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Hagner KA, Nordgren HS, Sarjokari K, Sukura A, Rajala-Schultz PJ. Role of mastitis in on-farm deaths of Finnish dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5962-5973. [PMID: 38522830 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
According to our recent necropsy-based study, mastitis is the most common underlying diagnosis of on-farm deaths in Finnish dairy cows. However, it remained unanswered to what extent mastitis has contributed to death of all necropsied cows. In the present study, based on histopathology, we detected one-third of the necropsied dairy cows having active inflammatory udder lesions (n = 110). The role of mastitis varied and was interpreted by causes of death (underlying, intermediate, immediate, other significant). Mastitis was most commonly the underlying (28%) or both immediate and underlying cause of death (48%), and only seldom was it the immediate (4%) or intermediate (4%) cause of death. Mastitis occurred either as the only cause leading to death (mastitis only, MO; 39%), or with many other contributing diseases (multiple diseases, MD; 61%), which were interacting with mastitis and together leading to death. Between these groups (MO vs. MD), time of mastitis occurrence during lactation, producer-reported duration of illness, clinical signs, and medication differed, as well the histopathologic severity of mastitis. The cases where mastitis was the only initial insult occurred evenly throughout the entire lactation, but the cases with many interacting diseases were clustered in early lactation. In MD cows, cases of mastitis occurred concurrently with metritis (31%), aspiration pneumonia (24%), acute trauma or dystocia (15%), or with other diseases, such as ketosis, hepatic lipidosis, rumenitis, and abomasal diseases. For a pathologist, the gross mastitis diagnosis was most challenging at the beginning of the lactation, especially if inflammation was mild to moderate, suggesting the value of histopathologic examination being highest at that time. Also, producers reported mastitis signs less frequently if cow had many simultaneously occurring diseases. Therefore, even if clinical signs of other diseases are present, the udder should be considered a potential cause of illness and should be examined, especially in dry and transition-period cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hagner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - H S Nordgren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | | | - A Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Rajala-Schultz
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
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Pirner LH, Petzl W, Gangl A, Huber-Schlenstedt R, Sorge US. In vitro antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae on Bavarian dairy farms between 2014-2022. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00838-5. [PMID: 38825127 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, and S. marcescens from quarter milk samples submitted to the udder health laboratory of the Bavarian Animal Health Services (TGD) in Southern Germany between 2014 and 2022. All samples were tested with the California Mastitis Test and analyzed with a standard microbroth dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The antimicrobials tested were amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefazoline, kanamycin/cefalexin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, and marbofloxacin. Breakpoints were chosen in accordance with CLSI. Over the study period, E. coli, K. oxytoca, and K. pneumoniae showed only few resistances to all antimicrobials tested. For those pathogens MIC 50 and MIC 90 were below breakpoint for all antimicrobials except cefoperazone over the 9 years. A decrease in MIC could be seen for E. coli and K. oxytoca for all of the antimicrobials. While the MIC for K. pneumoniae stayed more stagnant, the prevalence of resistance still decreased overall. S. marcescens isolates were proven intrinsically resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefazolin and while in vitro resistances were low for all other antimicrobials tested, S. marcescens tended toward higher MIC for most of the antimicrobials over the years. Over time, there was also an overall increase in the number of isolates for all 4 pathogens per year. Starting 2018 there was steep increase in the number of isolates particularly from clinical cases. This jump in numbers coincided with a change of the regulation for veterinary drug prescriptions in Germany in 2018 that required, among other things, antimicrobial resistance testing before a change of antibiotics in the course of treatment and the use of critically important antimicrobials. Overall, while the pathogens increased in numbers, the prevalence of their antimicrobial resistance remained low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea H Pirner
- Department of Udder Health and Milk Quality, Bavarian Animal Health Services, 85586 Poing, Germany; Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Armin Gangl
- Department of Udder Health and Milk Quality, Bavarian Animal Health Services, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike S Sorge
- Department of Udder Health and Milk Quality, Bavarian Animal Health Services, 85586 Poing, Germany
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Aguirre-Sánchez JR, Castro-Del Campo N, Medrano-Félix JA, Martínez-Torres AO, Chaidez C, Querol-Audi J, Castro-Del Campo N. Genomic insights of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis in a high livestock activity region of Mexico. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:25.e42. [PMID: 38910306 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bovine mastitis, predominantly associated with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, poses a significant threat to dairy cows, leading to a decline in milk quality and volume with substantial economic implications. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the incidence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus associated with mastitis in dairy cows. METHODS Fifty milk-productive cows underwent a subclinical mastitis diagnosis, and the S. aureus strains were isolated. Genomic DNA extraction, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were performed, supplemented by including 124 S. aureus genomes from cows with subclinical mastitis to enhance the overall analysis. RESULTS The results revealed a 42% prevalence of subclinical mastitis among the cows tested. Genomic analysis identified 26 sequence types (STs) for all isolates, with Mexican STs belonging primarily to CC1 and CC97. The analyzed genomes exhibited multidrug resistance to phenicol, fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, and cephalosporine, which are commonly used as the first line of treatment. Furthermore, a similar genomic virulence repertoire was observed across the genomes, encompassing the genes related to invasion, survival, pathogenesis, and iron uptake. In particular, the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tss-1) was found predominantly in the genomes isolated in this study, posing potential health risks, particularly in children. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE These findings underscore the broad capacity for antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity by S. aureus, compromising the integrity of milk and dairy products. The study emphasizes the need to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics in combating S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto Aguirre-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD). Culiacán, Sinaloa 80110, México
| | - Nohemí Castro-Del Campo
- Departamento de Parasitología Animal. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS). Culiacán, Sinaloa 80260, México
| | - José Andrés Medrano-Félix
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD). Culiacán, Sinaloa 80110, México
| | - Alex Omar Martínez-Torres
- Experimental and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Vice Rectory of Research and Postgraduate Affairs, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá City 0820, Panamá
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD). Culiacán, Sinaloa 80110, México
| | - Jordi Querol-Audi
- Experimental and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Vice Rectory of Research and Postgraduate Affairs, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá City 0820, Panamá
| | - Nohelia Castro-Del Campo
- Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD). Culiacán, Sinaloa 80110, México.
