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Sotozawa M, Kumagai K, Ishikawa K, Yamada S, Inoue Y, Inaba Y. Bevacizumab suppressed degenerative changes in articular cartilage explants from patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:25. [PMID: 36627659 PMCID: PMC9832671 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to test the hypothesis that blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppresses degenerative changes in articular cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Articular cartilage from eight OA patients was subjected to explant culture for 2 days in the presence or absence of 10 ng/ml recombinant interleukin (IL)-1β. The blocking effect of VEGF was examined by the addition of 10 or 100 ng/ml of bevacizumab. The culture media were harvested, and markers for cartilage degradation were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay. Total RNA was isolated from cartilage tissues, and gene expressions associated with the anabolic response were examined by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Bevacizumab significantly reduced concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the culture media with and without IL-1β. Significant suppressive effects of bevacizumab on MMP-9 and MMP-13 were shown only in the presence of IL-1β. Gene expression of Col2a1 was significantly increased by the addition of bevacizumab in the absence of IL-1β. CONCLUSION Bevacizumab inhibits catabolic reactions and stimulates anabolic function in articular cartilage derived from OA patients directly, suggesting a protective effect on articular cartilage from OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaichi Sotozawa
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Ken Kumagai
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Kimi Ishikawa
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
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Dunlap B, Patterson GT, Kumar S, Vyavahare S, Mishra S, Isales C, Fulzele S. Vitamin C supplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis: perspectives on the past, present, and future. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12:20406223211047026. [PMID: 34729150 PMCID: PMC8543556 DOI: 10.1177/20406223211047026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 14% of adults in the United States have either been diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) or have symptoms suggestive of the disease. The CDC also points out that the incidence of OA has been gradually increasing over the past 30 years. What is more worrisome is that this trend is going to accelerate due to the aging demographics of the United States and the increasing prevalence of obesity seen in the country. The need for better preventive treatments and efficacious therapeutics are direly needed to combat this public health crisis. Among the possible treatments being hypothesized, antioxidant supplementation has become one of the most widely studied over the past decade due to its ability to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation within chondrocytes, a critical step in the pathogenesis of this disease. Vitamin C has emerged as among the most promising of the antioxidant group, with many animal and human studies having been conducted in recent years. Although many of the studies have shown encouraging results in terms of preventing OA, others have reached opposite conclusions, thus making the data controversial. However, after reviewing several of these studies, we hypothesize that certain parameters may not have been properly considered during data collection. In the end, more randomized placebo-controlled trials in humans are desperately needed in order to fully understand whether vitamin C therapy is efficacious in treating and/or preventing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton Dunlap
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Chattanooga, TN, USA
| | | | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Samarth Mishra
- Department of the College of Science and Mathematics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Orthopaedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Miyatake K, Kumagai K, Imai S, Yamaguchi Y, Inaba Y. Sclerostin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced late stage chondrogenic differentiation through downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239651. [PMID: 32976505 PMCID: PMC7518574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces endochondral ossification and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). Sclerostin is a potent inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study investigated the role of sclerostin in the endochondral differentiation under an OA-like condition induced by proinflammatory cytokines. ATDC5 cells were used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and terminal calcification, and 10 ng/ml IL-1β and/or 200 ng/ml sclerostin were added to the culture medium. IL-1β impaired early chondrogenesis from undifferentiated state into proliferative chondrocytes, and it was not altered by sclerostin. IL-1β induced progression of chondrogenic differentiation in the late stage and promoted terminal calcification. These processes were inhibited by sclerostin and chondrogenic phenotype was restored. In addition, sclerostin restored IL-1β-induced upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the late stage. This study provides insights into the possible role of sclerostin in the chondrogenic differentiation under the IL-1β-induced OA-like environment. Suppression of Wnt signaling by an antagonist may play a key role in the maintenance of articular homeostasis and has a potential to prevent the progression of OA. Thus, sclerostin is a candidate treatment option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Miyatake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken Kumagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Sosuke Imai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inaba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Karakurt I, Ozaltin K, Vesela D, Lehocky M, Humpolíček P, Mozetič M. Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Immobilized Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate on Polylactic Acid Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1186. [PMID: 31311162 PMCID: PMC6680945 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most produced polymeric materials, due to its exceptional chemical and mechanical properties. Some of them, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, make them attractive for biomedical applications. Conversely, the major drawback of PLA in the biomedical field is their vulnerability to bacterial contamination. This study focuses on the immobilization of saccharides onto the PLA surface by a multistep approach, with the aim of providing antibacterial features and evaluting the synergistic effect of these saccharides. In this approach, after poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes attached non-covalently to the PLA surface via plasma post-irradiation grafting technique, immobilization of glucosamine (GlcN) and chondroitin sulfate (ChS) to the PAA brushes was carried out. To understand the changes in surface properties, such as chemical composition, surface topography and hydrophilicity, the untreated and treated PLA films were analyzed using various characterization techniques (contact angle, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). In vitro cytotoxicity assays were investigated by the methyl tetrazolium test. The antibacterial activity of the PLA samples was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strains. Plasma-treated films immobilized with ChS and GlcN, separately and in combination, demonstrated bactericidal effect against the both bacteria strains and also the results revealed that the combination has no synergistic effect on antibacterial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Karakurt
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G.M. 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G.M. 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Vesela
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G.M. 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Lehocky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G.M. 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G.M. 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Department of Surface Engineering, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Bhatti FU, Mehmood A, Latief N, Zahra S, Cho H, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Vitamin E protects rat mesenchymal stem cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in vitro and improves their therapeutic potential in surgically-induced rat model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:321-331. [PMID: 27693502 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is a major obstacle against cartilage repair in osteoarthritis (OA). Anti-oxidant agents can play a vital role in addressing this issue. We evaluated the effect of Vitamin E preconditioning in improving the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to confer resistance against oxidative stress prevailing during OA. METHODS Vitamin E pretreated MSCs were exposed to oxidative stress in vitro by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and also implanted in surgically-induced rat model of OA. Analysis was done in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, chondrogenesis and repair of cartilage tissue. RESULTS Vitamin E pretreatment enabled MSCs to counteract H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Proliferative markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 were up-regulated, along with the increase in the viability of MSCs. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) was also increased. Reduction of apoptosis, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase 3 (Casp3) genes, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were also observed. Transplantation of Vitamin E pretreated MSCs resulted in increased proteoglycan contents of cartilage matrix. Increased expression of chondrogenic markers, Aggrecan (Acan) and collagen type-II alpha (Col2a1) accompanied by decreased expression of collagen type-I alpha (Col1a1) resulted in increased differentiation index that signifies the formation of hyaline cartilage. Further, there was an increased expression of PCNA and TGFβ genes along with a decreased expression of Casp3 and VEGF genes with increased histological score. CONCLUSION Taken together results of this study demonstrated that Vitamin E pretreated MSCs have an improved ability to impede the progression of OA and thus increased potential to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F U Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - A Mehmood
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Latief
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - S Zahra
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - H Cho
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center-Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - S N Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - S Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Chang Z, Huo L, Li P, Wu Y, Zhang P. Ascorbic acid provides protection for human chondrocytes against oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7086-92. [PMID: 26300283 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be an important cause of dysfunction in chondrocytes and articular cartilage degradation, which leads to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and cartilage aging. The present study aimed to assess the effects of the widely applied antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AA), on human chondrocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Using annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate, 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and senescence‑associated β‑galactosidase assays, the present study identified that AA reduced apoptosis, reduced the loss of viability and markedly decreased H2O2‑mediated senescence in cells treated with H2O2. Furthermore, AA not only stimulated the expression levels of collagens and proteoglycans, but also inhibited the differentiation of chondrocytes under conditions of oxidative stress. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that AA decreased the activity of nrf2, NF‑κB, AP1 and matrix metalloproteinase‑3, which is stimulated by H2O2. In conclusion, AA efficiently protected human chondrocytes against damage induced by H2O2 by regulating multiple regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chang
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Huo
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Cervical Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Mongolia 010030, P.R. China
