival of infectious enveloped viruses, specifically at different pH and temperature conditions, and in contact with detergents; second, to select suitable concentration methods for evaluating the infectivity of these viruses in wastewater and sludge. The methodology used in this data collection review followed the systematic approach outlined in the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Concentration methods cited in the data gathered are more tailored towards detecting the enveloped viruses' genome. There is a lack of suitable methods for detecting infectious enveloped viruses in wastewater and sludge. Ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, and polyethylene glycol precipitation methods, under specific/defined conditions, appear to be relevant approaches. Further studies are necessary to validate reliable concentration methods for detecting infectious enveloped viruses. The choice of culture system is also crucial for detection sensitivity. The data also show that the survival of infectious enveloped viruses, though lower than that of non-enveloped ones, may enable environmental transmission. Experimental data on a wide range of enveloped viruses is required due to the variability in virus persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Chaqroun
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | - Mickael Boni
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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Williams RC, Perry WB, Lambert-Slosarska K, Futcher B, Pellett C, Richardson-O'Neill I, Paterson S, Grimsley JMS, Wade MJ, Weightman AJ, Farkas K, Jones DL. Examining the stability of viral RNA and DNA in wastewater: Effects of storage time, temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121879. [PMID: 38865915 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been demonstrably successful as a relatively unbiased tool for monitoring levels of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating in communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Accumulated biobanks of wastewater samples allow retrospective exploration of spatial and temporal trends for public health indicators such as chemicals, viruses, antimicrobial resistance genes, and the possible emergence of novel human or zoonotic pathogens. We investigated virus resilience to time, temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles, plus the optimal storage conditions to maintain the stability of genetic material (RNA/DNA) of viral +ssRNA (Envelope - E, Nucleocapsid - N and Spike protein - S genes of SARS-CoV-2), dsRNA (Phi6 phage) and circular dsDNA (crAssphage) in wastewater. Samples consisted of (i) processed and extracted wastewater samples, (ii) processed and extracted distilled water samples, and (iii) raw, unprocessed wastewater samples. Samples were stored at -80 °C, -20 °C, 4 °C, or 20 °C for 10 days, going through up to 10 freeze-thaw cycles (once per day). Sample stability was measured using reverse transcription quantitative PCR, quantitative PCR, automated electrophoresis, and short-read whole genome sequencing. Exploring different areas of the SARS-CoV-2 genome demonstrated that the S gene in processed and extracted samples showed greater sensitivity to freeze-thaw cycles than the E or N genes. Investigating surrogate and normalisation viruses showed that Phi6 remains a stable comparison for SARS-CoV-2 in a laboratory setting and crAssphage was relatively resilient to temperature variation. Recovery of SARS-CoV-2 in raw unprocessed samples was significantly greater when stored at 4 °C, which was supported by the sequencing data for all viruses - both time and freeze-thaw cycles negatively impacted sequencing metrics. Historical extracts stored at -80 °C that were re-quantified 12, 14 and 16 months after original quantification showed no major changes. This study highlights the importance of the fast processing and extraction of wastewater samples, following which viruses are relatively robust to storage at a range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Williams
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - William B Perry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | - Ben Futcher
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cameron Pellett
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jasmine M S Grimsley
- UK Health Security Agency, Data Analytics & Surveillance Group, 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK; The London Data Company, London, EC2N 2AT, UK
| | - Matthew J Wade
- UK Health Security Agency, Data Analytics & Surveillance Group, 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | - Andrew J Weightman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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Bartolomeu M, Gomes TJ, Campos F, Vieira C, Loureiro S, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Gomes ATPC, Almeida A. Wastewater disinfection with photodynamic treatment and evaluation of its ecotoxicological effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142421. [PMID: 38797202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated the presence of viruses in wastewater (WW), which can remain viable for a long period, posing potential health risks. Conventional WW treatment methods involving UV light, chlorine and ozone efficiently reduce microbial concentrations, however, they produce hazardous byproducts and microbial resistance that are detrimental to human health and the ecosystem. Hence, there is a need for novel disinfection techniques. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) emerges as a promising strategy, utilizing photosensitizers (PS), light, and dioxygen to inactivate viruses. This study aims to assess the efficacy of PDI by testing methylene blue (MB) and the cationic porphyrin TMPyP as PSs, along a low energy consuming white light source (LED) at an irradiance of 50 mW/cm2, for the inactivation of bacteriophage Phi6. Phi6 serves as an enveloped RNA-viruses surrogate model in WW. PDI experiments were conducted in a buffer solution (PBS) and real WW matrices (filtered and non-filtered). Considering the environmental release of the treated effluents, this research also evaluated the ecotoxicity of the resulting solution (post-PDI treatment effluent) on the model organism Daphnia magna, following the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) immobilization technical 202 guideline. Daphnids were exposed to WW containing the tested PS at different concentrations and dilutions (accounting for the dilution factor during WW release into receiving waters) over 48 h. The results indicate that PDI with MB efficiently inactivated the model virus in the different aqueous matrices, achieving reductions superior to 8 log10 PFU/mL, after treatments of 5 min in PBS and of ca. 90 min in WW. Daphnids survival increased when subjected to the PDI-treated WW with MB, considering the dilution factor. Overall, the effectiveness of PDI in eliminating viruses in WW, the fading of the toxic effects on daphnids after MB' irradiation and the rapid dilution effect upon WW release in the environment highlight the possibility of using MB in WW PDI-disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bartolomeu
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal.
