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Krawczyk A, Gosiewski T, Zapała B, Kowalska-Duplaga K, Salamon D. Alterations in intestinal Archaea composition in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease based on next-generation sequencing - a pilot study. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2276806. [PMID: 37955638 PMCID: PMC10653639 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2276806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis can lead to the induction of systemic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease Although archaea are part of the commensal microbiota, they are still one of the least studied microorganisms. The aim of our study was the standardization of the optimal conditions and primers for sequencing of the gut archaeome using Next Generation Sequencing, and evaluation of the differences between the composition of archaea in patients and healthy volunteers, as well as analysis of the changes that occur in the archaeome of patients depending on disease activity. Newly diagnosed patients were characterized by similar archeal profiles at every taxonomic level as in healthy individuals (the dominance of Methanobacteria at the class level, and Methanobrevibacter at the genus level). In turn, in patients previously diagnosed with Crohn's disease (both in active and remission phase), an increased prevalence of Thermoplasmata, Thermoprotei, Halobacteria (at the class level), and Halococcus, Methanospaera or Picrophilus (at the genus level) were observed. Furthermore, we have found a significant correlation between the patient's parameters and the individual class or species of Archaea. Our study confirms changes in archaeal composition in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease, however, only in long-standing disease. At the beginning of the disease, the archeal profile is similar to that of healthy people. However, in the chronic form of the disease, significant differences in the composition of archaeome begin to appear. It seems that some archaea may be a good indicator of the chronicity and activity of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - T. Gosiewski
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - B. Zapała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - K. Kowalska-Duplaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition,Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - D. Salamon
- Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Division of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Sansupa C, Suphaphimol N, Nonthijun P, Ronsuek T, Yimklan S, Semakul N, Khrueraya T, Suwannarach N, Purahong W, Disayathanoowat T. Life on the wall: the diversity and activity of microbes on 13th - century AD. Lan Na mural painting. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1220901. [PMID: 37779706 PMCID: PMC10540211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms from the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota) cause deterioration in mural paintings worldwide; however, few studies have simultaneously targeted these three domains. This study aims to survey the microbiome and its potential for biodeterioration on unpreserved Lan Na mural paintings in Sean Khan temple, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The overview of the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities was reported by Illumina sequencing, whereas the potential for deterioration was revealed by culturable techniques and a literature search. The abundant microbes reported in this study were also found in other ancient mural paintings worldwide. Halococcus, a salt-tolerant archaeon, as well as the eubacterial genus Crossiella dominated the prokaryotic community. On the other hand, the main fungal group was the genus Candida (Ascomycota). However, a low number of fungi and bacteria were isolated. Most of the isolates showed the ability to survive in the drought conditions of mural paintings but could not perform discoloration activities. The deterioration activity mainly affected calcium compounds, which are the main components of painting substrates. Aspergillus and several bacterial isolates could dissolve calcium compounds, but only Trichaptum species could induce crystal formation. These results suggest that deterioration of painting substrate should be taken into consideration in addition to deterioration of color in mural paintings. For the Lan Na painting in Sean Khan temple, the plaster is the prime target for biodeterioration, and thus we suggest that the preservation effort should focus on this component of the mural painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakriya Sansupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattaphon Suphaphimol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paradha Nonthijun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teewararat Ronsuek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saranphong Yimklan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Zhang Y, Su M, Wu F, Gu JD, Li J, He D, Guo Q, Cui H, Zhang Q, Feng H. Diversity and Composition of Culturable Microorganisms and Their Biodeterioration Potentials in the Sandstone of Beishiku Temple, China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020429. [PMID: 36838394 PMCID: PMC9965415 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization on stone monuments leads to subsequent biodeterioration; determining the microbe diversity, compositions, and metabolic capacities is essential for understanding biodeterioration mechanisms and undertaking heritage management. Here, samples of epilithic biofilm and naturally weathered and exfoliated sandstone particles from different locations at the Beishiku Temple were collected to investigate bacterial and fungal community diversity and structure using a culture-based method. The biodeterioration potential of isolated fungal strains was analyzed in terms of pigmentation, calcite dissolution, organic acids, biomineralization ability, and biocide susceptibility. The results showed that the diversities and communities of bacteria and fungi differed for the different sample types from different locations. The population of culturable microorganisms in biofilm samples was more abundant than that present in the samples exposed to natural weathering. The environmental temperature, relative humidity, and pH were closely related to the variation in and distribution of microbial communities. Fungal biodeterioration tests showed that isolated strains four and five were pigment producers and capable of dissolving carbonates, respectively. Their biomineralization through the precipitation of calcium oxalate and calcite carbonate could be potentially applied as a biotechnology for stone heritage consolidation and the mitigation of weathering for monuments. This study adds to our understanding of culturable microbial communities and the bioprotection potential of fungal biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Min Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fasi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Group, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jie Li
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
| | - Dongpeng He
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
| | - Qinglin Guo
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
| | - Huiping Cui
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang 736200, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (H.F.)