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Vitamin E protects chondrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:781-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Henrotin Y, Chevalier X, Herrero-Beaumont G, McAlindon T, Mobasheri A, Pavelka K, Schön C, Weinans H, Biesalski H. Physiological effects of oral glucosamine on joint health: current status and consensus on future research priorities. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:115. [PMID: 23531101 PMCID: PMC3629992 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of the potential beneficial physiological effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on joint health. The objective was to reach a consensus on four critical questions and to provide recommendations for future research priorities. To this end, nine scientists from Europe and the United States were selected according to their expertise in this particular field and were invited to participate in the Hohenheim conference held in August 2011. Each expert was asked to address a question that had previously been posed by the chairman of the conference. Based on a systematic review of the literature and the collection of recent data, the experts documented the effects of GlcN on cartilage ageing, metabolic/kinetic and maintenance of joint health as well as reduction of risk of OA development. After extensive debate and discussion the expert panel addressed each question and a general consensus statement was developed, agreeing on the current state-of-the-art and future areas for basic and clinical studies. This paper summarizes the available evidence for beneficial effects of GlcN on joint health and proposes new insight into the design of future clinical trials aimed at identifying beneficial physiological effect of GlcN on joint tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Liège, Institute of Pathology, Level +5, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
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The effect of glucosamine sulfate on the proliferative potential and glycosaminoglycan synthesis of nucleus pulposus intervertebral disc cells. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:308-14. [PMID: 22825479 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31826a0a8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN On the basis of the similarities in the structure of cartilage and intervertebral disc and on the property of glucosamine of being the building block for the construction of proteoglycan aggregates, we investigated the compound's role in the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells under iso- and hyperosmotic conditions, the putative activation of signaling cascades, and the induction of glycosaminoglycan production. OBJECTIVE We examined the mode of action of glucosamine in nucleus pulposus cells. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Glucosamine that naturally occurs in cartilage tissues has been widely used for treating osteoarthritis, but its role in nucleus pulposus cells is largely unknown. METHODS The effect of glucosamine sulfate on the viability and proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells was assessed by the microculture tetrazolium test (MTT) assay, direct cell counting, and tritiated thymidine incorporation. Changes in the expression and phosphorylation profile of selected proteins were estimated by Western analysis. Glycosaminoglycan production was measured using the Blyscan assay. RESULTS We showed that glucosamine sulfate up to 1 mM did not influence the viability, proliferation rate, or novel DNA synthesis of nucleus pulposus cells in the presence or absence of elevated osmolality but induced the transient phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The highest concentration used (10 mM) negatively affected cellular proliferation and resulted in deactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Interestingly, these effects resulted from an additional hyperosmotic stress provoked by glucosamine alone. Finally, we found that a long-term incubation with glucosamine leads to an increase in the glycosaminoglycan content of nucleus pulposus cells. CONCLUSION Glucosamine sulfate was not found to reverse the high osmolality-mediated delay of proliferation in nucleus pulposus cells needed for the maintenance of the tissue's homeostasis. In addition, glycosaminoglycan synthesis stimulated by glucosamine provides a possible promising clinical role for treating disc degenerative disorders.
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Toegel S, Wu SQ, Otero M, Goldring MB, Leelapornpisid P, Chiari C, Kolb A, Unger FM, Windhager R, Viernstein H. Caesalpinia sappan extract inhibits IL1β-mediated overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases in human chondrocytes. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:307-18. [PMID: 21850498 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbated production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a key event in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and represents a promising target for the management of OA with nutraceuticals. In this study, we sought to determine the MMP-inhibitory activity of an ethanolic Caesalpinia sappan extract (CSE) in human OA chondrocytes. Thus, human articular chondrocytes isolated from OA cartilage and SW1353 chondrocytes were stimulated with Interleukin-1beta (IL1β), without or with pretreatment with CSE. Following viability assays, the production of MMP-2 and MMP-13 was assessed using ELISA, whereas mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13 and TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 were quantified using RT-qPCR assays. Chondrocytes were co-transfected with a MMP-13 luciferase reporter construct and NF-kB p50 and p65 expression vectors in the presence or absence of CSE. In addition, the direct effect of CSE on the proteolytic activities of MMP-2 was evaluated using gelatin zymography. We found that CSE significantly suppressed IL1β-mediated upregulation of MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels via abrogation of the NF-kB(p65/p50)-driven MMP-13 promoter activation. We further observed that the levels of IL1β-induced MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 mRNA, but not TIMP mRNA levels, were down-regulated in chondrocytes in response to CSE. Zymographic results suggested that CSE did not directly interfere with the proteolytic activity of MMP-2. In summary, this study provides evidence for the MMP-inhibitory potential of CSE or CSE-derived compounds in human OA chondrocytes. The data indicate that the mechanism of this inhibition might, at least in part, involve targeting of NF-kB-mediated promoter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toegel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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