| | - Thierry J Gomes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Campos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T P C Gomes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-19, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Torres-Franco AF, Leroy-Freitas D, Martinez-Fraile C, Rodríguez E, García-Encina PA, Muñoz R. Partitioning and inactivation of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses in activated sludge, anaerobic and microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120834. [PMID: 37984037 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic and microalgae-based technologies for municipal wastewater treatment have emerged as sustainable alternatives to activated sludge systems. However, viruses are a major sanitary concern for reuse applications of liquid and solid byproducts from these technologies. To assess their capacity to reduce viruses during secondary wastewater treatment, enveloped Phi6 and nonenveloped MS2 bacteriophages, typically used as surrogates of several types of wastewater viruses, were spiked into batch bioreactors treating synthetic municipal wastewater (SMWW). The decay of Phi6 and MS2 in anaerobic and microalgae-based reactors was compared with the decay in activated sludge batch reactors for 96 h (Phi6) and 144 h (MS2). In each reactor, bacteriophages in the soluble and solids fractions were titered, allowing the assessment of virus partitioning to biomass over time. Moreover, the influence of abiotic conditions such as agitation, oxygen absence and light excess in activated sludge, anaerobic and microalgae reactors, respectively, was assessed using dedicated SMWW control reactors. All technologies showed Phi6 and MS2 reductions. Phi6 was reduced in at least 4.7 to 6.5 log10 units, with 0 h concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 6.5 log10 PFU mL-1. Similarly, reductions achieved for MS2 were of at least 3.9 to 7.2 log10 units, from starting concentrations of 8.0 to 8.6 log10 PFU mL-1. Log-logistic models adjusted to bacteriophages' decay indicated T90 values in activated sludge and microalgae reactors of 2.2 and 7.9 h for Phi6 and of 1.0 and 11.5 h for MS2, respectively, all within typical hydraulic retention times (HRT) of full-scale operation. In the case of the microalgae technology, T99 values for Phi6 and MS2 of 12.7 h and 13.6 h were also lower than typical operating HRTs (2-10 d), while activated sludge and anaerobic treatment achieved less than 99 % of Phi6 and 50 % of MS2 inactivation within 12 h of typical HRT, respectively. Thus, the microalgae-based treatment exhibited a higher potential to reduce the disinfection requirements of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Torres-Franco
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Deborah Leroy-Freitas
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martinez-Fraile
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodríguez
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A García-Encina
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina. s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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Raza S, Wdowiak M, Paczesny J. An Overview of Diverse Strategies To Inactivate Enterobacteriaceae-Targeting Bacteriophages. EcoSal Plus 2023; 11:eesp00192022. [PMID: 36651738 PMCID: PMC10729933 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0019-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and thus threaten industrial processes relying on the production executed by bacterial cells. Industries bear huge economic losses due to such recurring and resilient infections. Depending on the specificity of the process, there is a need for appropriate methods of bacteriophage inactivation, with an emphasis on being inexpensive and high efficiency. In this review, we summarize the reports on antiphagents, i.e., antibacteriophage agents on inactivation of bacteriophages. We focused on bacteriophages targeting the representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family, as its representative, Escherichia coli, is most commonly used in the bio-industry. The review is divided into sections dealing with bacteriophage inactivation by physical factors, chemical factors, and nanotechnology-based solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sada Raza
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wdowiak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Paczesny
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Pitol AK, Venkatesan S, Hoptroff M, Hughes GL. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogate, bacteriophage Phi6, on surfaces and in water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0121923. [PMID: 37902315 PMCID: PMC10686083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01219-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic spurred research on the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its surrogates. Here we highlight the importance of evaluating viral surrogates and experimental methodologies when studying pathogen survival in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K. Pitol
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samiksha Venkatesan
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hoptroff
