1
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Zhao J, Guo Y, Jiang Q, Lan H, Hung WL, Lynch B. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YLGB-1496-Toxicological evaluation. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39252460 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium infantis YLGB-1496, originally isolated from breast milk from a Taiwanese mother, is under study for use as a probiotic. As part of safety assessment, an Ames, in vivo mouse micronucleus, and in vivo mouse spermatocyte chromosome aberration assay were conducted along with a 13-week oral rat toxicity study. B. infantis YLGB-1496 had no activity in any of the genotoxicity assays. Administration of the bacteria to Sprague-Dawley rats at doses ranging from 0 to 1.5 g/kg bw/day had no treatment-related effects on any of the endpoints measured. There appear to be no concerns for translocation or pathogenicity of B. infantis YLGB-1496 based on extensive experience with the species in general. The results of the current investigations support potential use of B. infantis YLGB-1496 as a probiotic in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyi Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Jiang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, China
| | - Hanglian Lan
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei-Lian Hung
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, China
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada
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2
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Arzamasov AA, Rodionov DA, Hibberd MC, Guruge JL, Kazanov MD, Leyn SA, Kent JE, Sejane K, Bode L, Barratt MJ, Gordon JI, Osterman AL. Integrative genomic reconstruction of carbohydrate utilization networks in bifidobacteria: global trends, local variability, and dietary adaptation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.06.602360. [PMID: 39005317 PMCID: PMC11245093 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.06.602360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are among the earliest colonizers of the human gut, conferring numerous health benefits. While multiple Bifidobacterium strains are used as probiotics, accumulating evidence suggests that the individual responses to probiotic supplementation may vary, likely due to a variety of factors, including strain type(s), gut community composition, dietary habits of the consumer, and other health/lifestyle conditions. Given the saccharolytic nature of bifidobacteria, the carbohydrate composition of the diet is one of the primary factors dictating the colonization efficiency of Bifidobacterium strains. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of bifidobacterial glycan metabolism at the strain level is necessary to rationally design probiotic or synbiotic formulations that combine bacterial strains with glycans that match their nutrient preferences. In this study, we systematically reconstructed 66 pathways involved in the utilization of mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides by analyzing the representation of 565 curated metabolic functional roles (catabolic enzymes, transporters, transcriptional regulators) in 2973 non-redundant cultured Bifidobacterium isolates and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). Our analysis uncovered substantial heterogeneity in the predicted glycan utilization capabilities at the species and strain level and revealed the presence of a yet undescribed phenotypically distinct subspecies-level clade within the Bifidobacterium longum species. We also identified Bangladeshi isolates harboring unique gene clusters tentatively implicated in the breakdown of xyloglucan and human milk oligosaccharides. Predicted carbohydrate utilization phenotypes were experimentally characterized and validated. Our large-scale genomic analysis considerably expands the knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism in bifidobacteria and provides a foundation for rationally designing single- or multi-strain probiotic formulations of a given bifidobacterial species as well as synbiotic combinations of bifidobacterial strains matched with their preferred carbohydrate substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Arzamasov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dmitry A Rodionov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew C Hibberd
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Janaki L Guruge
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marat D Kazanov
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey, 34956
| | - Semen A Leyn
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James E Kent
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristija Sejane
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), and the Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), and the Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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3
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Hilliard MA, Sela DA. Transmission and Persistence of Infant Gut-Associated Bifidobacteria. Microorganisms 2024; 12:879. [PMID: 38792709 PMCID: PMC11124121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium infantis are the primary colonizers of the infant gut, yet scientific research addressing the transmission of the genus Bifidobacterium to infants remains incomplete. This review examines microbial reservoirs of infant-type Bifidobacterium that potentially contribute to infant gut colonization. Accordingly, strain inheritance from mother to infant via the fecal-oral route is likely contingent on the bifidobacterial strain and phenotype, whereas transmission via the vaginal microbiota may be restricted to Bifidobacterium breve. Additional reservoirs include breastmilk, horizontal transfer from the environment, and potentially in utero transfer. Given that diet is a strong predictor of Bifidobacterium colonization in early life and the absence of Bifidobacterium is observed regardless of breastfeeding, it is likely that additional factors are responsible for bifidobacterial colonization early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Hilliard
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David A. Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Physiological Systems and Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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4
