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Wu Y, Guo P, Luo D, Deng J, Yao H, Sun W. Feasibility analysis of inactivating influenza A(H1N1) virus using UVC robot in classroom environment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29540. [PMID: 38681599 PMCID: PMC11046110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Starting from 2009, H1N1 has been one of the respiratory diseases that afflict the global population. Concurrently, due to the influence of COVID-19, it has become widely accepted that preventing the virus's spread necessitates personal protection measures and disinfection in public spaces. Experiments This study conducted two experiments. In the classroom experiment, six UVC dose test points were calibrated to test whether the UVC dose at each testing point met the standards for inactivating IAVs and the time required to meet the standards. In the simulated classroom experiment, seven square slides made of IAVs were placed. After 10 min of robot movement, irradiated sterile square slides were made into suspension and injected into chicken embryos. Cultivate chicken embryos and conduct IAVs testing. Results Classroom experiment has shown that 5 testing points can meet the standards for inactivating IAVs(3 mJ/cm2), with a required time of 80 min, 40 min, 15 min, 5 min and 10 min. The UVC dose for testing points that do not meet the standards in 80 min is only 0.5 mJ/cm2. The simulation classroom experiment outcomes revealed that 99.99 % of IAVs were deactivated. Furthermore, this study established both a desktop control group and a chair arm control group, both of which yielded identical results, indicating an inactivation logarithm of IAVs≥4log. Conclusion The study presented that IAVs on the surface of an object can be effectively and rapidly deactivated at an irradiation density of 1.8 mW/cm2. Meanwhile, the study provides evidence of the feasibility of using the GXU robot to inactivate IAVs in a classroom environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Wu
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Peiyao Guo
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dekun Luo
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianyu Deng
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huilu Yao
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenhong Sun
- Research Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, Nanning 530004 Guangxi, China
- Third Generation Semiconductor Industry Research Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Pereira AR, Braga DFO, Vassal M, Gomes IB, Simões M. Ultraviolet C irradiation: A promising approach for the disinfection of public spaces? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163007. [PMID: 36965719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation C (UVC) has emerged as an effective strategy for microbial control in indoor public spaces. UVC is commonly applied for air, surface, and water disinfection. Unlike common 254 nm UVC, far-UVC at 222 nm is considered non-harmful to human health, being safe for occupied spaces, and still effective for disinfection purposes. Therefore, and allied to the urgency to mitigate the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, an increase in UVC-based technology devices appeared in the market with levels of pathogens reduction higher than 99.9 %. This environmentally friendly technology has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of traditional chemical-based disinfection approaches. The novel UVC-based devices were thought to be used in public indoor spaces such as hospitals, schools, and public transport to minimize the risk of pathogens contamination and propagation, saving costs by reducing manual cleaning and equipment maintenance provided by manpower. However, a lack of information about UVC-based parameters and protocols for disinfection, and controversies regarding health and environmental risks still exist. In this review, fundamentals on UVC disinfection are presented. Furthermore, a deep analysis of UVC-based technologies available in the market for the disinfection of public spaces is addressed, as well as their advantages and limitations. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable inputs and strategies for the development of effective, reliable, and safe UVC disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pereira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel F O Braga
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vassal
- SpinnerDynamics, Lda., Rua da Junta de Freguesia 194, Escariz, 4540-322 Arouca, Portugal
| | - Inês B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Demeersseman N, Saegeman V, Cossey V, Devriese H, Schuermans A. Shedding a light on ultraviolet-C technologies in the hospital environment. J Hosp Infect 2023; 132:85-92. [PMID: 36565930 PMCID: PMC9769028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-C light for disinfection has experienced a surge in popularity since the outbreak of COVID-19. Currently, many different UV-C systems, with varied properties that impact disinfection performance, are available on the market. Therefore this review aims to bundle the available information on UV-C disinfection to obtain an overview of its advantages, disadvantages, and performance-influencing parameters. A literature search was performed using the snowball search method in Google Scholar and PubMed with the following keywords: UV-C disinfection, UV-C dose, UV-C light source, UV-C repair mechanism, UV-C photoreactivation, and UV-C disinfection standards. The