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Rasheed R, Uzair B, Raza A, Binsuwaidan R, Alshammari N. Fungus-mediated synthesis of Se-BiO-CuO multimetallic nanoparticles as a potential alternative antimicrobial against ESBL-producing Escherichia coli of veterinary origin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1301351. [PMID: 38655284 PMCID: PMC11037251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1301351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections emerge as a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide. Emerging extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli strains provide a greater risk of bacteremia and mortality, are increasingly resistant to antibiotics, and are a major producer of ESBLs. E. coli bacteremia-linked mastitis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in animals, which can affect the quality of the milk and damage organ functions. There is an elevated menace of treatment failure and recurrence of E. coli bacteremia necessitating the adoption of rigorous alternative treatment approaches. In this study, Se-Boil-CuO multimetallic nanoparticles (MMNPs) were synthesized as an alternate treatment from Talaromyces haitouensis extract, and their efficiency in treating ESBL E. coli was confirmed using standard antimicrobial assays. Scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used to validate and characterize the mycosynthesized Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs. UV-visible spectra of Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs showed absorption peak bands at 570, 376, and 290 nm, respectively. The average diameters of the amorphous-shaped Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs synthesized by T. haitouensis extract were approximately 66-80 nm, respectively. Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs (100 μg/mL) showed a maximal inhibition zone of 18.33 ± 0.57 mm against E. coli. Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs also exhibited a deleterious impact on E. coli killing kinetics, biofilm formation, swimming motility, efflux of cellular components, and membrane integrity. The hemolysis assay also confirms the biocompatibility of Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range. Our findings suggest that Se-BiO-CuO MMNPs may serve as a potential substitute for ESBL E. coli bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Rasheed
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Raza
- National Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Reem Binsuwaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Wilm J, Svennesen L, Kirkeby C, Krömker V. Treatment of clinically severe bovine mastitis - a scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1286461. [PMID: 38313061 PMCID: PMC10834645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1286461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major health problem for bovines and can be categorized as non-severe or severe, based on clinical symptoms. A severe case of clinical mastitis is usually defined by the cow being affected systemically. It is important to consider how to handle severe cases because these cases can be fatal and cause high production losses. However, there are generally few detailed treatment guidelines. By conducting a scoping review on the topic, we aimed to synthesize the information that is available on treatment and outcomes, as reported from clinical trials and observational studies. This was facilitated by following the PRISMA-guidelines with a stepwise systematic screening of scientific literature on the subject, retrieved via Pubmed and Web of Science, using pre-defined selection criteria. The results yielded a total of 14 reports of treatment and outcomes in cases of naturally occurring severe clinical mastitis. Cross-trial comparison was difficult due to the different exclusion criteria and outcome definitions. Many studies focused on cases caused by gram-negative bacteria treated with intensive antibiotic protocols, often containing antibiotics that are categorized as critical for human health. Few focused on severe cases caused by gram-positive bacteria or on the relative use of non-antibiotic treatment. In general, only a small number of statistically significant differences were found in trials comparing different treatment protocols, with no obvious trends across trials. Our findings emphasize the need for more research into the treatment efficacy of antibiotic and non-antibiotic options for clinically severe mastitis. Furthermore, consideration of how trial conditions relate to the practical circumstances in a field setting could improve the applicability of reported results. This could help to provide practitioners with the information needed to make evidence-based treatment decisions in cases of clinically severe mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensine Wilm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Volker Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Krebs I, Zhang Y, Wente N, Leimbach S, Krömker V. Severity of Clinical Mastitis and Bacterial Shedding. Pathogens 2023; 12:1098. [PMID: 37764906 PMCID: PMC10537990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associated factors of the severity of clinical mastitis (CM). Milk samples of 249 cases of CM were microbiologically examined, of which 27.2% were mild, 38.5% moderate, and 34.3% severe mastitis. The samples were incubated aerobically and anaerobically to investigate the role of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. In addition, the pathogen shedding was quantitatively examined, and animal individual data, outside temperature and relative humidity, were collected to determine associated factors for the severity of CM. The pathogen isolated the most was Escherichia coli (35.2%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (16.4%). Non-aureus staphylococci (NaS) (15.4%) and other pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, coryneforms) (15.4%) were the pathogens that were isolated the most for mild mastitis. Moderate mastitis was mostly caused by E. coli (38%). E. coli was also the most common pathogen in severe mastitis (50.6%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (16.4%), and Klebsiella spp. (10.3%). Obligate anaerobes (Clostridium spp.) were isolated in one case (0.4%) of moderate mastitis. The mortality rate (deceased or culled due to the mastitis in the following two weeks) was 34.5% for severe mastitis, 21.7% for moderate mastitis, and 4.4% for mild mastitis. The overall mortality rate of CM was 21.1%. The pathogen shedding (back logarithmized) was highest for severe mastitis (55,000 cfu/mL) and E. coli (91,200 cfu/mL). High pathogen shedding, low previous somatic cell count (SCC) before mastitis, high outside temperature, and high humidity were associated with severe courses of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Krebs
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (I.K.); (Y.Z.); (N.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (I.K.); (Y.Z.); (N.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Nicole Wente
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (I.K.); (Y.Z.); (N.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefanie Leimbach
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Faculty II, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany; (I.K.); (Y.Z.); (N.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Volker Krömker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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