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Li X, Yang J, Shi S, Lan H, Zhao W, Hung W, He J, Wang R. The Genome of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YLGB-1496 Provides Insights into Its Carbohydrate Utilization and Genetic Stability. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:466. [PMID: 38674400 PMCID: PMC11154571 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis YLGB-1496 (YLGB-1496) is a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk. The application of YLGB-1496 is influenced by carbohydrate utilization and genetic stability. This study used genome sequencing and morphology during continuous subculture to determine the carbohydrate utilization characteristics and genetic stability of YLGB-1496. The complete genome sequence of YLGB-1496 consists of 2,758,242 base pairs, 2442 coding sequences, and a GC content of 59.87%. A comparison of carbohydrate transport and metabolism genes of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) showed that YLGB-1496 was rich in glycosyl hydrolase 13, 20, 25, and 109 gene families. During continuous subculture, the growth characteristics and fermentation activity of the strain were highly stable. The bacterial cell surface and edges of the 1000th-generation strains were progressively smoother and well-defined, with no perforations or breaks in the cell wall. There were 20 SNP loci at the 1000th generation, fulfilling the requirement of belonging to the same strain. The presence of genes associated with cell adhesion and the absence of resistance genes supported the probiotic characteristics of the strain. The data obtained in this study provide insights into broad-spectrum carbohydrate utilization, genomic stability, and probiotic properties of YLGB-1496, which provide theoretical support to promote the use of YLGB-1496.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Research Center for Probiotics, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China; (X.L.); (J.Y.); (S.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Research Center for Probiotics, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China; (X.L.); (J.Y.); (S.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Shaoqi Shi
- Research Center for Probiotics, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China; (X.L.); (J.Y.); (S.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hanglian Lan
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China; (H.L.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Wen Zhao
- Research Center for Probiotics, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China; (X.L.); (J.Y.); (S.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weilian Hung
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China; (H.L.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010110, China; (H.L.); (W.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Ran Wang
- Research Center for Probiotics, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100190, China; (X.L.); (J.Y.); (S.S.); (W.Z.)
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5
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Dineen RL, Bottacini F, O'Connell‐Motherway M, van Sinderen D. Transcriptional landscape of the pMP7017 megaplasmid and its impact on the Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 transcriptome. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14405. [PMID: 38206097 PMCID: PMC10832533 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The 190 kb megaplasmid pMP7017 of Bifidobacterium breve JCM7017 represents the first conjugative and largest plasmid characterised within this genus to date. In the current study, we adopted an integrated approach combining transcriptomics, whole genome comparative analysis and metagenomic data mining to understand the biology of pMP7017 and related megaplasmids, and to assess the impact of plasmid-carriage on the host strain. The data generated revealed variations within basic features of promoter elements which correlate with a high level of transcription on the plasmid and highlight the transcriptional activity of genes encoding both offensive and defensive adaptations, including a Type IIL restriction-modification system, an anti-restriction system and four Type II toxin-antitoxin systems. Furthermore, a highly transcribed tmRNA, which likely provides translational support to the host strain, was identified, making pMP7017 the first plasmid of the Bifidobacterium genus and the smallest plasmid known to express a tmRNA. Analyses of synteny and variability among pMP7017 and related plasmids indicate substantial diversity in gene organisation and accessory gene cargo highlighting diverse (co-)evolution and potential host-specific rearrangements and adaptations. Systematic analysis of the codon usage profile of transcriptionally active pMP7017-encoded genes suggests that pMP7017 originated from (sub)species of Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, mining of metagenomic data suggests the presence of pMP7017-homologues in ~10% of microbiome samples, mostly infants and/or mothers from various geographical locations. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the B. breve UCC2003 chromosome in the presence or absence of pMP7017 revealed differential expression of genes representing 8% of the total gene pool. Genes involved in genetic information processing were exclusively upregulated, while altered expression of genes involved in biofilm production and polysaccharide biosynthesis was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Dineen
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Francesca Bottacini
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Department of Biological SciencesMunster Technological UniversityCorkIreland
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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6
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English J, Newberry F, Hoyles L, Patrick S, Stewart L. Genomic analyses of Bacteroides fragilis: subdivisions I and II represent distinct species. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37910167 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram-negative anaerobe that is a member of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and is frequently found as an extra-intestinal opportunistic pathogen. B. fragilis comprises two distinct groups - divisions I and II - characterized by the presence/absence of genes [cepA and ccrA (cfiA), respectively] that confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by either serine or metallo-β-lactamase production. No large-scale analyses of publicly available B. fragilis sequence data have been undertaken, and the resistome of the species remains poorly defined.