1
|
Registre C, Silva LM, Registre F, Soares RDDOA, Rubio KTS, Carneiro SP, Dos Santos ODH. Targeting Leishmania Promastigotes and Amastigotes Forms through Amino Acids and Peptides: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2467-2484. [PMID: 38950147 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by leishmaniasis, caused by the Leishmania parasite. Effective treatment is challenging due to the biological complexity of the parasite, drug toxicity, and increasing resistance to conventional drugs. To combat this disease, the development of specific strategies to target and selectively eliminate the parasite is crucial. This Review highlights the importance of amino acids in the developmental stages of Leishmania as a factor determining whether the infection progresses or is suppressed. It also explores the use of peptides as alternatives in parasite control and the development of novel targeted treatments. While these strategies show promise for more effective and targeted treatment, further studies to address the remaining challenges are imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charmante Registre
- Phytotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Miranda Silva
- Phytotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Farah Registre
- School of Medicine, Goiás Federal University, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar Soares
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Center for Research in Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Karina Taciana Santos Rubio
- Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Simone Pinto Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Savardashtaki A, Khalili Alashti S, Vafadar A, Sadeghi M, Baneshi M, Hashemi KS, Karami J, Muro A, Manzano-Roman R, Rashidi S. An integrated bioinformatic analysis of microarray datasets to identify biomarkers and miRNA-based regulatory networks in leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12981. [PMID: 38839916 PMCID: PMC11153516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs, miRs) and relevant networks might exert crucial functions during differential host cell infection by the different Leishmania species. Thus, a bioinformatic analysis of microarray datasets was developed to identify pivotal shared biomarkers and miRNA-based regulatory networks for Leishmaniasis. A transcriptomic analysis by employing a comprehensive set of gene expression profiling microarrays was conducted to identify the key genes and miRNAs relevant for Leishmania spp. infections. Accordingly, the gene expression profiles of healthy human controls were compared with those of individuals infected with Leishmania mexicana, L. major, L. donovani, and L. braziliensis. The enrichment analysis for datasets was conducted by utilizing EnrichR database, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network to identify the hub genes. The prognostic value of hub genes was assessed by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Finally, the miRNAs that interact with the hub genes were identified using miRTarBase, miRWalk, TargetScan, and miRNet. Differentially expressed genes were identified between the groups compared in this study. These genes were significantly enriched in inflammatory responses, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways and granulocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis responses. The identification of hub genes of recruited datasets suggested that TNF, SOCS3, JUN, TNFAIP3, and CXCL9 may serve as potential infection biomarkers and could deserve value as prognostic biomarkers for leishmaniasis. Additionally, inferred data from miRWalk revealed a significant degree of interaction of a number of miRNAs (hsa-miR-8085, hsa-miR-4673, hsa-miR-4743-3p, hsa-miR-892c-3p, hsa-miR-4644, hsa-miR-671-5p, hsa-miR-7106-5p, hsa-miR-4267, hsa-miR-5196-5p, and hsa-miR-4252) with the majority of the hub genes, suggesting such miRNAs play a crucial role afterwards parasite infection. The hub genes and hub miRNAs identified in this study could be potentially suggested as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for the management of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shayan Khalili Alashti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Baneshi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kimia Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jafar Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Manzano-Roman
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Sajad Rashidi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Banesh S, Gupta N, Reddy CV, Mallikarjunachari U, Patil N, Uddhavesh S, Saudagar P. A novel approach to design chimeric multi epitope vaccine against Leishmania exploiting infected host cell proteome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31306. [PMID: 38813178 PMCID: PMC11133825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major infectious disease having high mortality which could be attributed to lack of a suitable vaccine candidate. We propose a novel approach to design multiepitope vaccine to leishmaniasis exploiting specific membrane proteome from infected macrophage from host. The MHC-I, MHC-II and BC epitopes predicted for unique proteins from the infected macrophages and Leishmania and a MEV designed in various combinations (1a-1m). The epitope arrangements 1a, 1k, 1l, and 1 m showed a strong antigenicity profile and immune response. The molecular dynamics simulation indicate the 1k, 1l, and 1 m constructs have strong affinity toward TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4. Overall the structural and immunogenicity profile suggests 1k is top candidate. Further, a computational model system with TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, BCR, MHC-I and MHC-II was generated for 1k construct to understand the MEV interactions with immune components. Dihedral distribution and distance was enumerated to understand the movement of immune components towards 1k. The results indicate 1k has strong affinity for the immune response molecules especially TLR-3, BCR and MHC-II are coming in close contact with the MEV through the simulation. The study suggests that designed multi-epitope vaccine 1k has potential to induce proper immune response but warrants further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sooram Banesh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Neharika Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Chethireddy Vihadhar Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Uppuladinne Mallikarjunachari
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Nupoor Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Sonavane Uddhavesh
