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García-Díez J, Moura D, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga B, Saraiva S, Silva F, Saraiva C, Ausina J. Salmonella spp. in Domestic Ruminants, Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Based on the One Health Approach-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Sci 2024; 11:315. [PMID: 39057999 PMCID: PMC11281391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. pose a global threat as a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, particularly prevalent in the European Union (EU), where it remains the second cause of foodborne outbreaks. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. has become a critical concern, complicating treatment strategies and escalating the risk of severe infections. The study focuses on large and small ruminants, identifying a prevalence of Salmonella spp. in slaughterhouses and revealing varied AMR rates across antimicrobial families throughout a meta-analysis. Also, comparison with AMR in human medicine was carried out by a systematic review. The results of the present meta-analysis displayed a prevalence of Salmonella spp. in large and small ruminants at slaughterhouses of 8.01% (8.31%, cattle; 7.04%, goats; 6.12%, sheep). According to the AMR of Salmonella spp., 20, 14, and 13 out of 62 antimicrobials studied were classified as low (<5%), high (>5% but <10%), and very high (>10%), respectively. Salmonella spp. did not display AMR against aztreonam, mezlocillin, ertapenem, meropenem, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, tilmicosin, linezolid, fosfomycin, furazolidone, quinupristin, trimethoprim and spectinomycin. In contrast, a prevalence of 100% of AMR has been described against ofloxacin, lincomycin, and cloxacillin. In the context of the main antibiotics used in the treatment of human salmonellosis, azithromycin was shown to have the highest resistance among Salmonella spp. isolates from humans. Regarding cephalosporins, which are also used for the treatment of salmonellosis in humans, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. resistance to this class of antibiotics was similar in both human and animal samples. Concerning quinolones, despite a heightened resistance profile in Salmonella spp. isolates from ruminant samples, there appears to be no discernible compromise to the efficacy of salmonellosis treatment in humans since lower prevalences of AMR in Salmonella spp. isolated from human specimens were observed. Although the resistance of Salmonella spp. indicates some degree of concern, most antibiotics are not used in veterinary medicine. Thus, the contribution of cattle, sheep and goats to the rise of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. and its potential impact on public health appears to be relatively insignificant, due to their low prevalence in carcasses and organs. Nevertheless, the observed low prevalence of Salmonella spp. in ruminants at slaughterhouse and the correspondingly low AMR rates of Salmonella spp. to key antibiotics employed in human medicine do not indicate that ruminant livestock poses a substantial public health risk concerning the transmission of AMR. Thus, the results observed in both the meta-analysis and systematic review suggests that AMR is not solely attributed to veterinary antibiotic use but is also influenced by factors such as animal health management (i.e., biosecurity measures, prophylactic schemes) and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Díez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.S.); (F.S.); (C.S.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dina Moura
- Divisão de Intervenção de Alimentação e Veterinária de Vila Real e Douro Sul, Direção de Serviços de Alimentação e Veterinária da Região Norte, Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Lugar de Codessais, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Dipartamento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universitá degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.C.-G.)