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Reclassification of divisions I and II B. fragilis as two distinct species has been proposed but additional evidence is required.Aims. To investigate the genomic diversity of GenBank B. fragilis genomes and establish the prevalence of division I and II strains among publicly available B. fragilis genomes, and to generate further evidence to demonstrate that B. fragilis division I and II strains represent distinct genomospecies.Methodology. High-quality (n=377) genomes listed as B. fragilis in GenBank were included in pangenome and functional analyses. Genome data were also subject to resistome profiling using The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database.Results. Average nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analyses showed B. fragilis divisions I and II represent distinct species: B. fragilis sensu stricto (n=275 genomes) and B. fragilis A (n=102 genomes; Genome Taxonomy Database designation), respectively. Exploration of the pangenome of B. fragilis sensu stricto and B. fragilis A revealed separation of the two species at the core and accessory gene levels.Conclusion. The findings indicate that B. fragilis A, previously referred to as division II B. fragilis, is an individual species and distinct from B. fragilis sensu stricto. The B. fragilis pangenome analysis supported previous genomic, phylogenetic and resistome screening analyses collectively reinforcing that divisions I and II are two separate species. In addition, it was confirmed that differences in the accessory genes of B. fragilis divisions I and II are primarily associated with carbohydrate metabolism and suggest that differences other than antimicrobial resistance could also be used to distinguish between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie English
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Fiona Newberry
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Linda Stewart
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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7
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Modesto M, Ngom-Bru C, Scarafile D, Bruttin A, Pruvost S, Sarker SA, Ahmed T, Sakwinska O, Mattarelli P, Duboux S. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis subsp. nov., a novel subspecies isolated from the faeces of weaning infants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37851001 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The species
Bifidobacterium longum
currently comprises four subspecies:
B. longum
subsp.
longum
,
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
,
B. longum
subsp.
suis
and
B. longum
subsp.
suillum
. Recently, several studies on
B. longum
suggested the presence of a separate clade containing four strains isolated from infants and one from rhesus macaque. These strains shared a phylogenetic similarity to
B. longum
subsp.
suis
DSM 20210T and
B. longum
subsp.
suillum
JCM1995T [average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 98.1 %) while showed an ANI of 96.5 % with both
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
and
B. longum
subsp.
longum
. The current work describes five novel additional
B. longum
strains isolated from Bangladeshi weaning infants and demonstrates their common phylogenetic origin with those of the previously proposed separated clade. Based on polyphasic taxonomic approach comprising loci multilocus sequence analysis and whole genome multilocus sequence typing, all ten examined strains have been confirmed as a distinct lineage within the species
B. longum
with
B. longum
subsp.
suis
and
B. longum
subsp.
suillum
as closest subspecies. Interestingly, these strains are present in weaning infants and primates as opposed to their closest relatives which have been typically isolated from pig and calves. These strains, similarly to
B. longum
subsp.
infantis
, show a common capacity to metabolize the human milk oligosaccharide 3-fucosyllactose. Moreover, they harbour a riboflavin synthesis operon, which differentiate them from their closest subspecies,
B. longum
subsp.
suis
and
B. longum
subsp.
suillum
. Based on the consistent results from genotypical, ecological and phenotypical analyses, a novel subspecies with the name
Bifidobacterium longum
subsp. iuvenis, with type strain NCC 5000T (=LMG 32752T=CCOS 2034T), is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Catherine Ngom-Bru
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Donatella Scarafile
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anne Bruttin
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Solenn Pruvost
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Shafiqul Alam Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Olga Sakwinska
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stéphane Duboux
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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8
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Jeong GJ, Khan F, Tabassum N, Kim YM. Chitinases as key virulence factors in microbial pathogens: Understanding their role and potential as therapeutic targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126021. [PMID: 37506799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are crucial for the survival of bacterial and fungal pathogens both during host infection and outside the host in the environment. Chitinases facilitate adhesion onto host cells, act as virulence factors during infection, and provide protection from the host immune system, making them crucial factors in the survival of microbial pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms behind chitinase action is beneficial to design novel therapeutics to control microbial infections. This review explores the role of chitinases in the pathogenesis of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The mechanisms underlying the action of chitinases of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens in host cells are thoroughly reviewed. The evolutionary relationships between chitinases of various bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens are discussed to determine their involvement in processes, such as adhesion and host immune system modulation. Gaining a better understanding of the distribution and activity of chitinases in these microbial pathogens can help elucidate their role in the invasion and infection of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Huang C, Hao W, Wang X, Zhou R, Lin Q. Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1211271. [PMID: 37485519 PMCID: PMC10358780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a worldwide public health problem, and the prevalence of the disease among children has been increasing. The pathogenesis of UC has not been elucidated, but dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is considered the main cause of chronic intestinal inflammation. This review focuses on the therapeutic effects of probiotics on UC and the potential mechanisms involved. In animal studies, probiotics have been shown to alleviate symptoms of UC, including weight loss, diarrhea, blood in the stool, and a shortened colon length, while also restoring intestinal microecological homeostasis, improving gut barrier function, modulating the intestinal immune response, and attenuating intestinal inflammation, thereby providing theoretical support for the development of probiotic-based microbial products as an adjunctive therapy for UC. However, the efficacy of probiotics is influenced by factors such as the bacterial strain, dose, and form. Hence, the mechanisms of action need to be investigated further. Relevant clinical trials are currently lacking, so the extension of animal experimental findings to clinical application requires a longer period of consideration for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilan Huang
- Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Wujuan Hao
- Department of Digestive, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Renmin Zhou
- Department of Digestive, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
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10
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Mills DA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Underwood MA. Translating neonatal microbiome science into commercial innovation: metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides as a basis for probiotic efficacy in breast-fed infants. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2192458. [PMID: 37013357 PMCID: PMC10075334 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2192458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a century, physicians have witnessed a common enrichment of bifidobacteria in the feces of breast-fed infants that was readily associated with infant health status. Recent advances in bacterial genomics, metagenomics, and glycomics have helped explain the nature of this unique enrichment and enabled the tailored use of probiotic supplementation to restore missing bifidobacterial functions in at-risk infants. This review documents a 20-year span of discoveries that set the stage for the current use of human milk oligosaccharide-consuming bifidobacteria to beneficially colonize, modulate, and protect the intestines of at-risk, human milk-fed, neonates. This review also presents a model for probiotic applications wherein bifidobacterial functions, in the form of colonization and HMO-related catabolic activity in situ, represent measurable metabolic outcomes by which probiotic efficacy can be scored toward improving infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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11
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Kohl KD, Dieppa-Colón E, Goyco-Blas J, Peralta-Martínez K, Scafidi L, Shah S, Zawacki E, Barts N, Ahn Y, Hedayati S, Secor SM, Rowe MP. Gut Microbial Ecology of Five Species of Sympatric Desert Rodents in Relation to Herbivorous and Insectivorous Feeding Strategies. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:237-251. [PMID: 35587374 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial communities of mammals provide numerous benefits to their hosts. However, given the recent development of the microbiome field, we still lack a thorough understanding of the variety of ecological and evolutionary factors that structure these communities across species. Metabarcoding is a powerful technique that allows for multiple microbial ecology questions to be investigated simultaneously. Here, we employed DNA metabarcoding techniques, predictive metagenomics, and culture-dependent techniques to inventory the gut microbial communities of several species of rodent collected from the same environment that employ different natural feeding strategies [granivorous pocket mice (Chaetodipus penicillatus); granivorous kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami); herbivorous woodrats (Neotoma albigula); omnivorous cactus mice (Peromyscus eremicus), and insectivorous grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus)]. Of particular interest were shifts in gut microbial communities in rodent species with herbivorous and insectivorous diets, given the high amounts of indigestible fibers and chitinous exoskeleton in these diets, respectively. We found that herbivorous woodrats harbored the greatest microbial diversity. Granivorous pocket mice and kangaroo rats had the highest abundances of the genus Ruminococcus and highest predicted abundances of genes related to the digestion of fiber, representing potential adaptations in these species to the fiber content of seeds and the limitations to digestion given their small body size. Insectivorous grasshopper mice exhibited the greatest inter-individual variation in the membership of their microbiomes, and also exhibited the highest predicted abundances of chitin-degrading genes. Culture-based approaches identified 178 microbial isolates (primarily Bacillus and Enterococcus) capable of degrading cellulose and chitin. We observed several instances of strain-level diversity in these metabolic capabilities across isolates, somewhat highlighting the limitations and hidden diversity underlying DNA metabarcoding techniques. However, these methods offer power in allowing the investigation of several questions concurrently, thus enhancing our understanding of gut microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Etan Dieppa-Colón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI 53706
| | - José Goyco-Blas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | | | - Luke Scafidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Sarth Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Emma Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Nick Barts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Young Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Stefanie Hedayati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AL 35487
| | - Matthew P Rowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019
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12