- High Performance Computing - Medical and Bioinformatics Applications, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maleki-Ravasan N, Ghafari SM, Najafzadeh N, Karimian F, Darzi F, Davoudian R, Farshbaf Pourabad R, Parvizi P. Characterization of bacteria expectorated during forced salivation of the Phlebotomus papatasi: A neglected component of sand fly infectious inoculums. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012165. [PMID: 38771858 PMCID: PMC11108182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The infectious inoculum of a sand fly, apart from its metacyclic promastigotes, is composed of factors derived from both the parasite and the vector. Vector-derived factors, including salivary proteins and the gut microbiota, are essential for the establishment and enhancement of infection. However, the type and the number of bacteria egested during salivation is unclear. In the present study, sand flies of Phlebotomus papatasi were gathered from three locations in hyperendemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Isfahan Province, Iran. By using the forced salivation assay and targeting the 16S rRNA barcode gene, egested bacteria were characterized in 99 (44%) out of 224 sand flies. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods identified the members of Enterobacter cloacae and Spiroplasma species as dominant taxa, respectively. Ten top genera of Spiroplasma, Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Reyranella, Undibacterium, Bryobacter, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium, Psychrobacter, and Wolbachia constituted >80% of the saliva microbiome. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the presence of only one bacterial species for the Spiroplasma, Ralstonia, Reyranella, Bryobacter and Wolbachia, two distinct species for Cutibacterium, three for Undibacterium and Psychrobacter, 16 for Acinetobacter, and 27 for Corynebacterium, in the saliva. The abundance of microbes in P. papatasi saliva was determined by incorporating the data on the read counts and the copy number of 16S rRNA gene, about 9,000 bacterial cells, per sand fly. Both microbiological and metagenomic data indicate that bacteria are constant companions of Leishmania, from the intestine of the vector to the vertebrate host. This is the first forced salivation experiment in a sand fly, addressing key questions on infectious bite and competent vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fateh Karimian
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Darzi
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Parviz Parvizi
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jesus-Oliveira P, Silva-Couto L, Pinho N, Da Silva-Ferreira AT, Saboia-Vahia L, Cuervo P, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A, Pinto EF. Identification of Immunodominant Proteins of the Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi SubProteome as Pan-Specific Vaccine Targets against Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1129. [PMID: 37514945 PMCID: PMC10386316 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a wide-spectrum disease caused by parasites from Leishmania genus. A well-modulated immune response that is established after the long-lasting clinical cure of leishmaniasis can represent a standard requirement for a vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi causes benign disease and its antigens induce well-modulated immune responses in vitro. In this work we aimed to identify the immunodominant proteins present in the soluble extract of L. naiffi (sLnAg) as candidates for composing a pan-specific anti-leishmaniasis vaccine. After immunoblotting using cured patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis sera and proteomics approaches, we identified a group of antigenic proteins from the sLnAg. In silico analyses allowed us to select mildly similar proteins to the host; in addition, we evaluated the binding potential and degree of promiscuity of the protein epitopes to HLA molecules and to B-cell receptors. We selected 24 immunodominant proteins from a sub-proteome with 328 proteins. Homology analysis allowed the identification of 13 proteins with the most orthologues among seven Leishmania species. This work demonstrated the potential of these proteins as promising vaccine targets capable of inducing humoral and cellular pan-specific immune responses in humans, which may in the future contribute to the control of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prisciliana Jesus-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luzinei Silva-Couto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas de Neuroinflamação do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Laboratório de Referência para COVID-19 (World Health Organization), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas de Neuroinflamação do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kushwaha V, Capalash N. Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of recombinant histidyl-tRNA synthetase (rLdHisRS) protein of Leishmania donovani as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106867. [PMID: 36878386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is neglected tropical protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani and are associated with high fatality rate in developing countries since prophylactic vaccines are not available. In the present study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of L. donovani histidyl-tRNA synthetase (LdHisRS) and predicted the epitopes using immunoinformatic tools. Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) is a class IIa aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase enzyme (aaRS) required for histidine incorporation into proteins during protein synthesis. The recombinant LdHisRS protein (rLdHisRS) was expressed in E coli BL-21cells, and its immunomodulatory role was assessed in J774A.1 murine macrophage and in BALB/c mice, respectively. LdHisRS specifically stimulated and triggered enhance cell proliferation, nitric oxide release and IFN-γ (70%; P < 0.001), and IL-12 (55.37%; P < 0.05) cytokine release in vitro, whereas BALB/c mice immunized with rLdHisRS show higher NO release (80.95%; P<0.001), higher levels of Th1 cytokines IFN-γ (14%; P < 0.05), TNF-α (34.93%; P < 0.001), and IL-12 (28.49%; P < 0.001) and robust IgG (p<0.001) and IgG2a (p<0.001) production. We also identified 20 Helper T-lymphocytes (HTLs), 30 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and 18 B-cell epitopes from HisRS protein of L. donovani. All these epitopes can be further used to make a multiepitope vaccine against L. donovani.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kushwaha
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh 160025, India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, South Campus, Chandigarh 160025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahmanipour M, Mohebali M, Koosha M, Kazemirad E, Yasami-Khiabani S, Mirjalali H, Hajjaran H. Effect of Leishmania RNA virus 2 on virulence factors and cytokines gene expression in a human macrophage infected with Leishmania major: A preliminary study. Exp Parasitol 2023; 246:108459. [PMID: 36596336 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important infectious parasitic diseases in the world caused by the Leishmania parasite. In recent decades, the presence of a virus from the Totiviridae family has been proven in some Leishmania species. Although the existence of LRV2 in the Old world Leishmania species has been confirmed, almost no studies have been done to determine the potential impact of LRV2 on the immunopathogenicity of the Leishmania parasite. In this preliminary study, we measured the expression of target genes, including Glycoprotein 63 (gp63), Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70), Cysteine Protease b (cpb), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL8 and IL-12 in LRV2 positive Leishmania major strain (LRV2+L. major) and LRV2 negative L. major strain (LRV2-L. major). We exposed THP-1, a human leukemia monocytic cell line, to promastigotes of both strains. After the initial infection, RNA was extracted at different time points, and the relative gene expression was determined using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Findings showed that the presence of LRV2 in L. major was able to increase the expression of gp63, hsp70, and cpb genes; also, we observed lower levels of expression in cytokine genes of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 