| | - Beniamino Cenci-Goga
- Dipartamento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universitá degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.G.); (B.C.-G.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Sónia Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.S.); (F.S.); (C.S.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.S.); (F.S.); (C.S.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristina Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.S.); (F.S.); (C.S.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Ausina
- Social Psychology and Methodology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Lv J, Geng L, Ye W, Gong S, Wu J, Ju T, Li L, Liu L, Zhang Y. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases in Shiyan, China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301388. [PMID: 38722868 PMCID: PMC11081320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a primary cause of foodborne diseases globally. Despite food contamination and clinical infections garnering substantial attention and research, asymptomatic Salmonella carriers, potential sources of infection, have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genetic profiles of archived Salmonella strains isolated from food (26), asymptomatic carriers (41), and clinical cases (47) in Shiyan City, China. Among the 114 Salmonella strains identified, representing 31 serotypes and 34 Sequence Types (STs), the most prevalent serovars included Typhimurium, Derby, Enteritidis, Thompson, and London, with the most predominant STs being ST11, ST40, ST26, ST34, and ST155. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that all strains were only sensitive to meropenem, with 74.6% showing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and 53.5% demonstrating multidrug resistance (MDR). Strains resistant to five and six classes of antibiotics were the most common. Pearson's chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of AMR (p = 0.105) or MDR (p = 0.326) among Salmonella isolates from the three sources. Our findings underscore associations and diversities among Salmonella strains isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical patients, emphasizing the need for increased vigilance towards asymptomatic Salmonella carriers by authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lingjun Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenlin Ye
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shide Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tingting Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shiyan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Polat İ, Şen B, Onurdağ FK. Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated for the first time in laying hens, and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103180. [PMID: 37980729 PMCID: PMC10685019 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 323 drag swab samples were taken from laying hen fresh feces from 3 different provinces (Kırklareli, Edirne, and Tekirdağ), which are located in the European part of Türkiye. According to the ISO 6579: 2002 method, 17.3% of the samples were found positive for Salmonella. Obtained 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera according to Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella were identified as S. Typhimurium (28.6%), S. Kentucky (17.9%), S. Abony (16.1%), S. Infantis (8.9%), S. Enteritidis (5.4%), S. Anatum (3.6%), S. Saintpaul (3.6%), S. Szentes (1.8%), S. Dibra (1.8%), S. Fallowfield (1.8%), S. Kimuenza (1.8%), S. Escanaba (1.8%), S. Nagoya (1.8%), S. Mbandaka (1.8%), S. Agona (1.8%), and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 (1.8%). Isolations of S. Kimuenza, S. Escanaba, and S. Nagoya from laying hens are reported for the first time in Türkiye. The isolations of S. Dibra, S. Fallowfield, S. Szentes, and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 from laying hens are the first report in the world. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, azithromycin, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole by the disk diffusion method. While 10% of S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, and S. Kimuenza was only resistant to chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Polat
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Burhan Şen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
| | - Fatma Kaynak Onurdağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Türkiye.
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Maugeri A, Barchitta M, Agodi A. Association between quality of governance, antibiotic consumption, and antimicrobial resistance: an analysis of Italian regions. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:130. [PMID: 37990283 PMCID: PMC10662482 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research has provided evidence suggesting the potential influence of governance on the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), accounting for significant disparities observed both between and within countries. In our study, we conducted an ecological analysis to investigate the relationship between governance quality, antibiotic consumption, and AMR across Italian regions. METHODS By leveraging data from three distinct sources at the regional level, we compiled a comprehensive dataset comprising: AMR proportions for three specific pathogen-antibiotic combinations in the year 2021, antibiotic consumption data for systemic use in the year 2020, and the 2021 European Quality of Government Index (EQI) and its corresponding pillars. Employing mediation analysis, we investigated the potential mediating role of antibiotic consumption in the association between the EQI and an average measure of AMR. RESULTS Our analysis revealed substantial variation in the percentages of AMR across different regions in Italy, demonstrating