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Evaluation of Bacterial Diversity and Evolutionary Dynamics of Gut Bifidobacterium longum Isolates Obtained from Older Individuals in Hubei Province, China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0144221. [PMID: 35044201 PMCID: PMC8768838 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01442-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum predominates in the human gut throughout the life span, from birth to old age, and could alter the intestinal microbial population and immune function in the elderly. We investigated the intestinal bacterial diversity in the elderly, and further evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of B. longum. The results revealed a distinct difference in gut bacterial populations between the elderly from Xiangyang and its neighboring region, Enshi city. A total of 62 bifidobacterial strains were isolated, 30 of which were found to be B. longum. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis also revealed that 437 B. longum isolates from diverse regions worldwide, including the 30 isolated in this study, could be classified into 341 sequence types (STs). They could be further clustered into 10 clonal complexes and 127 singleton STs, indicating a highly genetic diversity among B. longum isolates. Two putative clone complexes (CCs) containing the isolates from Xiangyang were found to be geographically specific, and a 213-bp recombination fragment was detected. Phylogenetic trees divided these 437 isolates into three lineages, corresponding to the three subspecies of B. longum. It is noteworthy that two isolates from the elderly were identified to be B. longum subsp. suis, while the others were B. longum subsp. longum. Together, our study characterized the intestinal bacterial diversity and evolution of B. longum in the elderly, and it could contribute to further studies on the genotyping and discrimination of B. longum. IMPORTANCEBifidobacterium longum are common inhabitants of the human gut throughout the life span, and have been associated with health-promoting effects, yet little is known about the genotype profile and evolution of these isolates. Our study showed that there was significant difference in gut bacterial community and abundance of B. longum between the elderly from two neighboring cities. Furthermore, the possible geographically specific STs, CCs, and intraspecies recombination fragment were found among the B. longum isolates from elderly.
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13
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O’Brien CE, Meier AK, Cernioglo K, Mitchell RD, Casaburi G, Frese SA, Henrick BM, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT. Early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis in breastfed infants leads to persistent colonization at 1 year. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:627-636. [PMID: 33762689 PMCID: PMC8460680 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported a dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants. Probiotics have been used in an attempt to restore the gut microbiome; however, colonization has been transient, inconsistent among individuals, or has not positively impacted the host's gut. METHODS This is a 2-year follow-up study to a randomized controlled trial wherein 7-day-old infants received 1.8 × 1010 colony-forming unit Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 (EVC) daily for 21 days or breast milk alone (unsupplemented (UNS)). In the follow-up study, mothers (n = 48) collected infant stool at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months postnatal and completed the health-diet questionnaires. RESULTS Fecal B. infantis was 2.5-3.5 log units higher at 6-12 months in the EVC group compared with the UNS group (P < 0.01) and this relationship strengthened with the exclusion of infants who consumed infant formula and antibiotics. Infants in the EVC group had significantly higher Bifidobacteriaceae and lower Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05). There were no differences in any health conditions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation with B. infantis within the first month postnatal, in combination with breast milk, resulted in stable colonization that persisted until at least 1 year postnatal. IMPACT A dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants is common in resource-rich nations and associated with an increased risk of immune diseases. Probiotics only transiently exist in the gut without persistent colonization or altering the gut microbiome. This is the first study to show that early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis with breast milk results in stable colonization of B. infantis and improvements to the gut microbiome 1 year postnatal. This study addresses a key gap in the literature whereby probiotics can restore the gut microbiome if biologically selected microorganisms are matched with their specific food in an open ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. O’Brien
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anna K. Meier
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Karina Cernioglo
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XDepartment of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
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14
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Lu W, Pei Z, Zang M, Lee YK, Zhao J, Chen W, Wang H, Zhang H. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Bifidobacterium bifidum Strains Isolated from Different Niches. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101504. [PMID: 34680899 PMCID: PMC8535415 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential probiotic benefits of Bifidobacterium bifidum have received increasing attention recently. We used comparative genomic analysis to explore the differences in the genome and the physiological characteristics of B. bifidum isolated from the fecal samples of Chinese adults and infants. The relationships between genotypes and phenotypes were analyzed to assess the effects of isolation sources on the genetic variation of B. bifidum. The phylogenetic tree results indicated that the phylogeny of B. bifidum may be related to the geographical features of its isolation source. B. bifidum was found to have an open pan-genome and a conserved core genome. The genetic diversity of B. bifidum is mainly reflected in carbohydrate metabolism- and immune/competition-related factors, such as the glycoside hydrolase gene family, bacteriocin operons, antibiotic resistance genes, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas. Additionally, the type III A CRISPR-Cas system was discovered in B. bifidum for the first time. B. bifidum strains exhibited niche-specific characteristics, and the results of this study provide an improved understanding of the genetics of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhangming Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengning Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuan-kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85-197-239 (H.W. & H.Z.); Fax: +86-510-85-197-239 (H.W. & H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.L.); (Z.P.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-510-85-197-239 (H.W. & H.Z.); Fax: +86-510-85-197-239 (H.W. & H.Z.)