- Unilever Research and Development, Port Sunlight, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Sinclair LG, Ilieva Z, Morris G, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Viricidal Efficacy of a 405-nm Environmental Decontamination System for Inactivation of Bacteriophage Phi6: Surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1493-1500. [PMID: 36872097 PMCID: PMC10952546 DOI: 10.1111/php.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly transmittable nature of SARS-CoV-2 has increased the necessity for novel strategies to safely decontaminate public areas. This study investigates the efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light environmental decontamination system for the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Bacteriophage phi6 was exposed to increasing doses of low irradiance (~0.5 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light while suspended in SM buffer and artificial human saliva at low (~103-4 PFU mL-1 ) and high (~107-8 PFU mL-1 ) seeding densities, to determine system efficacy for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation and establish the influence of biologically relevant suspension media on viral susceptibility. Complete/near-complete (≥99.4%) inactivation was demonstrated in all cases, with significantly enhanced reductions observed in biologically relevant media (P < 0.05). Doses of 43.2 and 172.8 J cm-2 were required to achieve ~3 log10 reductions at low density, and 97.2 and 259.2 J cm-2 achieved ~6 log10 reductions at high density, in saliva and SM buffer, respectively: 2.6-4 times less dose was required when suspended in saliva compared to SM buffer. Comparative exposure to higher irradiance (~50 mW cm-2 ) 405-nm light indicated that, on a per unit dose basis, 0.5 mW cm-2 treatments were capable of achieving up to 5.8 greater log10 reductions with up to 28-fold greater germicidal efficiency than that of 50 mW cm-2 treatments. These findings establish the efficacy of low irradiance 405-nm light systems for inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate and demonstrate the significant enhancement in susceptibility when suspended in saliva, which is a major vector in COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Sinclair
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Georgina Morris
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - John G. Anderson
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST)University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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Sun Y, Chen YL, Xu CP, Gao J, Feng Y, Wu QF. Disinfection of influenza a viruses by Hypocrellin a-mediated photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103674. [PMID: 37364664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses can be transmitted indirectly by surviving on the surface of an object. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach for disinfection of pathogens. METHODS PDI was generated using Hypocrellin A (HA) and red light emitting diode (625-635 nm, 280 W/m2). Effects of the HA-mediated PDI on influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2 were evaluated by the reduction of viral titers compared to virus control. After selection of the HA concentrations and illumination times, the applicability of PDI was assessed on surgical masks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using a 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence probe. RESULTS In solution, 10 μM HA inactivated up to 5.11 ± 0.19 log10 TCID50 of H1N1 and 4.89 ± 0.38 log10 TCID50 of H3N2 by illumination for 5 and 30 min, respectively. When surgical masks were contaminated by virus before HA addition, PDI inactivated 99.99% (4.33 ± 0.34 log reduction) of H1N1 and 99.40% (2.22 ± 0.39 log reduction) of H3N2 under the selected condition. When the masks were pretreated with HA before virus addition, PDI decontaminated 99.92% (3.11 ± 0.19 log reduction) of H1N1 and 98.71% (1.89 ± 0.20 log reduction) of H3N2 virus. The fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in photoactivated HA was significantly higher than the cell control (P > 0.05), indicating that HA efficiently generated ROS. CONCLUSIONS HA-mediated PDI is effective for the disinfection of influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2. The approach could be an alternative to decontaminating influenza A viruses on the surfaces of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Lu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiao-Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zupanc M, Zevnik J, Filipić A, Gutierrez-Aguirre I, Ješelnik M, Košir T, Ortar J, Dular M, Petkovšek M. Inactivation of the enveloped virus phi6 with hydrodynamic cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106400. [PMID: 37060711 PMCID: PMC10085970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID -19 pandemic reminded us that we need better contingency plans to prevent the spread of infectious agents and the occurrence of epidemics or pandemics. Although the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in water has not been confirmed, there are studies that have reported on the presence of infectious coronaviruses in water and wastewater samples. Since standard water treatments are not designed to eliminate viruses, it is of utmost importance to explore advanced treatment processes that can improve water treatment and help inactivate viruses when needed. This is the first study to investigate the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6, an enveloped virus used as a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate in many studies. In two series of experiments with increasing and constant sample temperature, virus reduction of up to 6.3 logs was achieved. Inactivation of phi6 at temperatures of 10 and 20 °C occurs predominantly by the mechanical effect of cavitation and results in a reduction of up to 4.5 logs. At 30 °C, the reduction increases to up to 6 logs, where the temperature-induced increased susceptibility of the viral lipid envelope makes the virus more prone to inactivation. Furthermore, the control experiments without cavitation showed that the increased temperature alone is not sufficient to cause inactivation, but that additional mechanical stress is still required. The RNA degradation results confirmed that virus inactivation was due to the disrupted lipid bilayer and not to RNA damage. Hydrodynamic cavitation, therefore, has the potential to inactivate current and potentially emerging enveloped pathogenic viruses in water at lower, environmentally relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Zupanc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Zevnik
