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Allahgholipour A, Safavi-Naini SAA, Shekarriz Foomany Z, Eskandari A, Nazari Rostami H, Honarvar MJ, Mohammadi M, Khalili P, Ilaghi M, Afshar H, Amini Baghbadorani A, Moghimi HR, Chamani Goorabi A, Mehrparvar A, Safari M, Nakhli AS, Mahmoudabadi M, Seifadini A, Sheikhansari S, Khojastehfar S, Mahdavi P, Mohammadi M, Ashrafi Barzideh S, Akbarzadeh N, Delavarpour Moghadam SH, Tavakoli Pirzaman A, Barary M, Emamhadi M. COVID-19 vaccines breakthrough infection and adverse reactions in medical students: a nationwide survey in Iran. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1348015. [PMID: 38544731 PMCID: PMC10965537 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1348015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are different types of COVID-19 vaccines approved worldwide. Since no national studies focus on vaccine-related adverse reactions and breakthrough cases, this study aimed to investigate the rate of adverse events and COVID-19 infection in medical students in Iran. Methods This retrospective cohort study included Iranian medical students who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The medical team gathered the demographic characteristics, comorbidities, type of vaccine, adverse events following vaccination, and history of COVID-19 infection data through a phone interview. The frequency of adverse events and breakthrough infection was stratified by vaccine type (ChAdOx1-S, Gam-COVID-Vac, and BIBP-CorV). Results A total of 3,591 medical students enrolled in this study, of which 57.02% were females, with a mean age of 23.31 + 4.87. A PCR-confirmed and suspicious-for-COVID-19 breakthrough infection rate of 4.51 and 7.02% was detected, respectively. There was no significant relation between breakthrough infection and gender, BMI, blood groups, and comorbidities. However, there was a significant difference in breakthrough infection rate among different types of vaccines (p = 0.001) and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). A total of 16 participants were hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection after vaccination for reasons such as dyspnea, abnormal imaging, or decreased oxygen saturation. No severe infection or death was observed in the studied population. Conclusion Vaccination prevented severe COVID-19 infection, although a high breakthrough infection rate was evident among Iranian medical students during the Delta variant's peak. Vaccine effectiveness may be fragile during emerging new variants and in high-exposure settings. Moreover, adverse events are rare, and the benefits of vaccination outweigh the side effects. However, many limitations challenged this study, and the results should be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Allahgholipour
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shekarriz Foomany
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Eskandari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nazari Rostami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Javad Honarvar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parnian Khalili
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Ilaghi
- Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Afshar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini Baghbadorani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moghimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Chamani Goorabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Mehrparvar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Safari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Sadat Nakhli
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adib Seifadini
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sobhan Sheikhansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Khojastehfar
- Student Research Committee, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mahdavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maede Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siyamak Ashrafi Barzideh
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia Akbarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hosein Delavarpour Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MohammadAli Emamhadi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rahman A, Roy KJ, Deb GK, Ha T, Rahman S, Aktar MK, Ali MI, Kafi MA, Choi JW. Nano-Enabled Antivirals for Overcoming Antibody Escaped Mutations Based SARS-CoV-2 Waves. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13130. [PMID: 37685938 PMCID: PMC10488153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations related to the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, which have been highlighted as a major cause of repetitive clinical waves of COVID-19. Our perusal of the literature reveals that most variants were able to escape neutralizing antibodies developed after immunization or natural exposure, pointing to the need for a sustainable technological solution to overcome this crisis. This review, therefore, focuses on nanotechnology and the development of antiviral nanomaterials with physical antagonistic features of viral replication checkpoints as such a solution. Our detailed discussion of SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis highlights four distinct checkpoints, the S protein (ACE2 receptor coupling), the RBD motif (ACE2 receptor coupling), ACE2 coupling, and the S protein cleavage site, as targets for the development of nano-enabled solutions that, for example, prevent viral attachment and fusion with the host cell by either blocking viral RBD/spike proteins or cellular ACE2 receptors. As proof of this concept, we highlight applications of several nanomaterials, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid-polymer hybrid-based, surface-modified nanoparticles that have already been employed to control viral infections. These nanoparticles were developed to inhibit receptor-mediated host-virus attachments and cell fusion, the uncoating of the virus, viral gene expression, protein synthesis, the assembly of progeny viral particles, and the release of the virion. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as antiviral drug carriers and vaccines, and nano-enabled sensors have already been shown to enable fast, sensitive, and label-free real-time diagnosis of viral infections. Nano-biosensors could, therefore, also be useful in the remote testing and tracking of patients, while nanocarriers probed with target tissue could facilitate the targeted delivery of antiviral drugs to infected cells, tissues, organs, or systems while avoiding unwanted exposure of non-target tissues. Antiviral nanoparticles can also be applied to sanitizers, clothing, facemasks, and other personal protective equipment to minimize horizontal spread. We believe that the nanotechnology-enabled solutions described in this review will enable us to control repeated SAR-CoV-2 waves caused by antibody escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Kumar Jyotirmoy Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Gautam Kumar Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh;
| | - Taehyeong Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea;
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Mst. Khudishta Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Md. Isahak Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea;
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Contini C, Rotondo JC, Perna B, Guarino M, De Giorgio R. Special Issue: Advances in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041048. [PMID: 37110471 PMCID: PMC10145712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus which was first reported in late 2019 in China, from where it then spread worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contini
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Perna
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Monzon-Posadas WO, Zorn J, Peters K, Baum M, Proksch H, Schlüter CB, Menting T, Pušnik J, Streeck H. Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066123. [PMID: 36742295 PMCID: PMC9893859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease. Methods Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva. Results Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner O Monzon-Posadas
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany.,Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zorn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Peters
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baum
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hannah Proksch
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Celina Beta Schlüter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Menting
- Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jernej Pušnik
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
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