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15
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Díaz R, Torres-Miranda A, Orellana G, Garrido D. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Novel Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Strains Reveals Functional Divergence in the Human Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091906. [PMID: 34576801 PMCID: PMC8470182 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum is a prevalent group in the human gut microbiome. Its persistence in the intestinal microbial community suggests a close host-microbe relationship according to age. The subspecies adaptations are related to metabolic capabilities and genomic and functional diversity. In this study, 154 genomes from public databases and four new Chilean isolates were genomically compared through an in silico approach to identify genomic divergence in genes associated with carbohydrate consumption and their possible adaptations to different human intestinal niches. The pangenome of the subspecies was open, which correlates with its remarkable ability to colonize several niches. The new genomes homogenously clustered within subspecies longum, as observed in phylogenetic analysis. B. longum SC664 was different at the sequence level but not in its functions. COG analysis revealed that carbohydrate use is variable among longum subspecies. Glycosyl hydrolases participating in human milk oligosaccharide use were found in certain infant and adult genomes. Predictive genomic analysis revealed that B. longum M12 contained an HMO cluster associated with the use of fucosylated HMOs but only endowed with a GH95, being able to grow in 2-fucosyllactose as the sole carbon source. This study identifies novel genomes with distinct adaptations to HMOs and highlights the plasticity of B. longum subsp. longum to colonize the human gut microbiota.
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16
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Tarracchini C, Milani C, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Fontana F, Alessandri G, Longhi G, Anzalone R, Viappiani A, Turroni F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Phylogenomic disentangling of the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis taxon. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34319225 PMCID: PMC8477406 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bifidobacterium longum species have been shown to possess adaptive abilities to allow colonization of different mammalian hosts, including humans, primates and domesticated mammalian species, such as dogs, horses, cattle and pigs. To date, three subspecies have formally been recognized to belong to this bifidobacterial taxon, i.e. B. longum subsp. longum, B. longum subsp. infantis and B. longum subsp. suis. Although B. longum subsp. longum is widely distributed in the human gut irrespective of host age, B. longum subsp. infantis appears to play a significant role as a prominent member of the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants. Nevertheless, despite the considerable scientific relevance of these taxa and the vast body of genomic data now available, an accurate dissection of the genetic features that comprehensively characterize the B. longum species and its subspecies is still missing. In the current study, we employed 261 publicly available B. longum genome sequences, combined with those of 11 new isolates, to investigate genomic diversity of this taxon through comparative genomic and phylogenomic approaches. These analyses allowed us to highlight a remarkable intra-species genetic and physiological diversity. Notably, characterization of the genome content of members of B. longum subsp. infantis subspecies suggested that this taxon may have acquired genetic features for increased competitiveness in the gut environment of suckling hosts. Furthermore, specific B. longum subsp. infantis genomic features appear to be responsible for enhanced horizontal gene transfer (HGT) occurrences, underpinning an intriguing dedication toward acquisition of foreign DNA by HGT events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tarracchini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Fontana
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GenProbio Srl, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Alessandri
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Longhi
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,GenProbio Srl, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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17
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Henrick BM, Rodriguez L, Lakshmikanth T, Pou C, Henckel E, Arzoomand A, Olin A, Wang J, Mikes J, Tan Z, Chen Y, Ehrlich AM, Bernhardsson AK, Mugabo CH, Ambrosiani Y, Gustafsson A, Chew S, Brown HK, Prambs J, Bohlin K, Mitchell RD, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Frese SA, Brodin P. Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life. Cell 2021; 184:3884-3898.e11. [PMID: 34143954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-microbe interactions early in life influence the risk of allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases. Breastfeeding guides healthier immune-microbe relationships by providing nutrients to specialized microbes that in turn benefit the host's immune system. Such bacteria have co-evolved with humans but are now increasingly rare in modern societies. Here we show that a lack of bifidobacteria, and in particular depletion of genes required for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) utilization from the metagenome, is associated with systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation early in life. In breastfed infants given Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001, which expresses all HMO-utilization genes, intestinal T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines were silenced and interferon β (IFNβ) was induced. Fecal water from EVC001-supplemented infants contains abundant indolelactate and B. infantis-derived indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) upregulated immunoregulatory galectin-1 in Th2 and Th17 cells during polarization, providing a functional link between beneficial microbes and immunoregulation during the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA.
| | - Lucie Rodriguez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Christian Pou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ewa Henckel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aron Arzoomand
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Axel Olin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jaromir Mikes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ziyang Tan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Karin Bernhardsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Constantin Habimana Mugabo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ambrosiani
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kajsa Bohlin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven A Frese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden.