main parameters of UV-C disinfection are wavelength, dose, relative humidity, and temperature. There is no consensus about their optimal values, but, in general, light at a high dose and a spectrum of wavelengths containing 260 nm is preferred in an environment at room temperature with low relative humidity. This light can be generated by mercury-vapour, light-emitting diode (LED), pulsed-xenon, or excimer lamps. Multiple factors are detrimental to disinfection performance such as shadowing, a rough surface topography, a high level of contamination, repair mechanisms, and the lack of standardization. Also, there are health and safety risks associated with the UV-C technology when used in the proximity of people. UV-C disinfection systems have promising features and the potential to improve in the future. However, clarifications surrounding the different parameters influencing the technologies' effectiveness in hospital environment are needed. Therefore UV-C disinfection should currently be considered for low-level rather than high-level disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Demeersseman
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Saegeman
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Cossey
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Devriese
- Department of Prevention and Environment, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Schuermans
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals Leuven and Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Torres-Mata LB, García-Pérez O, Rodríguez-Esparragón F, Blanco A, Villar J, Ruiz-Apodaca F, Martín-Barrasa JL, González-Martín JM, Serrano-Aguilar P, Piñero JE, Córdoba-Lanús E, Lorenzo-Morales J, Clavo B. Ozone Eliminates SARS-CoV-2 from Difficult-to-Clean Office Supplies and Clinical Equipment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148672. [PMID: 35886529 PMCID: PMC9321385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to cause profound health, economic, and social problems worldwide. The management and disinfection of materials used daily in health centers and common working environments have prompted concerns about the control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection risk. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that has been widely used in disinfection processes for decades. The aim of this study was to assess the optimal conditions of ozone treatment for the elimination of heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 from office supplies (personal computer monitors, keyboards, and computer mice) and clinical equipment (continuous positive airway pressure tubes and personal protective equipment) that are difficult to clean. (2) Methods: The office supplies and clinical equipment were contaminated in an area of 1 cm2 with 1 × 104 viral units of a heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 strain, then treated with ozone using two different ozone devices: a specifically designed ozonation chamber (for low–medium ozone concentrations over large volumes) and a clinical ozone generator (for high ozone concentrations over small volumes). SARS-CoV-2 gene detection was carried out using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). (3) Results: At high ozone concentrations over small surfaces, the ozone eliminated SARS-CoV-2 RNA in short time periods—i.e., 10 min (at 4000 ppm) or less. The optimum ozone concentration over large volumes was 90 ppm for 120 min in ambient conditions (24 °C and 60–75% relative humidity). (4) Conclusions: This study showed that the appropriate ozone concentration and exposure time eliminated heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the surfaces of different widely used clinical and office supplies, decreasing their risk of transmission, and improving their reutilization. Ozone may provide an additional tool to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Torres-Mata
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- BioPharm Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Omar García-Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Esparragón
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Chemical Engineering & Materials Department, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jesús Villar
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | | | - José L. Martín-Barrasa
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Aquaculture and Wild Species Health, Infectious Diseases, Universitary Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Jesús M. González-Martín
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Serrano-Aguilar
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Servicio de Evaluación y Planificación del Servicio Canario de Salud (SESCS), 38109 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Red de Agencias de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud (RedETS), 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - José E. Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Dermatología y Psiquiatría, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- Red Cooperativa de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (B.C.)
| | - Bernardino Clavo
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (L.B.T.-M.); (F.R.-E.); (J.V.); (J.L.M.-B.); (J.M.G.-M.)
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- BioPharm Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (O.G.-P.); (J.E.P.); (E.C.-L.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Pain Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (B.C.)