in the presence of LRV2+, which are critical factors in the host's immune response against leishmaniasis. These changes could suggest that the presence of LRV2 in L. major parasite may change the outcome of the disease and increase the probability of Leishmania survival; nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rahmanipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gupta D, Singh PK, Yadav PK, Narender T, Patil UK, Jain SK, Chourasia MK. Emerging strategies and challenges of molecular therapeutics in antileishmanial drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109649. [PMID: 36603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy refers to targeted therapies based on molecules which have been intelligently directed towards specific biomolecular structures and include small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, DNA or RNA-based strategies, targeted chemotherapy and nanomedicines. Molecular therapy is emerging as the most effective strategy to combat the present challenges of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis, where the successful human vaccine is currently unavailable. Moreover, current chemotherapy-based strategies are associated with the issues of ineffective targeting, unavoidable toxicities, invasive therapies, prolonged treatment, high treatment costs and the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the rational approach to antileishmanial drug development primarily demands critical exploration and exploitation of biochemical differences between host and parasite biology, immunocharacteristics of parasite homing, and host-parasite interactions at the molecular/cellular level. Following this, the novel technology-based designing and development of host and/or parasite-targeted therapeutics having leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity is utmost essential to improve treatment efficacy. Thus, the present review is focused on immunological and molecular checkpoint targets in host-pathogen interaction, and molecular therapeutic prospects for Leishmania intervention, and the challenges ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Umesh K Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khattak FA, Khan TA, Hussain M, Khan SN, Ullah N, Rehman B, Qasim M, Safi AUR, Ishfaq M, Afaq S. Analysis of associated risk factors among recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: A cross-sectional study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1175-1179. [PMID: 36228565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is the second and fourth highest cause of mortality and morbidity respectively among all tropical diseases. Recurrence in the onset of leishmaniasis is a major problem that needs to be addressed to reduce the case fatality rate and ensure timely clinical intervention. Here we are investigating the association of risk factors with recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis to address this issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients received by Nasser Ullah Khan Babar Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan from March 2019 to July 2020 were enrolled in this study. Those patients who developed symptoms after completion of treatment were included in Group-A while those who had atypical scars like leishmaniasis but were negative for cutaneous leishmaniasis were included in the comparison group tagged as Group B. All those individuals who had completed six weeks of treatment for CL but had normal complete blood counts (CBC) were included to avoid other underlying immunological pathologies, while we excluded those participants who had co-morbidities like diabetes, liver disease, cardiac disease, and pregnant and lactating women through their history Association was tested between Group-A and Group-B with other explanatory variables through chi-square test. The regression model was proposed to determine the predictors. RESULT A total of 48 participants of both sexes were included in the study with a mean age of 32.2 ± 15.10. The data suggest that females are overrepresented among the patients with recurrent leishmaniasis [21(53.8 %,); p = 0.07]. Compared to patients; healthy participants had a higher proportion of adults (19-59 years) versus adolescents (13-18 years) [26(66.7 %) vs 07(17.9), p = 0.004]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that females are 2.1 times more prone to infections among cases as compared to healthy individuals [unadjusted OR 2.20, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.5-10.6, p = 0.02; adjusted OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.50-10.69, p = 0.02]. We propose that patients receiving intradermal were less likely to be infected as compared to those receiving intralesional injections [unadjusted OR 0.07.0, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.18-3.37, p = 0.03; adjusted OR 0.06, 95 % CI 1.18-3.38, p = 0.03]. CONCLUSION Old age (adults) and sex (females) were the strongest predictors to be associated with recurrent leishmaniasis. Similarly, the choice of intradermal as compared to intralesional injection and the prolonged treatment duration were strongly associated with greater chances of recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ali Khattak
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mubashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Naeem Ullah
- Department of Community Medicine, Saidu Medical College, Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Basheer Rehman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman Safi
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Afaq
- Deptt of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London UK & Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences(IPH&SS), Peshawar, Khuber Pakhtunkha, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ribeiro JM, Rodrigues-Alves ML, Oliveira E, Guimarães PPG, Maria Murta Santi A, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Murta SMF, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Souza-Fagundes EM. Pamidronate, a promising repositioning drug to treat leishmaniasis, displays antileishmanial and immunomodulatory potential. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108952. [PMID: 35716482 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). Currently, there are no vaccines and/or prophylactic therapies against VL, and the recentpharmacological approaches come from the drug repositioning strategy. Here, we evaluated the anticancer drug pamidronate (PAM) to identify a new therapeutic option for the treatment of human VL. We assessed its in vitro antileishmanial activity against the promastigote and amastigote forms of L. infantum by evaluating cell cytotoxicity. The antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities were assessed using human peripheral blood leukocytes ex vivo. PAM induced the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the promastigotes and alterations in the morphology of the kinetoplast and mitochondria in vitro, which indicates anti-promastigote activity. PAM also reduced the number of infected macrophages and intracellular amastigotes in a concentration-dependent manner, with cell viability above 70%. In ex vivo, PAM reduced the internalized forms of L. infantum in the classical monocyte subpopulation. Furthermore, it enhanced IL-12 and decreased IL-10 and TGF-β by monocytes and neutrophils. Increased IFN-γ and TNF levels for CD8- and CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, respectively, were observed after the treatment with PAM, as well as a reduction in IL-10 by the lymphocyte subpopulations evaluated. Taken together, our results suggest that PAM may be eligible as a potential therapeutic alternative for drug repurposing to treat human visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina L Rodrigues-Alves