a discernible North-to-South gradient concerning both antibiotic usage and governance quality. The EQI exhibited a statistically significant negative correlation with both antibiotic consumption and AMR percentages, encompassing both specific combinations and their average value. Regions characterized by higher levels of governance quality consistently displayed lower values of antibiotic consumption and AMR, while regions with lower governance quality tended to exhibit higher levels of antibiotic use and AMR. Furthermore, we observed a significant total effect of the EQI on average AMR (β = - 0.97; CI - 1.51; - 0.43). Notably, this effect was found to be mediated by antibiotic consumption, as evidenced by a significant indirect effect (β = - 0.89; CI - 1.45; - 0.32). CONCLUSIONS These findings draw attention to the regional disparities observed in AMR levels, antibiotic consumption patterns, and governance quality in Italy. Our study also highlights the mediating role of antibiotic consumption in the relationship between governance quality and AMR. This underscores the significance of implementing focused interventions and policies aimed at improving governance quality and promoting responsible antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maugeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Barchitta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Pagani G, Parenti M, Franzetti M, Pezzati L, Bassani F, Osnaghi B, Vismara L, Pavia C, Mirri P, Rusconi S. Invasive and Non-Invasive Human Salmonellosis Cases Admitted between 2015 and 2021 in Four Suburban Hospitals in the Metropolitan Area of Milan (Italy): A Multi-Center Retrospective Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:1298. [PMID: 38003763 PMCID: PMC10674539 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Typhoidal Salmonellas (NTSs) are diffused worldwide. In Italy, more than 3500 cases are notified each year, but despite this, data about salmonellosis are scarce. Our multi-center, retrospective, descriptive study selected 252 patients with positive cultures for Salmonella spp. (feces 79.8%, blood 8.7%, feces and blood 7.5%), aiming to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this population. Bacteremic infections constituted 16.3% (41/252) of patients. Extreme ages (≤12 and ≥65 years old) accounted for 79.7%, but only elder ages were strongly associated with bacteremic infections (aOR 5.78). Invasive infections had a 7-fold higher mortality rate than non-invasive disease (9.8% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.013), with an overall rate of 2.8%. The two more represented serogroups were O:4 (52.8%) and O:9 (22.2%). The O:9 serogroup was strongly associated with a higher frequency of invasive infection (aOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.17-7.63). In particular, S. napoli, an emerging serovar in Europe, accounted for 31.7% of bacteremic infections and only 9.5% of non-bacteremic ones (p < 0.001). Antibiotic microbial resistance (AMR) observed a steep increasing trend and was detected in 60.4% of cases (122/202): amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin, and gentamicin were most commonly involved (26.7%, 21.8%, 14.3%, respectively), while TMP/SMX, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone were <10%. Resistance was, in general, less common in the O:9 serogroup, while amikacin resistance was significantly more common. Factors associated with an MDR Salmonella acquisition were time (OR 1.37 per year more), O:4 serogroup (OR 2.67), and being a woman (OR 2.11). The most frequent symptoms were diarrhea (90.5%) and fever (81.7%). In conclusion, our study highlights a high burden of NTS infections, leading to severe or fatal outcomes in frail patients. Furthermore, AMR shows an increasing trend with a concerning high prevalence of cephalosporine resistance compared to the rest of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pagani
- UOC Malattie Infettive, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovanni II s.n., Legnano, 20025 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (F.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Marco Parenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “L. Sacco”, Università Statale degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B., Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marco Franzetti
- UOC Malattie Infettive, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovanni II s.n., Legnano, 20025 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (F.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura Pezzati
- UOC Malattie Infettive, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovanni II s.n., Legnano, 20025 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (F.B.); (S.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “L. Sacco”, Università Statale degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B., Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bassani
- UOC Malattie Infettive, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovanni II s.n., Legnano, 20025 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (F.B.); (S.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “L. Sacco”, Università Statale degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B., Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy;
| | - Bianca Osnaghi
- UOC Microbiologia, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovann II s.n., 20025 Legnano, Italy (C.P.)
| | - Laura Vismara
- UOC Microbiologia, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovann II s.n., 20025 Legnano, Italy (C.P.)
| | - Claudia Pavia
- UOC Microbiologia, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovann II s.n., 20025 Legnano, Italy (C.P.)
| | - Paola Mirri
- UOC Microbiologia, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovann II s.n., 20025 Legnano, Italy (C.P.)
