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Power IM, Paulo C, Rausis K. The Mining Industry's Role in Enhanced Weathering and Mineralization for CO 2 Removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:43-53. [PMID: 38127732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced weathering and mineralization (EWM) aim to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by accelerating the reaction of this greenhouse gas with alkaline minerals. This suite of geochemical negative emissions technologies has the potential to achieve CO2 removal rates of >1 gigatonne per year, yet will require gigatonnes of suitable rock. As a supplier of rock powder, the mining industry will be at the epicenter of the global implementation of EWM. Certain alkaline mine wastes sequester CO2 under conventional mining conditions, which should be quantified across the industry. Furthermore, mines are ideal locations for testing acceleration strategies since tailings impoundments are contained and highly monitored. While some environmentally benign mine wastes may be repurposed for off-site use─reducing costs and risks associated with their storage─numerous new mines will be needed to supply rock powders to reach the gigatonne scale. Large-scale EWM pilots with mining companies are required to progress technology readiness, including carbon verification approaches. With its knowledge of geological formations and ore processing, the mining industry can play an essential role in extracting the most reactive rocks with the greatest CO2 removal capacities, creating supply chains, and participating in life-cycle assessments. The motivations for mining companies to develop EWM include reputational benefits and carbon offsets needed to achieve carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Power
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Carlos Paulo
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Kwon Rausis
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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2
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Bullock LA, Alcalde J, Tornos F, Fernandez-Turiel JL. Geochemical carbon dioxide removal potential of Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161287. [PMID: 36587666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many countries have made pledges to reduce CO2 emissions over the upcoming decades to meet the Paris Agreement targets of limiting warming to no >1.5 °C, aiming for net zero by mid-century. To achieve national reduction targets, there is a further need for CO2 removal (CDR) approaches on a scale of millions of tonnes, necessitating a better understanding of feasible methods. One approach that is gaining attention is geochemical CDR, encompassing (1) in-situ injection of CO2-rich gases into Ca and Mg-rich rocks for geological storage by mineral carbonation, (2) ex-situ ocean alkalinity enhancement, enhanced weathering and mineral carbonation of alkaline-rich materials, and (3) electrochemical separation processes. In this context, Spain may host a notionally high geochemical CDR capacity thanks to its varied geological setting, including extensive mafic-ultramafic and carbonate rocks. However, pilot schemes and large-scale strategies for CDR implementation are presently absent in-country, partly due to gaps in current knowledge and lack of attention paid by regulatory bodies. Here, we identify possible materials, localities and avenues for future geochemical CDR research and implementation strategies within Spain. This study highlights the kilotonne to million tonne scale CDR options for Spain over the rest of the century, with attention paid to chemically and mineralogically appropriate materials, suitable implementation sites and potential strategies that could be followed. Mafic, ultramafic and carbonate rocks, mine tailings, fly ashes, slag by-products, desalination brines and ceramic wastes hosted and produced in Spain are of key interest, with industrial, agricultural and coastal areas providing opportunities to launch pilot schemes. Though there are obstacles to reaching the maximum CDR potential, this study helps to identify focused targets that will facilitate overcoming such barriers. The CDR potential of Spain warrants dedicated investigations to achieve the highest possible CDR to make valuable contributions to national reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Bullock
- Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN), CSIC, Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Alcalde
- Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN), CSIC, Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Tornos
- Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO, CSIC-UCM), Dr Severo Ochoa, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Park S, Bong YS, Kim G. Mineral extraction from asbestos-containing waste (ACW) and changes in its morphology during treatment with ammonium salts. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:285-294. [PMID: 36794358 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2178543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asbestos is a known carcinogen and a banned hazardous material. However, the generation of asbestos-containing waste (ACW) is increasing because of the demolition of old constructions, buildings, and structures. Therefore, asbestos-containing wastes need to be effectively treated to render them harmless. This study aimed to stabilize asbestos wastes by using for the first time three different ammonium salts at low reaction temperatures. The treatment was performed with ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), and ammonium chloride (AC) at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 M and reaction times of 10, 30, 60, 120, and 360 min intervals at 60 °C. Asbestos waste samples were treated in both plate and powder form during the experiment. The results demonstrated that the selected ammonium salts could extract the mineral ions from asbestos materials at a relatively low temperature. Concentrations of the minerals extracted from powdered samples were higher than those extracted from plate samples. AS treatment demonstrated better extractability compared to that of AN and AC, based on