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro P G Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Murta Santi
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvane M F Murta
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Elaine M Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ziaee M, Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M. A family cluster of cutaneous Leishmania major infection unresponsive to intralesional meglumine antimonial: Case reports. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:451-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
12
|
Dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase of Leishmania donovani: A potential vaccine molecule against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2022; 375:104529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Carter NS, Kawasaki Y, Nahata SS, Elikaee S, Rajab S, Salam L, Alabdulal MY, Broessel KK, Foroghi F, Abbas A, Poormohamadian R, Roberts SC. Polyamine Metabolism in Leishmania Parasites: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:24. [PMID: 35645240 PMCID: PMC9149861 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent because no vaccine is available, and treatment options are limited due to a lack of specificity and the emergence of drug resistance. Polyamines are metabolites that play a central role in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania. Numerous studies using a variety of inhibitors as well as gene deletion mutants have elucidated the pathway and routes of transport, revealing unique aspects of polyamine metabolism in Leishmania parasites. These studies have also shed light on the significance of polyamines for parasite proliferation, infectivity, and host-parasite interactions. This comprehensive review article focuses on the main polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine synthase, and it emphasizes recent discoveries that advance these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets against Leishmania parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sigrid C. Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA; (N.S.C.); (Y.K.); (S.S.N.); (S.E.); (S.R.); (L.S.); (M.Y.A.); (K.K.B.); (F.F.); (A.A.); (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhattacharya P, Ismail N, Saxena A, Gannavaram S, Dey R, Oljuskin T, Akue A, Takeda K, Yu J, Karmakar S, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Nakhasi HL. Neutrophil-dendritic cell interaction plays an important role in live attenuated Leishmania vaccine induced immunity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010224. [PMID: 35192633 PMCID: PMC8896671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are involved in the initial host responses to pathogens. Neutrophils can activate T cell responses either independently or through indirect involvement of Dendritic cells (DCs). Recently we have demonstrated direct neutrophil-T cell interactions that initiate adaptive immune responses following immunization with live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasite vaccine (LdCen-/-). However, neutrophil-DC interactions in T cell priming in vaccine immunity in general are not known. In this study we evaluated the interaction between neutrophils and DCs during LdCen-/- infection and compared with wild type parasite (LdWT) both in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/findings LdCen-/- parasite induced increased expression of CCL3 in neutrophils caused higher recruitment of DCs capable of inducing a strong proinflammatory response and elevated co-stimulatory molecule expression compared to LdWT infection. To further illustrate neutrophil-DCs interactions in vivo, we infected LYS-eGFP mice with red fluorescent LdWT/LdCen-/- parasites and sort selected DCs that engulfed the neutrophil containing parasites or DCs that acquired the parasites directly in the ear draining lymph nodes (dLN) 5d post infection. The DCs predominantly acquired the parasites by phagocytosing infected neutrophils. Specifically, DCs containing LdCen-/- parasitized neutrophils exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype, increased expression of costimulatory molecules and initiated higher CD4+T cell priming ex-vivo. Notably, potent DC activation occurred when LdCen-/- parasites were acquired indirectly via engulfment of parasitized neutrophils compared to direct engulfment of LdCen-/- parasites by DCs. Neutrophil depletion in LdCen-/- infected mice significantly abrogated expression of CCL3 resulting in decreased DC recruitment in ear dLN. This event led to poor CD4+Th1 cell priming ex vivo that correlated with attenuated Tbet expression in ear dLN derived CD4+ T cells in vivo. Conclusions Collectively, LdCen-/- containing neutrophils phagocytized by DC markedly influence the phenotype and antigen presenting capacity of DCs early on and thus play an immune-regulatory role in shaping vaccine induced host protective response. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania is a neglected tropical disease. Leishmania donovani is the principal causative agent of VL in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent whereas in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America VL is mainly caused by Leishmania infantum. No licensed vaccine exists against VL. We have reported previously that live attenuated centrin gene-deleted L. donovani (LdCen-/-) parasite vaccine induced strong innate immunity which leads to a protective Th1 response in animal models. We recently demonstrated that neutrophils play an indispensable role following immunization with LdCen-/- parasites in inducing protective Th1 immune response. However, neutrophils also secrete chemokines that attract other innate cells such as dendritic cells and regulate their activities. In the current study we analyzed the interplay between neutrophils and DCs, and its effects on T cell activation during LdCen-/- infection and compared with wild type parasite (LdWT) infection. We observed that higher recruitment of DCs occurred in LdCen-/- infected mice ear draining lymph nodes compared to LdWT. This recruitment is facilitated by increased secretion of the chemokine CCL3 by neutrophils. A markedly decreased DC recruitment was observed in LdCen-/- infected mice following CCL3 neutralization indicating the key role of neutrophils in DC recruitment. Further, we demonstrated that DCs that ingest LdCen-/- infected neutrophils are better activated than those that acquire the parasites independent of neutrophils. Notably neutrophil depletion in LdCen-/- infected mice also attenuated activation of DCs in the ear dLN that resulted in poor CD4+T cell priming. Our results reveal that interaction between neutrophils and DCs play an important role in shaping proinflammatory immune response induced by a live attenuated Leishmania vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PB); (HLN)
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ankit Saxena
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adovi Akue
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Yu
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subir Karmakar