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- UOC Malattie Infettive, ASST Ovest-Milanese, Ospedale Nuovo di Legnano, Via Papa Giovanni II s.n., Legnano, 20025 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (F.B.); (S.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche “L. Sacco”, Università Statale degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B., Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy;
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Jia M, Li P, Zhang J, Chen Z, Gao L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Yan Y, Zhu G. Characteristics of Two mcr-1-Harboring IncHI2 Plasmids from Clinical Salmonella Isolates in Jiaxing City. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:467-476. [PMID: 37699240 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a primary cause of foodborne diseases, and the increasing prevalence of mcr-1-carrying plasmids, which confer colistin resistance to Salmonella, poses significant global health concerns. As the frequency of occurrence of the mcr-1 gene is increasing globally, we studied the prevalence of mcr-1 in clinical Salmonella isolates by analyzing 195 clinical strains isolated in 2020. Of the 195 Salmonella isolates, 41 isolates were resistant to colistin. We found mcr-1 in two strains (Salmonella Typhimurium ZJJX20006 and Salmonella Kentucky ZJJX20014), which we analyzed in detail via whole-genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Two strains displayed resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole, while ZJJX20006 displayed resistance to colistin and ZJJX20014 was sensitive. Genomic analysis revealed that these strains had plasmid-encoded mcr-1 in IncHI2 plasmids, which were not similar to the mcr-1-IncX4 identified in 2016. These two strains also harbored other drug resistance genes, including blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-14. Our findings may help clarify the molecular mechanisms of mcr-1 dissemination among Salmonella strains in Jiaxing City and offer insights into the evolution of mcr-1 in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Jia
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yangming Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, China
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Alessiani A, La Bella G, Donatiello A, Occhiochiuso G, Faleo S, Didonna A, D’Attoli L, Selicato P, Pedarra C, La Salandra G, Mancini ME, Di Taranto P, Goffredo E. Occurrence of a New Variant of Salmonella Infantis Lacking Somatic Antigen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2274. [PMID: 37764118 PMCID: PMC10538023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Infantis is one of the most frequent serovars reported in broilers and is also regularly identified in human salmonellosis cases, representing a relevant public health problem. In the laboratories of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata (IZSPB), six Salmonella Infantis strains with antigenic formula -:r:1,5 have been isolated from the litter and carcass of broilers between 2018 and 2022. The strains were investigated to evaluate their phenotype, antibiotic resistance and genomic profiles. Genomic analysis confirmed that the isolates belonged to the Infantis serotype and to the sequence type ST32. Moreover, all strains showed a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile and were characterised by the presence of the IncFIB plasmid incompatibility group. Three strains had the blaCTX-M-1 gene, and one of them carried IncX1. The presence of this new variant of S. Infantis is particularly relevant because it could expand the landscape of the S. Infantis population. The absence of the somatic antigen could pose a problem in both isolation and serotyping and a consequent public health concern due to the spread of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Alessiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco La Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Adelia Donatiello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gilda Occhiochiuso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Simona Faleo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Didonna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigi D’Attoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Selicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmine Pedarra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna La Salandra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Emanuela Mancini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Taranto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Elisa Goffredo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentare della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71121 Foggia, Italy
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Mancini ME, Alessiani A, Donatiello A, Didonna A, D’Attoli L, Faleo S, Occhiochiuso G, Carella F, Di Taranto P, Pace L, Rondinone V, Damato AM, Coppola R, Pedarra C, Goffredo E. Systematic Survey of Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. in Bivalve Shellfish in Apulia Region (Italy): Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020450. [PMID: 36838415 PMCID: PMC9966029 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly common across the globe and aquatic ecosystems could be considered a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to determine prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of the potential pathogenic bacteria Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. in bivalve molluscs intended for human consumption, collected over a period of 19 months along the northern coast of Apulia region. The AMR profile was also determined in non-pathogenic Vibrio species, common natural inhabitants of seawater and a useful indicator for the surveillance of AMR in the environment. The current study presents data on the AMR of 5 Salmonella and 126 Vibrio isolates by broth microdilution MIC. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in one S. Typhimurium strain towards sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, gentamicin, and ampicillin and in 41.3% of the Vibrio strains, mostly towards sulphonamides, penicillin, and cephems. All Vibrio isolates were sensitive to azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin, and levofloxacin. The AMR phenomenon in the investigated area is not highly worrying but not entirely negligible; therefore, in-depth continuous monitoring is suggested. Results concerning the antibiotic agents without available specific clinical breakpoints could be useful to upgrade the MIC distribution for Vibrio spp. but, also, the establishment of interpretative criteria for environmental species is necessary to obtain a more complete view of this issue.