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Timoncini A, Costantini F, Bernardi E, Martini C, Mugnai F, Mancuso FP, Sassoni E, Ospitali F, Chiavari C. Insight on bacteria communities in outdoor bronze and marble artefacts in a changing environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157804. [PMID: 35932861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilithic bacteria play a fundamental role in the conservation of cultural heritage (CH) materials. On stones, bacterial communities cause both degradation and bioprotection actions. Bronze biocorrosion in non-burial conditions is rarely studied. Only few studies have examined the relationship between bacteria communities and the chemical composition of patinas (surface degradation layers). A better comprehension of bacterial communities growing on our CH is fundamental not only to understand the related decay mechanisms but also to foresee possible shifts in their composition due to climate change. The present study aims at (1) characterizing bacterial communities on bronze and marble statues; (2) evaluating the differences in bacterial communities' composition and abundance occurring between different patina types on different statues; and (3) providing indications about a representative bacterial community which can be used in laboratory tests to better understand their influence on artefact decay. Chemical and biological characterization of different patinas were carried out by sampling bronze and marble statues in Bologna and Ravenna (Italy), using EDS/Raman spectroscopy and MinION-based 16SrRNA sequencing. Significant statistical differences were found in bacterial composition between marble and bronze statues, and among marble patinas in different statues and in the same statue. Marble surfaces showed high microbial diversity and were characterized mainly by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus. Bronze patinas showed low taxa diversity and were dominated by copper-resistant Proteobacteria. The copper biocidal effect is evident in greenish marble areas affected by the leaching of copper salts, where the bacterial community is absent. Here, Ca and Cu oxalates are present because of the biological reaction of living organisms to Cu ions, leading to metabolic product secretions, such as oxalic acid. Therefore, a better knowledge on the interaction between bacteria communities and patinas has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Timoncini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Federica Costantini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, UOS Ravenna, University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research Renewable Sources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Martini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mugnai
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, UOS Ravenna, University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Mancuso
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Enrico Sassoni
- Department Of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ospitali
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Chiavari
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
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Phylotypic Diversity of Bacteria Associated with Speleothems of a Silicate Cave in a Guiana Shield Tepui. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071395. [PMID: 35889113 PMCID: PMC9316562 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of microorganisms associated with speleological sources has mainly been studied in limestone caves, while studies in silicate caves are still under development. Here, we profiled the microbial diversity of opal speleothems from a silicate cave in Guiana Highlands. Bulk DNAs were extracted from three speleothems of two types, i.e., one soft whitish mushroom-like speleothem and two hard blackish coral-like speleothems. The extracted DNAs were amplified for sequencing the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene by MiSeq. A total of 210,309 valid reads were obtained and clustered into 3184 phylotypes or operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTUs from the soft whitish speleothem were mostly affiliated with Acidobacteriota, Pseudomonadota (formerly, Proteobacteria), and Chloroflexota, with the OTUs ascribed to Nitrospirota being found specifically in this speleothem. The OTUs from the hard blackish speleothems were similar to each other and were mostly affiliated with Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, and Actinomycetota (formerly, Actinobacteria). These OTU compositions were generally consistent with those reported for limestone and silicate caves. The OTUs were further used to infer metabolic features by using the PICRUSt bioinformatic tool, and membrane transport and amino acid metabolism were noticeably featured. These and other featured metabolisms may influence the pH microenvironment and, consequently, the formation, weathering, and re-deposition of silicate speleothems.