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Biasin M, Strizzi S, Bianco A, Macchi A, Utyro O, Pareschi G, Loffreda A, Cavalleri A, Lualdi M, Trabattoni D, Tacchetti C, Mazza D, Clerici M. UV and violet light can Neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 10:100107. [PMID: 35036965 PMCID: PMC8741330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an in-depth analysis of the virucidal effect of discrete wavelengths: UV-C (278 nm), UV-B (308 nm), UV-A (366 nm) and violet (405 nm) on SARS-CoV-2. By using a highly infectious titer of SARS-CoV-2 we observed that the violet light-dose resulting in a 2-log viral inactivation is only 104 times less efficient than UV-C light. Moreover, by qPCR (quantitative Polymerase chain reaction) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach we verified that the viral titer typically found in the sputum of COVID-19 patients can be completely inactivated by the long UV-wavelengths corresponding to UV-A and UV-B solar irradiation. The comparison of the UV action spectrum on SARS-CoV-2 to previous results obtained on other pathogens suggests that RNA viruses might be particularly sensitive to long UV wavelengths. Our data extend previous results showing that SARS-CoV-2 is highly susceptible to UV light and offer an explanation to the reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection seen in the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Strizzi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Alberto Macchi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Olga Utyro
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pareschi
- Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) - Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate, Italy
| | - Alessia Loffreda
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Adalberto Cavalleri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Lualdi
- Department of Imaging Diagnostic and Radioterapy, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy
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6
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Gala JL, Rebane O, Ambroise J, Babichenko S, Nyabi O, Hance T. Acaricidal efficacy of ultraviolet-C irradiation of Tetranychus urticae adults and eggs using a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:578. [PMID: 34789326 PMCID: PMC8596343 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed ultraviolet (UV)-C light sources, such as excimer lasers, are used in emerging non-thermal food-decontamination methods and also have high potential for use in a wide range of microbial decontamination applications. The acaricidal effect of an experimental UV-C irradiation device was assessed using female adults and eggs of a model organism, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. METHODS UV-C light was generated by a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser operating at 248-nm emission wavelength. The pulse energy and pulse repetition rate were 5 mJ and up to 100 Hz, respectively. The distance from the light source to the target was 150 mm; the target surface area was 2.16 cm2. The exposure time for the mites and fresh eggs varied from 1 to 4 min at 5-300 mW, which corresponded to UV doses of 5-80 kJ/m2. Post-irradiation acaricidal effects (mite mortality) were assessed immediately and also measured at 24 h. The effects of UV-C irradiation on the hatchability of eggs were observed daily for up to 12 days post-irradiation. RESULTS The mortality of mites at 5 and 40 kJ/m2 was 26% and 92%, respectively. Mite mortality reached 98% at 80 kJ/m2. The effect of exposure duration on mortality was minimal. The effect of irradiation on egg hatchability was even more significant than that on adult mite mortality, i.e. about 100% egg mortality at an accumulated dose of as little as 5 kJ/m2 for each exposure time. CONCLUSIONS A high rate of mite mortality and lethal egg damage were observed after less than 1 min of exposure to 5 mJ UV-C pulsed irradiation at 60 Hz. Pending further developments (such as beam steering, beam shaping and miniaturisation) and feasibility studies (such as testing with mites in real-life situations), the reported results and characteristics of the UV-C generator (modulation of energy output and adaptability to varying spot sizes) open up the use of this technology for a vast field of acaricidal applications that require long-range radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Gala
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ott Rebane
- LDI Innovation OÜ, Sära 7, Peetri, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Omar Nyabi
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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7
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dos Santos LMC, da Silva ES, Oliveira FO, Rodrigues LDAP, Neves PRF, Meira CS, Moreira GAF, Lobato GM, Nascimento C, Gerhardt M, Lessa AS, Mascarenhas LAB, Machado BAS. Ozonized Water in Microbial Control: Analysis of the Stability, In Vitro Biocidal Potential, and Cytotoxicity. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:525. [PMID: 34204772 PMCID: PMC8231602 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
O3 dissolved in water (or ozonized water) has been considered a potent antimicrobial agent, and this study aimed to test this through microbiological and in vitro assays. The stability of O3 was accessed following modifications of the physicochemical parameters of water, such as the temperature and pH, with or without buffering. Three concentrations of O3 (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ppm) dissolved in water were tested against different microorganisms, and an analysis of the cytotoxic effects was also conducted using the human ear fibroblast cell line (Hfib). Under the physicochemical conditions of 4 °C and pH 5, O3 remained the most stable and concentrated compared to pH 7 and water at 25 °C. Exposure to ozonized water resulted in high mortality rates for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Scanning electron micrograph images indicate that the effects on osmotic stability due to cell wall lysis might be one of the killing mechanisms of ozonized water. The biocidal agent was biocompatible and presented no cytotoxic effect against Hfib cells. Therefore, due to its cytocompatibility and biocidal action, ozonized water can be considered a viable alternative for microbial control, being possible, for example, its use in disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerte Marlon Conceição dos Santos
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Eduardo Santos da Silva
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Fabricia Oliveira Oliveira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Leticia de Alencar Pereira Rodrigues
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Freitas Neves
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Greta Almeida Fernandes Moreira
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Gabriela Monteiro Lobato
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Carlos Nascimento
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gerhardt
- China Three Gorges Corporation—CTG Brazil, Rio Paraná Energia S.A. Rodovia MS-444 s/nº km 58, Ilha Solteira 79590-000, Selviria, Brazil; (G.M.L.); (C.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Arlene Souza Lessa
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ Microscopy Service, Technological Platforms Network, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Luis Alberto Breda Mascarenhas
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (ISI SAS), Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (L.M.C.d.S.); (E.S.d.S.); (F.O.O.); (L.d.A.P.R.); (C.S.M.); (G.A.F.M.); (L.A.B.M.)
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