the concentrations of magnesium and silicon ions in the extract. The results implied that among the three ammonium salts, AS had better potential to stabilize the asbestos waste. This study demonstrated the potential of ammonium salts for treating and stabilizing asbestos waste at low temperatures by extracting the mineral ions from the asbestos fibers.Implications: This study aims to establish an effective treatment to stabilize the hazardous asbestos waste to harmless forms. We have attempted treatment of asbestos with three ammonium salts (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride) at relatively lower temperature. The selected ammonium salts could extract the mineral ions from asbestos materials at a relatively low temperature. These results suppose that asbestos containing materials could change the harmless state by using simple method. Among the ammonium salts, especially, AS has better potential to stabilize the asbestos waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Park
- Mineral Processing & Metallurgy Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sik Bong
- Earth and Environmental Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangmok Kim
- Mineral Processing & Metallurgy Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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4
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Abstract
The climate crisis and rising demand for critical minerals necessitate the development of novel carbon dioxide removal and ore processing technologies. Microbial processes can be harnessed to recover metals from and store carbon dioxide within mine tailings to transform the mining industry for a greener and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine McCutcheon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ian M. Power
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
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Khudhur FWK, MacDonald JM, Macente A, Daly L. The utilization of alkaline wastes in passive carbon capture and sequestration: Promises, challenges and environmental aspects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153553. [PMID: 35104509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline wastes have been the focus of many studies as they act as CO2 sinks and have the potential to offset emissions from mining and steelmaking industries. Passive carbonation of alkaline wastes mimics natural silicate weathering and provides a promising alternative pathway for CO2 capture and storage as carbonates, requiring marginal human intervention when compared to ex-situ carbonation. This review summarizes the extant research that has investigated the passive carbonation of alkaline wastes, namely ironmaking and steelmaking slag, mine tailings and demolition wastes, over the past two decades. Here we report different factors that affect passive carbonation to address challenges that this process faces and to identify possible solutions. We identify avenues for future research such as investigating how passive carbonation affects the surrounding environment through interaction with the biosphere and the hydrosphere. Future research should also consider economic analyses to provide investors with an in-depth understanding of passive carbonation techniques. Based on the reviewed materials, we conclude that passive carbonation can be an important contributor to climate change mitigation strategies, and its potential can be intensified by applying simple waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal W K Khudhur
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - John M MacDonald
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alice Macente
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Luke Daly
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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Bullock LA, Yang A, Darton RC. Kinetics-informed global assessment of mine tailings for CO 2 removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152111. [PMID: 34871673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemically reactive mine tailings are a potential resource for drawing down carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere in mineral weathering schemes. Such carbon dioxide removal (CDR) systems, applied on a large scale, could help to meet internationally agreed targets for minimising climate change, but crucially we need to identify what materials could react fast enough to provide CDR at relevant climate change mitigation timescales. This study focuses on a range of silicate-dominated tailings, calculating their CDR potential from their chemical composition (specific capacity), estimated global production rates, and the speed of weathering under different reaction conditions. Tailings containing high abundances of olivine, serpentine and diopside show the highest CDR potential due to their favourable kinetics. We conclude that the most suitable tailings for CDR purposes are those associated with olivine dunites, diamond kimberlites, asbestos and talc serpentinites, Ni sulphides, and PGM layered mafic intrusions. We estimate the average annual global CDR potential of tailings weathered over the 70-year period 2030-2100 to be ~93 (unimproved conditions) to 465 (improved conditions) Mt/year. Results indicate that at least 30 countries possess tailings materials that, under improved conditions, may offer a route for CDR which is not currently utilised within the mining industry. By 2100, the total cumulative CDR could reach some 33 GtCO2, of which more than 60% is contributed by PGM tailings produced in Southern Africa, Russia, and North America. The global CDR potential could be increased by utilization of historic tailings and implementing measures to further enhance chemical reaction rates. If practical considerations can be addressed and enhanced weathering rates can be achieved, then CDR from suitable tailings could contribute significantly to national offset goals and global targets. More research is needed to establish the potential and practicality of this technology, including measurements of the mineral weathering kinetics under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Bullock
- Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Aidong Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Darton
- Department of Engineering Science, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Power IM, Paulo C, Long H, Lockhart JA, Stubbs AR, French D, Caldwell R. Carbonation, Cementation, and Stabilization of Ultramafic Mine Tailings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10056-10066. [PMID: 34236189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailings dam failures can cause devastation to the environment, loss of human life, and require expensive remediation. A promising approach for de-risking brucite-bearing ultramafic tailings is in situ cementation via carbon dioxide (CO2) mineralization, which also sequesters this greenhouse gas within carbonate minerals. In cylindrical test experiments, brucite [Mg(OH)2] carbonation was accelerated by coupling organic and inorganic carbon cycling. Waste organics generated CO2 concentrations similar to that of flue gas (up to 19%). The abundance of brucite (2-10 wt %) had the greatest influence on tailings cementation as evidenced by the increase in total inorganic carbon (TIC; +0.17-0.84%). Brucite consumption ranged from 64-84% of its initial abundance and was mainly influenced by water availability. Higher moisture contents (e.g., 80% saturation) and finer grain sizes (e.g., clay-silt) that allowed for a better distribution of water resulted in greater brucite carbonation. Furthermore, pore clogging and surface passivation by Mg-carbonates may have slowed brucite carbonation over the 10 weeks. Unconfined compressive strengths ranged from 0.4-6.9 MPa and would be sufficient in most scenarios to adequately stabilize tailings. Our study demonstrates the potential for stabilizing brucite-bearing mine tailings through in situ cementation while sequestering CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Power
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Carlos Paulo
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Hannah Long
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Justin A Lockhart
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Amanda R Stubbs
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - David French
- SGS Canada Inc., 185 Concession Street, Lakefield, Ontario K0L 2H0, Canada
| | - Robert Caldwell
- SGS Canada Inc., 185 Concession Street, Lakefield, Ontario K0L 2H0, Canada
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Gagen EJ, Levett A, Paz A, Bostelmann H, Valadares RBDS, Bitencourt JAP, Gastauer M, Nunes GL, Oliveira G, Vasconcelos PM, Tyson GW, Southam G. Accelerating microbial iron cycling promotes re-cementation of surface crusts in iron ore regions. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1960-1971. [PMID: 32812342 PMCID: PMC7533318 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerating microbial iron cycling is an innovative environmentally responsible strategy for mine remediation. In the present study, we extend the application of microbial iron cycling in environmental remediation, to include biocementation for the aggregation and stabilization of mine wastes. Microbial iron reduction was promoted monthly for 10 months in crushed canga (a by-product from iron ore mining, dominated by crystalline iron oxides) in 1 m3 containers. Ferrous iron concentrations reached 445 ppm in treatments and diverse lineages of the candidate phyla radiation dominated pore waters, implicating them in fermentation and/or metal cycling in this system. After a 6-month evaporation period, iron-rich cements had formed between grains and 20-cm aggregates were recoverable from treatments throughout the 1-m depth profile, while material from untreated and water-only controls remained unconsolidated. Canga-adapted plants seeded into one of the treatments germinated and grew well. Therefore, application of this geobiotechnology offers promise for stabilization of mine wastes, as well as re-formation of surface crusts that underpin unique and threatened plant ecosystems in iron ore regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Gagen
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- Australian Centre for EcogenomicsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Alan Levett
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- Present address:
GFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdam14473Germany
| | - Anat Paz
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Heike Bostelmann
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo M. Vasconcelos
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for EcogenomicsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- Present address:
School of Biomedical SciencesQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4001Australia
| | - Gordon Southam
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
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9
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Improving the Performance of Entities in the Mining Industry by Optimizing Green Business Processes and Emission Inventories. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to environmental considerations, environmental sustainability has become the main target of contemporary organizations, which has a direct influence on increasing their performance. The purpose of this study was to present the efficiency of green business process optimization for the performances of mining entities. Quantitative research was carried out on a sample of 209 people in an economic entity in the mining industry. The results of the study indicated real possibilities to achieve the objectives set in the research undertaken. Using business process management, the authors examined how green business processes can be optimized in a Romanian mining entity. The main results determined the degree of pollution from suspended and sedimentary dust particles due to coal production from the mining entity that was studied. Moreover, the present research proved that certain key environmental indicators underlie the performance and optimization of green business processes. The practical implications of this study are to respect and continually improve the management of the processes of activities, to reduce the costs of depollution and increase the performances.