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18
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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Recombinant Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 Expressing Antioxidant Enzymes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030595. [PMID: 33805797 PMCID: PMC7998161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4-SK (BGN4-SK), a recombinant strain which was constructed from B. bifidum BGN4 (BGN4) to produce superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, was analyzed to determine its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. Culture conditions were determined to maximize the SOD and catalase activities of BGN4-SK. The viability, intracellular radical oxygen species (ROS) levels, intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were determined to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BGN4-SK in human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) and murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7). Antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) were produced at the highest levels when BGN4-SK was cultured for 24 h in a medium containing 500 μM MnSO4 and 30 μM hematin, with glucose as the carbon source. The viability and intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities of H2O2-stimulated HT-29 treated with BGN4-SK were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of cells treated with BGN4. The intracellular ROS levels of H2O2-stimulated HT-29 cells treated with BGN4-SK were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of cells treated with BGN4. BGN4-SK more significantly suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-6 (p < 0.05), tumor necrosis factor-α (p < 0.01), and IL-8 (p < 0.05) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HT-29 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells compared to BGN4. These results suggest that BGN4-SK may have enhanced antioxidant activities against oxidative stress in H2O2-stimulated HT-29 cells and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated HT-29 and RAW 264.7 cells.
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19
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Nguyen M, Holdbrooks H, Mishra P, Abrantes MA, Eskew S, Garma M, Oca CG, McGuckin C, Hein CB, Mitchell RD, Kazi S, Chew S, Casaburi G, Brown HK, Frese SA, Henrick BM. Impact of Probiotic B. infantis EVC001 Feeding in Premature Infants on the Gut Microbiome, Nosocomially Acquired Antibiotic Resistance, and Enteric Inflammation. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618009. [PMID: 33665175 PMCID: PMC7921802 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preterm birth is a major determinant of neonatal survival and morbidity, but the gut microbiome and associated enteric inflammation are also key factors in neonatal development and the risk of associated morbidities. We prospectively and longitudinally followed two cohorts of preterm infants, one of which was fed activated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 8 × 109 CFU daily, and the other was not fed a probiotic. Hospital feeding protocol assigned all infants born at <1500 g and/or < 32 weeks corrected gestational age to the probiotic feeding protocol, whereas infants born at >1500 g and/or >32 weeks corrected gestational age were not fed a probiotic. Fecal samples were opportunistically collected from 77 infants throughout the hospital stay, and subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing and quantification of enteric inflammation. De-identified metadata was collected from patient medical records. Results: The gut microbiome of preterm infants was typified by a high abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and/or Staphylococcaceae, and multivariate modeling identified the probiotic intervention, rather than degree of prematurity, day of life, or other clinical interventions, as the primary source of change in the gut microbiome. Among infants fed B. infantis EVC001, a high abundance of total Bifidobacteriaceae developed rapidly, the majority of which was B. infantis confirmed via subspecies-specific qPCR. Associated with this higher abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae, we found increased functional capacity for utilization of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as well as reduced abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the taxa that harbored them. Importantly, we found that infants fed B. infantis EVC001 exhibited diminished enteric inflammation, even when other clinical variables were accounted for using multivariate modeling. Conclusion: These results provide an important observational background for probiotic use in a NICU setting, and describe the clinical, physiological, and microbiome-associated improvements in preterm infants associated with B. infantis EVC001 feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Nguyen
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Heaven Holdbrooks
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Prasanthi Mishra
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Maria A. Abrantes
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Sherri Eskew
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Mariajamiela Garma
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | - Cyr-Geraurd Oca
- Neonatology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Anaheim, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sufyan Kazi
- Evolve Biosystems Inc., Davis, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- Evolve Biosystems Inc., Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems Inc., Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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20