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pradeep K. Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Disease, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PB); (HLN)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Monteiro LM, Löbenberg R, Barbosa EJ, de Araujo GLB, Sato PK, Kanashiro E, de Araujo Eliodoro RH, Rocha M, de Freitas VLT, Fotaki N, Bou-Chacra NA. Oral administration of buparvaquone nanostructured lipid carrier enables in vivo activity against Leishmania infantum. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106097. [PMID: 34910988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is prevalent in 98 countries with the occurrence of 1.3 million new cases annually. The conventional therapy for visceral leishmaniasis requires hospitalization due to the severe adverse effects of the drugs, which are administered parenterally. Buparvaquone (BPQ) showed in vitro activity against leishmania parasites; nevertheless, it has failed in vivo tests due to its low aqueous solubility. Though, lipid nanoparticles can overcome this holdback. In this study we tested the hypothesis whether BPQ-NLC shows in vivo activity against L. infantum. Two optimized formulations were prepared (V1: 173.9 ± 1.6 nm, 0.5 mg of BPQ/mL; V2: 232.4 ± 1.6 nm, 1.3 mg of BPQ/mL), both showed increased solubility up to 73.00-fold, and dissolution up to 83.29%, while for the free drug it was only 2.89%. Cytotoxicity test showed their biocompatibility (CC50 >554.4 µM). Besides, the V1 dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day for 10 days reduced the parasite burden in 83.4% ±18.2% (p <0.05) in the liver. BPQ-NLC showed similar leishmanicidal activity compared to miltefosine. Therefore, BPQ-NLC is a promising addition to the limited therapeutic arsenal suitable for leishmaniasis oral administration treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lis Marie Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av, 580, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 8613 - 114St NW, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo José Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av, 580, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Lima Barros de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av, 580, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, IMT2, térreo, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edite Kanashiro
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, IMT2, térreo, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Seroepidemiology, Cellular, and Molecular Immunology Laboratory - Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Jardim América, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Raissa H de Araujo Eliodoro
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, IMT2, térreo, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mussya Rocha
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, IMT2, térreo, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Teixeira de Freitas
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Immunology (LIM48), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, IMT2, térreo, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Av, 580, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumari D, Singh K. Exploring the paradox of defense between host and Leishmania parasite. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108400. [PMID: 34890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, still remains a global concern for the healthcare sector. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise diverse leishmanial species, leading to recurring failures in disease diagnosis and delaying the initiation of appropriate chemotherapy. Various species of the Leishmania parasite cause diverse clinical manifestations ranging from skin ulcers to systemic infections. Therefore, host immunity in response to different forms of infecting species of Leishmania becomes pivotal in disease progression or regression. Thus, understanding the paradox of immune arsenals during host and parasite interface becomes crucial to eliminate this deadly disease. In the present review, we have elaborated on the immunological perspectives of the disease and discussed primary host immune cells that form a defense line to counteract parasite infection. Furthermore, we also have shed light on the immune cells and effector molecules responsible for parasite survival in host lethal milieu/ environment. Next, we have highlighted recent molecules/compounds showing potent leishmanicidal activities pertaining to their pro-oxidant and immuno-modulatory mechanisms. This review addresses an immuno-biological overview of the factors influencing the parasitic disease, as this knowledge can aid in the unraveling/ identification of potential biomarkers, novel therapeutics, and vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henry K, Mayet A, Hernandez M, Frechard G, Blanc PA, Schmitt M, André N, Loreau JM, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Couppié P, Demar M, Blaizot R. Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among military personnel in French Guiana, 2020: Clinical, phylogenetic, individual and environmental aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009938. [PMID: 34797836 PMCID: PMC8641862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in French Guiana but cases are usually sporadic. An outbreak signal was issued on May 15th 2020 with 15 suspected cases after a military training course in the rainforest. An outbreak investigation was carried out. Methodology/Principal findings Thirty cases were confirmed. Leishmania guyanensis was the most frequent species (90%). The most frequent presentation was ulcerative (90%). Lesions on the face and hands were frequent (40% each). Eight cases (26%) presented a poor outcome after treatment with pentamidine and required a second line with amphotericin B. Three of them required further treatments with meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine. Two spots within the training area were deemed as likely sites of contamination, due to illegal logging. The isolated Leishmania strains did not form a separate cluster. Participation in Week 13 of year 2020 was associated with infection (OR = 4.59 [1.10–19.83]; p = 0.016) while undergoing only the “Fighting” exercise was protective (OR = 0.1 [0–0.74]; p = 0.021). There was no association between infection and other risk factors at the individual level. The attack rate of Regiment B (14/105 = 13.3%) was significantly higher (OR = 4.22 [1.84–9.53], p = 0.0001) compared to Regiment A (16/507 = 3.2%). The attack rate during this training course (30/858 = 3.5%) was significantly higher (OR 2.29 [1.28–4.13]; p = 0.002) than for other missions in French Guiana during the same period (22/1427 = 1.5%). Conclusions This outbreak could be explained by a combination of factors: climatic conditions around week 13, at-risk activities including night trainings, absence of impregnation, a lesser experience of rainforest duties in Regiment B and illegal logging attracting sandflies on military training grounds. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus and infects humans after a sandfly bite. Outbreaks are rare and hard to investigate in isolated tropical areas. In this study, the authors explored the different possible origins of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among soldiers training in the rainforest of French Guiana. The outbreak occurred in March 2020. Concerning the symptoms, several patients presented resistant infections and multiple lines of treatment, raising the issue of resistant Leishmania strains. The different strains isolated during the outbreak were not genetically closed, as far as routine PCR techniques would indicate. The authors looked for individual behaviours exposing soldiers to sandfly bites but none was significantly associated with infection. The authors found two spots in the military training areas where illegal logging probably increased the density of sandflies and put service members at risk. The 13th week of 2020 was associated to a higher risk of infection due to climatic conditions. This study shows how interactions between humans and the rainforest can increase the risk of parasitic outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henry