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McCutcheon J, Power IM, Shuster J, Harrison AL, Dipple GM, Southam G. Carbon Sequestration in Biogenic Magnesite and Other Magnesium Carbonate Minerals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3225-3237. [PMID: 30786208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stability and longevity of carbonate minerals make them an ideal sink for surplus atmospheric carbon dioxide. Biogenic magnesium carbonate mineral precipitation from the magnesium-rich tailings generated by many mining operations could offset net mining greenhouse gas emissions, while simultaneously giving value to mine waste products. In this investigation, cyanobacteria in a wetland bioreactor enabled the precipitation of magnesite (MgCO3), hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], and dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O] from a synthetic wastewater comparable in chemistry to what is produced by acid leaching of ultramafic mine tailings. These precipitates occurred as micrometer-scale mineral grains and microcrystalline carbonate coatings that entombed filamentous cyanobacteria. This provides the first laboratory demonstration of low temperature, biogenic magnesite precipitation for carbon sequestration purposes. These findings demonstrate the importance of extracellular polymeric substances in microbially enabled carbonate mineral nucleation. Fluid composition was monitored to determine carbon sequestration rates. The results demonstrate that up to 238 t of CO2 could be stored per hectare of wetland/year if this method of carbon dioxide sequestration was implemented at an ultramafic mine tailing storage facility. The abundance of tailings available for carbonation and the anticipated global implementation of carbon pricing make this method of mineral carbonation worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenine McCutcheon
- Department of Earth Sciences , Western University , London , Ontario N6A 5B7 , Canada
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Power
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
- School of the Environment , Trent University , Peterborough , Ontario K9L 0G2 , Canada
| | - Jeremiah Shuster
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water , Glen Osmond , South Australia 5064 , Australia
| | - Anna L Harrison
- Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
- School of Environmental Studies , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Gregory M Dipple
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Gordon Southam
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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11
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Abstract
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) via mineral carbonation is an effective method for long-term storage of carbon dioxide and combating climate change. Implemented at a large-scale, it provides a viable solution to harvesting and storing the modern crisis of GHGs emissions. To date, technological and economic barriers have inhibited broad-scale utilisation of mineral carbonation at industrial scales. This paper outlines the mineral carbonation process; discusses drivers and barriers of mineral carbonation deployment in Australian mining; and, finally, proposes a unique approach to commercially viable CCUS within the Australian mining industry by integrating mine waste management with mine site rehabilitation, and leveraging relationships with local coal-fired power station. This paper discusses using alkaline mine and coal-fired power station waste (fly ash, red mud, and ultramafic mine tailings, i.e., nickel, diamond, PGE (platinum group elements), and legacy asbestos mine tailings) as the feedstock for CCUS to produce environmentally benign materials, which can be used in mine reclamation. Geographical proximity of mining operations, mining waste storage facilities and coal-fired power stations in Australia are identified; and possible synergies between them are discussed. This paper demonstrates that large-scale alkaline waste production and mine site reclamation can become integrated to mechanise CCUS. Furthermore, financial liabilities associated with such waste management and site reclamation could overcome many of the current economic setbacks of retrofitting CCUS in the mining industry. An improved approach to commercially viable climate change mitigation strategies available to the mining industry is reviewed in this paper.
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