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arijana Filipić
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ion Gutierrez-Aguirre
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meta Ješelnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Košir
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Ortar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Sarabando SN, Dias CJ, Vieira C, Bartolomeu M, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Monteiro CJP, Faustino MAF. Sulfonamide Porphyrins as Potent Photosensitizers against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): The Role of Co-Adjuvants. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052067. [PMID: 36903314 PMCID: PMC10004250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides are a conventional class of antibiotics that are well-suited to combat infections. However, their overuse leads to antimicrobial resistance. Porphyrins and analogs have demonstrated excellent photosensitizing properties and have been used as antimicrobial agents to photoinactivate microorganisms, including multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. It is well recognized that the combination of different therapeutic agents might improve the biological outcome. In this present work, a novel meso-arylporphyrin and its Zn(II) complex functionalized with sulfonamide groups were synthesized and characterized and the antibacterial activity towards MRSA with and without the presence of the adjuvant KI was evaluated. For comparison, the studies were also extended to the corresponding sulfonated porphyrin TPP(SO3H)4. Photodynamic studies revealed that all porphyrin derivatives were effective in photoinactivating MRSA (>99.9% of reduction) at a concentration of 5.0 μM upon white light radiation with an irradiance of 25 mW cm-2 and a total light dose of 15 J cm-2. The combination of the porphyrin photosensitizers with the co-adjuvant KI during the photodynamic treatment proved to be very promising allowing a significant reduction in the treatment time and photosensitizer concentration by six times and at least five times, respectively. The combined effect observed for TPP(SO2NHEt)4 and ZnTPP(SO2NHEt)4 with KI seems to be due to the formation of reactive iodine radicals. In the photodynamic studies with TPP(SO3H)4 plus KI, the cooperative action was mainly due to the formation of free iodine (I2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N. Sarabando
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina J. Dias
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Bartolomeu
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos J. P. Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
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Photodynamic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Antiviral Treatment Effects In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061301. [PMID: 35746772 PMCID: PMC9229166 DOI: 10.3390/v14061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite available vaccines, antibodies and antiviral agents, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic still continues to cause severe disease and death. Current treatment options are limited, and emerging new mutations are a challenge. Thus, novel treatments and measures for prevention of viral infections are urgently required. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a potential treatment for infections by a broad variety of critical pathogens, including viruses. We explored the infectiousness of clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Vero cell cultures after PDI-treatment, using the photosensitizer Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylate (THPTS) and near-infrared light. Replication of viral RNA (qPCR), viral cytopathic effects (microscopy) and mitochondrial activity were assessed. PDI of virus suspension with 1 µM THPTS before infection resulted in a reduction of detectable viral RNA by 3 log levels at day 3 and 6 after infection to similar levels as in previously heat-inactivated virions (<99.9%; p < 0.05). Mitochondrial activity, which was significantly reduced by viral infection, was markedly increased by PDI to levels similar to uninfected cell cultures. When applying THPTS-based PDI after infection, a single treatment had a virus load-reducing effect only at a higher concentration (3 µM) and reduced cell viability in terms of PDI-induced toxicity. Repeated PDI with 0.3 µM THPTS every 4 h for 3 d after infection reduced the viral load by more than 99.9% (p < 0.05), while cell viability was maintained. Our data demonstrate that THPTS-based antiviral PDI might constitute a promising approach for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Further testing will demonstrate if THPTS is also suitable to reduce the viral load in vivo.
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