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aurélie Mayet
- French Military Health Service—Armed Forces Epidemiology and Public Health Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Economic and Social Sciences of Health and Medical Information Processing, Marseille, France
| | - Miguel Hernandez
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Guillaume Frechard
- French Military Health Service—Kourou Medical Center, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | - Marion Schmitt
- French Military Health Service—Cayenne Medical Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Nathalie André
- French Military Health Service—Inter Army Directorate of the Armed Forces Health Service, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-Marie Loreau
- French Military Health Service—Armed Forces Epidemiology and Public Health Center, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Ginouves
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Couppié
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Immunological characterization of rLdTCP1γ for its prophylactic potential against visceral leishmaniasis in hamster model. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:33-42. [PMID: 34798496 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic tropical disease responsible for devastating epidemics worldwide. Though current treatment relies on drugs, the emergence of resistance, toxic side-effects, and strenuous administration has led to an ineffective remedy. Hence, vaccination remains an alternative and desirable approach for VL control. Though extensive research on anti-leishmanial vaccine candidates has been carried out in past decades, presence of an effective molecule is still missing. In the present study, we have evaluated the immunogenicity and prophylactic potential of a recombinant T-complex protein-1 gamma subunit of L. donovani (rLdTCP1γ), against VL in hamster model. The antigen exhibited in vitro stimulation of lymphoproliferative and NO response in miltefosine and amphotericin B treated hamsters depicting its immunotherapeutic/immunogenic nature. Immunization with rLdTCP1γ revealed a strong protective response against experimental VL as indicated by reduced parasite load in the spleen of immunized group compared to infected control. The immunized animals gained body weight and exhibited significant reduction in the spleen and liver weight as compared to infected controls on days 60, 90, 120 post-challenge. A substantial augmentation of cell-mediated immune response as depicted by an increased lymphocyte proliferation, nitric oxide production, DTH responses and increased levels of IgG2 was observed in rLdTCP1γ immunized hamsters. The Th1 stimulatory potential, imparted by the antigen, was found to be intensified in the presence of adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The efficacy was further assisted by an upregulated mRNA transcript of Th1 induced cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ and TNFα) and downregulation of IL-4 and IL-10. The results are thus suggestive of rLdTCP1γ having the potential of a strong vaccine candidate against VL.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, Bobosha K, Zewide M, Howe R, van Zandbergen G, Ritter U, Gadisa E, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Enhanced activation of blood neutrophils and monocytes in patients with Ethiopian localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to Leishmania aethiopica Neutrophil activation in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105967. [PMID: 34029532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an essential role of the innate immune effector cells neutrophils and monocytes in protection or disease progression in the early course of Leishmania infection. In areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia most individuals are exposed to bites of infected sandflies. Still only a minor ratio of the inhabitants develops symptomatic disease. Neutrophils, followed by monocytes, are the first cells to be recruited to the site of Leishmania infection, the initial response of neutrophils to parasites appears to be crucial for the protective response and disease outcome. Our working hypothesis is that neutrophils and/or monocytes in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) patients may have defects in function of innate immune cell that contribute to failure to parasite clearance that lead to establishment of infection. The response of cells in Ethiopian LCL patients and healthy controls to Leishmania aethiopica and to the Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and macrophage activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) was investigated by assessing the cell surface expression of CD62L (on neutrophil and monocyte) and CD66b (only on neutrophil), as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using whole blood-based assays in vitro. No impaired response of neutrophils and monocytes to the microbial constituents LPS and MALP-2 was observed. Neutrophils and monocytes from LCL patients responded stronger to Leishmania aethiopica in the applied whole blood assays than cells from healthy individuals. These experimental findings do not support the hypothesis regarding a possible dysfunction of neutrophils and monocytes in cutaneous leishmaniasis. On the contrary, these cells react stronger in LCL patients as compared to healthy controls. The differential response to L. aethiopica observed between LCL patients and healthy controls have the potential to serve as biomarker to develop FACS based diagnostic/ prognostic techniques for LCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menberework Chanyalew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Markos Abebe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Birtukan Endale
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Selfu Girma
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewide
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen D-63225, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Research and Innovation Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck D-23560, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cruz KP, Patricio BFC, Pires VC, Amorim MF, Pinho AGSF, Quadros HC, Dantas DAS, Chaves MHC, Formiga FR, Rocha HVA, Veras PST. Development and Characterization of PLGA Nanoparticles Containing 17-DMAG, an Hsp90 Inhibitor. Front Chem 2021; 9:644827. [PMID: 34055735 PMCID: PMC8161503 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.644827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of neglected tropical diseases and its cutaneous form (CL) is characterized by papillary or ulcerated skin lesions that negatively impact patients' quality of life. Current CL treatments suffer limitations, such as severe side effects and high cost, making the search for new therapeutic alternatives an imperative. In this context, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) could present a novel therapeutic target, as evidence suggests that Hsp90 inhibitors, such as 17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), may