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Liu X, Qian Y, Wu F, Wang Y, Wang W, Gu JD. Biofilms on stone monuments: biodeterioration or bioprotection? Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:816-819. [PMID: 35752563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Debate on whether biofilms on stone monuments are biodeteriorative or bioprotective is long-standing. We propose a criterion of 'relative bioprotective ratio' for assessing the ambivalent role of the biofilms by comparing biodeterioration with weathering. A boundary between biodeterioration and bioprotection exists and fluctuates with dynamic microflora influenced by environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China; Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Youfen Qian
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Fasi Wu
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Guangdong Conservation Centre, Guangdong Museum, 2 Zhujiang East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Wanfu Wang
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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Soares F, Trovão J, Ahn AC, Wilmotte A, Cardoso SM, Tiago I, Portugal A. Introducing Petrachlorosaceae fam. nov., Petrachloros gen. nov. and Petrachloros mirabilis sp. nov. (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) Isolated from a Portuguese UNESCO monument. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:219-233. [PMID: 35133645 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Synechococcales is a large cyanobacterial order comprising both unicellular and filamentous forms, with parietal thylakoid arrangement. Previously, this order has been the subject of taxonomic revisions with new families being erected. During studies of the phototrophic communities on the limestone walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra (UNESCO monument), a coccoid Aphanocapsa-like cyanobacterium was isolated. It was characterized using a polyphasic approach, based on morphology, 16S rRNA phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) secondary structure, and ecology. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analyses showed that this strain is placed in a separate and highly supported family-level clade, as part of a large group comprising the families Prochlorococcaceae and Prochlorotrichaceae, with Lagosinema as the closest (although quite distant) taxon. Additionally, the phylogenomic analysis also placed this strain in a separate lineage, situated distantly apart from the family Thermosynechococcaceae, but with strains assigned to Acaryochloris marina MBIC 11017 and Aphanocapsa montana BDHKU210001 as the closest taxa. Based on these data, as well as on the results from the secondary ITS structure, morphology, and ecology, we here propose the establishment of Petrachlorosaceae fam. nov., along with the description of Petrachloros gen. nov. and Petrachloros mirabilis sp. nov. We also address additional considerations regarding some cyanobacterial taxa within the order Synechococcales, which we believe deserve further revisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Soares
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - João Trovão
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Anne-Catherine Ahn
- BCCM/ULC Culture Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Culture Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- QOPNA &, LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Igor Tiago
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - António Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
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Analysis of Biodeteriogens on Architectural Heritage. An Approach of Applied Botany on a Gothic Building in Southern Italy. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of stone materials depends on several interlinked factors. The effects caused by biodeteriogens on mineral-based substrates are now increasingly considered in the field of cultural heritage conservation from different experimental approaches. In this study, biodeteriogenic micro- and macroflora within the gothic building of Santa Maria della Pietà, Squillace, Calabria, have been analyzed using multiple approaches, such as optical microscopy and molecular techniques. All 17 plant species detected are usually widespread in Mediterranean regions and some of these, such as Ailanthus altissima and Ficus carica, showed a very high hazard index, which is potentially dangerous for masonry stability. Fungi, cyanobacteria, and green algae were identified within biofilm compositions in a total of 23 different taxa, showing many similarities with microbial associations commonly found in cave and hypogean environments. All of the 11 fungal taxa detected belong to Ascomycota phylum, with Penicillium as the most represented genus. Photoautotrophic organisms are mostly represented by filamentous genera, with widespread presence of Leptolyngbya as the most abundant genus. The results highlighted how the singular environmental conditions of the study site, combined with the architectural features and the building materials, determined all the degradation phenomena affecting the building’s internal surfaces, compromising over time the structural integrity.
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Trovão J, Soares F, Tiago I, Portugal A. Talaromyces saxoxalicus sp. nov., isolated from the limestone walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, Portugal. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34919038 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are one of the main agents of stone biodeterioration worldwide, since they strongly interfere with its integrity, aesthetical and structural natural properties. During an experimental survey aimed to isolate fungal species contributing to the biodeterioration of the limestone walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra (Portuguese unesco World Heritage site), a Talaromyces species that could not be identified to any currently known species in this genus was isolated. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin and RNA polymerase II subunit 2, placed this fungus in Talaromyces sect. Purpurei, while also pointing at its phylogenetic distinction from the remaining species in this section. Thus, a novel species, Talaromyces saxoxalicus sp. nov., is here proposed. Moreover, considering the isolation source of this fungus and in an attempt to understand its contribution to the overall stone monument biodeterioration, the species's in vitro biodeteriorative potential was also evaluated. The results highlighted that the species exhibited an in vitro biodeteriorative ability (calcium oxalate crystal formation), highlighting its potential deteriorative profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Trovão
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Soares
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Igor Tiago
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.,Fitolab-Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
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Spairani Y, Cisternino A, Foti D, Lerna M, Ivorra S. Study of the Behavior of Structural Materials Treated with Bioconsolidant. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185369. [PMID: 34576599 PMCID: PMC8465772 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the effectiveness of the bioconsolidation technique applied to degraded structural materials is illustrated as a new method of consolidation and conservation of the existing building heritage in a less invasive way. Satisfactory results have been obtained by an experimental campaign carried out through non-destructive diagnostic tests, static destructive mechanical tests, and microstructural analyses on a series of natural stone material specimens and artificial stone materials before and after the use of bioconsolidants. The consolidated specimens have been tested after three to four weeks after the application of the M3P nutritional solution on each specimen. The effect on the microstructure of this technique has also been observed using scanning electron microscope and optical photomicrograph, the formation of new calcium carbonate crystals promoting the structural consolidation of the materials under examination was observed in all the specimens analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Spairani
- Department of Architectural Constructions, University of Alicante, San Vicente Del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Arianna Cisternino
- Department of Civil Engineering Sciences and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Dora Foti
- Department of Civil Engineering Sciences and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michela Lerna
- Department of Civil Engineering Sciences and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Salvador Ivorra
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, San Vicente Del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
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