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Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Human, Wild Boar, and Environmental Samples in 2018-2020 in the Northwest of Italy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121446. [PMID: 36558780 PMCID: PMC9787983 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenging public health problems worldwide, and integrated surveillance is a key aspect in a One Health control strategy. Additionally, Salmonella is the second most common zoonosis in Europe. We aimed to investigate the circulation of Salmonella strains and their related antimicrobial resistance in human, environmental, and wild boar samples from the northwest of Italy, from 2018 to 2020, to obtain a more comprehensive epidemiological picture. Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Veneziana and S. Newport were the most common serotypes occurring in humans, the environment, and wild boar, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance was rather common in Salmonella isolates, with those from human displaying the highest degree of resistance against sulfadiazine−sulfamerazine−sulfamethazine (>90% of resistance). Moreover, resistance against azithromycin were exclusively observed in environmental samples, while only 7.7% (95% CI = 1.6−20.8) of wild boar isolates experienced resistance against trimethoprim−sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance concurrently involved up to seven antimicrobial classes in human isolates, including third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Salmonella Typhimurium in humans and serotypes Goldcoast and Rissen from environmental sources showed the highest levels of resistance. This study shows diverse antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella strains isolated from different sources and gives a broad picture of antimicrobial resistance spread in wild animals, humans, and the environment.
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Okafor CC, Ekakoro JE, Caldwell M, Strand EB. Emotive Themes from Tennessee Cattle Producers Regarding Responsible Antibiotic Use. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162088. [PMID: 36009678 PMCID: PMC9405180 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve judicious antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animals in the United States, all feed additives that were medically important antimicrobials were moved from over the counter to Veterinary Feed Directive in 2017. This action required a change in behavior of producers’ AMU practices. Because emotions are important aspects of behavior, several behavioral interventions have targeted people’s emotions as means of effecting change. Hence, understanding and incorporating the emotional experiences of producers towards current AMU practices can be a starting point to making future behavioral changes that could reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance challenge. Between June 2017 and March 2018, seven focus group meetings of Tennessee (TN) beef and dairy cattle producers were conducted to evaluate producers’ emotional views regarding responsible AMU in TN cattle. Sixty-two TN cattle producers participated and emotively expressed the following: (1) deep connections to animals in ways that improve animal and public health; (2) pride in their quality of products; (3) distress that consumers misconceive their AMU practices as indiscriminate; and (4) recommended that producers be more transparent about their AMU practices and the public improve their awareness for detecting marketers’ deceptive product labels that take advantage of public ignorance. Knowledge of these producers’ emotions would help educators target more successful behavioral change campaigns, improving stewardship in AMU practices among producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C. Okafor
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Marc Caldwell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Strand
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Bernad-Roche M, Casanova-Higes A, Marín-Alcalá CM, Mainar-Jaime RC. Salmonella Shedding in Slaughter Pigs and the Use of Esterified Formic Acid in the Drinking Water as a Potential Abattoir-Based Mitigation Measure. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131620. [PMID: 35804519 PMCID: PMC9264893 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs shedding Salmonella at slaughter are considered a source of carcass contamination and human infection. To assess this potential risk, the proportion of Salmonella shedders that arrive for slaughter was evaluated in a population of 1068 pigs from 24 farms. Shedding was present in 27.3% of the pigs, and the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, an emerging zoonotic serotype, was the most prevalent (46.9%). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella isolates was common, but few isolates showed AMR to antimicrobials of critical importance for humans such as third-generation cephalosporins (5%), colistin (0%), or carbapenems (0%). However, AMR to tigecycline was moderately high (15%). The efficacy of an esterified formic acid in the lairage drinking water (3 kg formic acid/1000 L) was also assessed as a potential abattoir-based strategy to reduce Salmonella shedding. It was able to reduce the proportion of shedders (60.7% in the control group (CG) vs. 44.3% in the treatment group (TG); p < 0.01). After considering clustering and confounding factors, the odds of shedding Salmonella in the CG were 2.75 (95% CI = 1.80−4.21) times higher than those of the TG, suggesting a potential efficacy of reduction in shedding as high as 63.6%. This strategy may contribute to mitigating the burden of abattoir environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bernad-Roche
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
| | - Alejandro Casanova-Higes
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
| | - Clara María Marín-Alcalá
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.B.-R.); (A.C.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-976-762-088
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