represent promising chemotherapeutic agents against CL. As innovative input for formulation development of 17-DMAG, nano-based drug delivery systems could provide controlled release, targeting properties, and reduced drug toxicity. In this work, a double emulsion method was used to develop poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing 17-DMAG. The nanoparticle was developed using two distinct protocols: Protocol 1 (P1) and Protocol 2 (P2), which differed concerning the organic solvent (acetone or dichloromethane, respectively) and procedure used to form double-emulsions (Ultra-Turrax® homogenization or sonication, respectively). The nanoparticles produced by P2 were comparatively smaller (305.5 vs. 489.0 nm) and more homogeneous polydispersion index (PdI) (0.129 vs. 0.33) than the ones made by P1. Afterward, the P2 was optimized and the best composition consisted of 2 mg of 17-DMAG, 100 mg of PLGA, 5% of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), 1.5 mL of the internal aqueous phase, 1% of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and 4 mL of the organic phase. Optimized P2 nanoparticles had a particle size of 297.2 nm (288.6-304.1) and encapsulation efficacy of 19.35% (15.42-42.18) by the supernatant method and 31.60% (19.9-48.79) by the filter/column method. Release kinetics performed at 37°C indicated that ~16% of the encapsulated 17-DMAG was released about to 72 h. In a separate set of experiments, a cell uptake assay employing confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the internalization by macrophages of P2-optimized rhodamine B labeled nanoparticles at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. Collectively, our results indicate the superior performance of P2 concerning the parameters used to assess nanoparticle development. Therefore, these findings warrant further research to evaluate optimized 17-DMAG-loaded nanoparticles (NP2-17-DMAG) for toxicity and antileishmanial effects in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kercia P. Cruz
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Beatriz F. C. Patricio
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius C. Pires
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marina F. Amorim
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alan G. S. F. Pinho
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Helenita C. Quadros
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diana A. S. Dantas
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H. C. Chaves
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio R. Formiga
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Helvécio V. A. Rocha
- Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Institute of Technology of Drugs (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. T. Veras
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sellau J, Puengel T, Hoenow S, Groneberg M, Tacke F, Lotter H. Monocyte dysregulation: consequences for hepatic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:493-506. [PMID: 33829283 PMCID: PMC8025899 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver disorders due to infections are a substantial health concern in underdeveloped and industrialized countries. This includes not only hepatotropic viruses (e.g., hepatitis B, hepatitis C) but also bacterial and parasitic infections such as amebiasis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, or echinococcosis. Recent studies of the immune mechanisms underlying liver disease show that monocytes play an essential role in determining patient outcomes. Monocytes are derived from the mononuclear phagocyte lineage in the bone marrow and are present in nearly all tissues of the body; these cells function as part of the early innate immune response that reacts to challenge by external pathogens. Due to their special ability to develop into tissue macrophages and dendritic cells and to change from an inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, monocytes play a pivotal role in infectious and non-infectious liver diseases: they can maintain inflammation and support resolution of inflammation. Therefore, tight regulation of monocyte recruitment and termination of monocyte-driven immune responses in the liver is prerequisite to appropriate healing of organ damage. In this review, we discuss monocyte-dependent immune mechanisms underlying hepatic infectious disorders. Better understanding of these immune mechanisms may lead to development of new interventions to treat acute liver disease and prevent progression to organ failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hoenow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Groneberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannelore Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de Freitas E Silva R, von Stebut E. Unraveling the Role of Immune Checkpoints in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620144. [PMID: 33776999 PMCID: PMC7990902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people every year in at least 98 countries and is one of the major unsolved world health issues. Leishmania is a parasitic protozoa which are transmitted by infected sandflies and in the host they mainly infect macrophages. Immunity elicited against those parasites is complex and immune checkpoints play a key role regulating its function. T cell receptors and their respective ligands, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, CD40, OX40, HVEM, LIGHT, 2B4 and TIM-3 have been characterized for their role in regulating adaptive immunity against different pathogens. However, the exact role those receptors perform during Leishmania infections remains to be better determined. This article addresses the key role immune checkpoints play during Leishmania infections, the limiting factors and translational implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Osero BO, Aruleba RT, Brombacher F, Hurdayal R. Unravelling the unsolved paradoxes of cytokine families in host resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100043. [PMID: 33415318 PMCID: PMC7773805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Successful clearance of Leishmania relies on a robust human immune response and various cytokines have been implicated in resistance and susceptibility to Leishmania infection. Accordingly, various immunotherapeutic approaches involving cytokines and cytokine receptors are being considered as novel avenues of treatment given the limited efficacy of current anti-leishmanial drugs. These approaches target canonical T helper (Th)1/Type 1 cytokines as intended mediators of host-protection to infection whilst concomitantly suppressing Th2/Type 2 cytokines and their anticipated disease-promoting roles. However, the use of cytokine and cytokine receptor gene-deficient mice over the years has challenged this simplistic view of Th1/Type 1-mediated resistance and Th2/Type 2-mediated susceptibility. Indeed, contribution to susceptibility vs resistance is only a partial consequence to cytokine action as the overall response is multi-faceted due to the pleiotropic, redundant, antagonistic and synergistic action of cytokines and interactions with immune cells in the diseased state. Notably, while the responses of certain cytokines are selectively host-protective or characteristic disease-enhancers, some ligands exert a response depending on the parasite-species initiating infection. Paradoxically, others play dual or contradictory roles in different Leishmania immunopathologies. Hence, cytokines in disease is an unsolved paradox and a comprehensive