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Casaburi G, Duar RM, Brown H, Mitchell RD, Kazi S, Chew S, Cagney O, Flannery RL, Sylvester KG, Frese SA, Henrick BM, Freeman SL. Metagenomic insights of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple sites in the United States. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1472. [PMID: 33479326 PMCID: PMC7820601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in early life, protecting newborns from enteric pathogens, promoting immune system development and providing key functions to the infant host. Currently, there are limited data to broadly assess the status of the US healthy infant gut microbiome. To address this gap, we performed a multi-state metagenomic survey and found high levels of bacteria associated with enteric inflammation (e.g. Escherichia, Klebsiella), antibiotic resistance genes, and signatures of dysbiosis, independent of location, age, and diet. Bifidobacterium were less abundant than generally expected and the species identified, including B. breve, B. longum and B. bifidum, had limited genetic capacity to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), while B. infantis strains with a complete capacity for HMOs utilization were found to be exceptionally rare. Considering microbiome composition and functional capacity, this survey revealed a previously unappreciated dysbiosis that is widespread in the contemporary US infant gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sufyan Kazi
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | | | - Orla Cagney
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A Frese
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Bethany M Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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21
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Lugli GA, Tarracchini C, Alessandri G, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Turroni F, Neuzil-Bunesova V, Ruiz L, Margolles A, Ventura M. Decoding the Genomic Variability among Members of the Bifidobacterium dentium Species. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1720. [PMID: 33152994 PMCID: PMC7693768 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bifidobacterium dentium species are usually identified in the oral cavity of humans and associated with the development of plaque and dental caries. Nevertheless, they have also been detected from fecal samples, highlighting a widespread distribution among mammals. To explore the genetic variability of this species, we isolated and sequenced the genomes of 18 different B. dentium strains collected from fecal samples of several primate species and an Ursus arctos. Thus, we investigated the genomic variability and metabolic abilities of the new B. dentium isolates together with 20 public genome sequences. Comparative genomic analyses provided insights into the vast metabolic repertoire of the species, highlighting 19 glycosyl hydrolases families shared between each analyzed strain. Phylogenetic analysis of the B. dentium taxon, involving 1140 conserved genes, revealed a very close phylogenetic relatedness among members of this species. Furthermore, low genomic variability between strains was also confirmed by an average nucleotide identity analysis showing values higher than 98.2%. Investigating the genetic features of each strain, few putative functional mobile elements were identified. Besides, a consistent occurrence of defense mechanisms such as CRISPR-Cas and restriction-modification systems may be responsible for the high genome synteny identified among members of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Chiara Tarracchini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 13121 Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Vera Neuzil-Bunesova
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (L.R.); (A.M.)
- MicroHealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; (L.R.); (A.M.)
- MicroHealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.T.); (C.M.); (L.M.); (F.T.)
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 13121 Parma, Italy
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22
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Special Issue "Bifidobacteria: Insights from Ecology to Genomics of a Key Microbial Group of the Mammalian Gut Microbiota". Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111660. [PMID: 33120914 PMCID: PMC7693948 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Duar RM, Casaburi G, Mitchell RD, Scofield LN, Ortega Ramirez CA, Barile D, Henrick BM, Frese SA. Comparative Genome Analysis of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Strains Reveals Variation in Human Milk Oligosaccharide Utilization Genes among Commercial Probiotics. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113247. [PMID: 33114073 PMCID: PMC7690671 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis is associated with acute and long-term consequences for neonates. Probiotics can be effective in limiting the growth of bacteria associated with dysbiosis and promoting the healthy development of the infant microbiome. Given its adaptation to the infant gut, and promising data from animal and in vitro models, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is an attractive candidate for use in infant probiotics. However, strain-level differences in the ability of commercialized strains to utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) may have implications in the performance of strains in the infant gut. In this study, we characterized twelve B. infantis probiotic strains and identified two main variants in one of the HMO utilization gene clusters. Some strains possessed the full repertoire of HMO utilization genes (H5-positive strains), while H5-negative strains lack an ABC-type transporter known to bind core HMO structures. H5-positive strains achieved significantly superior growth on lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose. In vitro, H5-positive strains had a significant fitness advantage over H5-negative strains, which was also observed in vivo in breastfed infants. This work provides evidence of the functional implications of genetic differences among B. infantis strains and highlights that genotype and HMO utilization phenotype should be considered when selecting a strain for probiotic use in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebbeca M. Duar
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Giorgio Casaburi
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Ryan D. Mitchell
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Lindsey N.C. Scofield
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Camila A. Ortega Ramirez
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Steven A. Frese
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; (R.M.D.); (G.C.); (R.D.M.); (L.N.C.S.); (C.A.O.R.); (B.M.H.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-747-2045
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