knowledge of cytokine interplay is important to guide the development of novel immunotherapeutics against leishmaniasis. In this review, we characterize various cytokine families in persistence and clearance of the Leishmania parasite and particularly elucidate unsolved cytokine puzzles in leishmaniasis based on information acquired from "gain of knowledge by loss of function" studies in cytokine and cytokine receptor gene-deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ong'ondo Osero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Central and local controls of monocytopoiesis influence the outcome of Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155325. [PMID: 33039254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases represent a complex of tropical and subtropical diseases caused by an intracellular protozoon of the genus Leishmania. The principal cells controlling the interaction between the host and the parasite Leishmania are monocytes and macrophages, as these cells play a decisive role in establishing the pathogenesis or cure. These cells are involved in controlling the growth of Leishmania and in modulating the adaptive immune responses. The heterogeneity and extensive plasticity of monocytes allow these cells to adjust their functional phenotypes in response to the pathogen-directed immunological cues. In Leishmania-infected host, the rate of myelopoiesis is augmented by enhanced monocytic lineage commitment and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells both in the BM and at the site of infection. These newly generated monocytes play as "safe haven" for the parasite and also as the antigen-presenting cells for T cells to cause deregulated cytokine production. This altered monocytopoiesis is characterized by tissue-specific immune responses, spatiotemporal dynamics of immunoregulation and functional heterogeneity. In the presence of Th1 cytokines, monocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype that protects the host from Leishmania. By contrast, in an environment of Th2 cytokines, monocytes display anti-inflammatory phenotype with pro-parasitic functions. In this review, we summarize the involvement of cytokines in the regulation of monocytopoiesis and differentiation of macrophages during leishmanial infection. Understanding the role of cytokines in regulating interactions between Leishmania and the host monocytes is key to developing new therapeutic interventions against leishmaniases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Th1 concomitant immune response mediated by IFN-γ protects against sand fly delivered Leishmania infection: Implications for vaccine design. Cytokine 2020; 147:155247. [PMID: 32873468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an unresolved global health problem with a high socio-economic impact. Data generated in mouse models has revealed that the Th1 response, with IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 as prominent cytokines, predominantly controls the disease progression. Premised on these findings, all examined vaccine formulations have been aimed at generating a long-lived memory Th1 response. However, all vaccine formulations with the exception of live Leishmania inoculation (leishmanization) have failed to sufficiently protect against sand fly delivered infection. It has been recently unraveled that sand fly dependent factors may compromise pre-existing Th1 memory. Further scrutinizing the immune response after leishmanization has uncovered the prominent role of early (within hours) and robust IFN-γ production (Th1 concomitant immunity) in controlling the sand fly delivered secondary infection. The response is dependent upon parasite persistence and subclinical ongoing primary infection. The immune correlates of concomitant immunity (Resident Memory T cells and Effector T subsets) mitigate the early effects of sand fly delivered infection and help to control the disease. In this review, we have described the early events after sand fly challenge and the role of Th1 concomitant immunity in the protective immune response in leishmanized resistant mouse model, although leishmanization is under debate for human use. Undoubtedly, the lessons we learn from leishmanization must be further implemented in alternative vaccine approaches.
Collapse
|
26
|
Antileishmanial Activity and Influence on Mitochondria of the Essential Oil from Tagetes lucida Cav. and Its Main Component. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antileishmanial drugs are toxic, expensive, and resistance to them has emerged. Several studies have focused on natural products as alternatives. In the present work, the chemical composition, in vitro antileishmanial activity, cytotoxicity effects, and the influence on mitochondrial function of the essential oil from Tagetes lucida Cav. was determined, as well its main compound estragole. Forty-nine compounds were detected in the oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which estragole was the main constituent (97%). The oil showed inhibition of the promastigotes of L. tarentolae and L. amazonensis (IC50 = 61.4 and 118.8 µg/mL, respectively), decreased oxygen consumption of L. tarentolae, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in L. amazonensis, inhibitory activity on the intracellular amastigote of L. amazonensis (IC50 = 14.2 ± 1.6 µg/mL), and cytotoxicity values ranging from 80.8 to 156 µg/mL against murine macrophages and J774 cells. Estragole displayed higher activity on promastigotes (IC50 = 28.5 and 25.5 µg/mL, respectively), amastigotes (IC50 = 1.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL), and cytotoxicity values ranging from 20.6 to 14.5 µg/mL, respectively, while on mitochondria, it caused a decrease of the membrane potential but did not inhibit oxygen consumption. The potential antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from T. lucida and estragole makes these compounds favorable candidates for exploration in further studies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pandey SC, Kumar A, Samant M. Genetically modified live attenuated vaccine: A potential strategy to combat visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12732. [PMID: 32418227 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani mainly influencing the population of tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The arsenal of drugs available is limited, and prolonged use of such drugs makes parasite to become resistant. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a safe, cost-effective and inexpensive vaccine against VL. Although in recent years, many strategies have been pursued by researchers, so far only some of the vaccine candidates reached for clinical trial and more than half of them are still in pipeline. There is now a broad consent among Leishmania researchers that the perseverance of parasite is very essential for eliciting a protective immune response and may perhaps be attained by live attenuated parasite vaccination. For making a live attenuated parasite, it is very essential to ensure that the parasite is deficient of virulence and should further study genetically modified parasites to perceive the mechanism of pathogenesis. So it is believed that in the near future, a complete understanding of the Leishmania genome will explore clear strategies to discover a novel vaccine. This review describes the need for a genetically modified live attenuated vaccine against VL, and obstacles associated with its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular biology laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| |
Collapse
|