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Banderwal R, Kadian M, Garg S, Kumar A. 'Comprehensive review of emerging drug targets in traumatic brain injury (TBI): challenges and future scope. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01524-w. [PMID: 39023681 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex brain problem that causes significant morbidity and mortality among people of all age groups. The complex pathophysiology, varied symptoms, and inadequate treatment further precipitate the problem. Further, TBI produces several psychiatric problems and other related complications in post-TBI survival patients, which are often treated symptomatically or inadequately. Several approaches, including neuroprotective agents targeting several pathways of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cytokines, immune system GABA, glutamatergic, microglia, and astrocytes, are being tried by researchers to develop effective treatments or magic bullets to manage the condition effectively. The problem of TBI is therefore treated as a challenge among pharmaceutical scientists or researchers to develop drugs for the effective management of this problem. The goal of the present comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the several pharmacological targets, processes, and cellular pathways that researchers are focusing on, along with an update on their current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittu Banderwal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Monika Kadian
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sukant Garg
- Department of General Pathology, Dr HS Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), UGC- Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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2
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Chauhan D, Maity D, Yadav PK, Vishwakarma S, Agarwal A, Chourasia MK, Gayen JR. Enhanced oral bioavailability of levormeloxifene and raloxifene by nanoemulsion: simultaneous bioanalysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1051-1068. [PMID: 38639565 PMCID: PMC11225398 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2024-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim & objective: Levormeloxifene (L-ORM) and raloxifene (RAL) are selective estrogen receptor modulators used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and breast cancer. Here, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous estimation of both drugs. Materials & methods: A quality-by-design (QbD) approach was used for the optimization of the nanoemulsion, and US FDA guidelines were followed for method validation. Results: Multiple reaction monitoring transitions were used for L-ORM (459.05→98.50), RAL (475.00→112.02) and internal standard (180.10→110.2). Analytes were resolved in a C18 column with 80:20 v/v% acetonitrile (ACN), 0.1% formic acid in triple-distilled water as a mobile phase. The developed method was linear over a concentration range of 1-600 ng/ml. Pharmacokinetic results of free L-ORM-RAL and the L-ORM-RAL nanoemulsion showed Cmax of free L-ORM - 70.65 ± 16.64, free RAL 13.53 ± 2.72, L-ORM nanoemulsion 65.07 ± 14.0 and RAL-nanoemulsion 59.27 ± 17.44 ng/ml. Conclusion: Future findings will contribute to the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and breast cancer using L-ORM and RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chauhan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debalina Maity
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sachin Vishwakarma
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Agarwal
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Lee A, Yang H, Kim T, Ha H, Hwang YH. Identification and pharmacokinetics of bioavailable anti-resorptive phytochemicals after oral administration of Psoralea corylifolia L. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112300. [PMID: 34653758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and resulting bone fractures are the major health issues associated with morbidity in the aging population; however, there is no effective treatment that does not cause severe side effects. In East Asia, dried seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) have traditionally been used as an herbal medicine to manage urinary tract, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as bone health. However, the mechanism of action and active biocomponents of PC are unclear. Here, we adopted a pharmacokinetic (PK) study aiming to identify the bioavailable phytochemicals in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PC (APC) and (EPC), respectively. In addition, we aimed to determine anti-resorptive constituents of PC, which accounted for its beneficial effects on bone health. To this end, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A rapid, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and determined the 17 PC ingredients. In the PK study, nine components (two chalcones, two coumarins, one coumestan, two flavonoids, and two isoflavonoids) were observed between 36 and 48 h after oral administration of APC or EPC. Among the bioavailable ingredients, four PC constituents (psoralidin, isobavachin, corylifol A, and neobavaisoflavone) inhibited M-CSF-and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. In addition, two chalcones and two isoflavonoids markedly inhibited cathepsin K activity, and their binding modes to cathepsin K were determined by molecular docking. In summary, our data suggest that bioavailable multicomponents of PC could contribute to the management of bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Korean Convergence Medicine Major KIOM, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A focus on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2021; 19:469-477. [PMID: 34538644 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers worldwide. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which endows epithelial cells with mesenchymal properties, plays an important role in the early stages of metastasis. Conventional cancer therapies have promising effects, but issues remain, such as high rates of metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, exploring and evaluating new therapies is an urgent need. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been acknowledged for their multi-target and coordinated intervention effects against HCC. Accumulating evidence indicates that TCM can inhibit the malignancy of cells and the progression of EMT in HCC. However, studies on the effects of TCM on EMT in HCC are scarce. In this review, we summarized recent developments in anti-EMT TCMs and formulae, focusing on their underlying pharmacological mechanisms, to provide a foundation for further research on the exact mechanisms through which TCM affects EMT in HCC.
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Aleksandar R, Milica PK, Gorana M, Boris M, Anastazija SM, Mladena LP, Snežana S, Nebojša S, Slobodan G. Interaction between apigenin and sodium deoxycholate with raloxifene: A potential risk for clinical practice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105809. [PMID: 33741473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin (API) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) have different pharmacodynamic properties and can affect pharmacokinetics of drugs without causing significant toxicity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of API and NaDC on raloxifene pharmacokinetics in rats as well as on hemostasis parameters after applying the raloxifene therapeutic dose. Rats were treated daily with oral single dose of saline solution (1 ml/kg), API (10 mg/kg) and/or NaDC (4 mg/kg) for 7 days. Raloxifene was given orally or intravenously in a single dose (6 mg/kg) and during period of 24 h blood samples, feces and urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected at the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 90th minute and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h after raloxifene administration. Urine and feces samples were collected in the 3th, 6h, 12th and 24th hour of the experiment. Rats were divided into 10 groups each of which contained 6 animals. Differences were considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Pretreatment with NaDC and API affected raloxifene pharmacokinetic profile after intravenous application. NaDC lead to statistically significant decrease in raloxifene serum concentration and increased volume of distribution and clearance as well as halftime of elimination, while API has also decreased also raloxifene serum concentrations and increased volume of distribution but not as profoundly as NaDC alone. Difference was also noticed in clearance where it was significantly increased in group pretreated with NaDC and slightly decreased in group pretreated with API. NaDC and API increased raloxifene amount in feces, both after peroral (p<0.05) and intravenous application. However, peroral application of raloxifene did not produce measurable raloxifene serum concentration in neither of investigated groups. NaDC shortened activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). API reduced aPTT, PT and d-dimer level. Fibrinogen level was significantly increased in all experimental groups. Both NaDC and apigenin had significant influence on raloxifene pharmacokinetics and can potentiate the raloxifene effects on hemostasis parameters, by increasing its bioavailability. These substances may be the subject of further investigation into the formulation of raloxifene and other medicines as depot preparations, which could prolong the dosing interval and thus improve patient compliance and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitić Gorana
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Stević Snežana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština - Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Gigov Slobodan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Serbia
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Skeletal muscle fibers play a functional role in host defense during sepsis in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7316. [PMID: 33795743 PMCID: PMC8016959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles secrete a wide variety of immunologically active cytokines, but the functional significance of this response to in vivo innate immunity is not understood. We addressed this by knocking out the toll receptor adapter protein, Myd88, only in skeletal muscle fibers (skmMyd88KO), and followed male and female mice at 6 and 12 h after peritoneal injection of cecal slurry (CS), a model of polymicrobial sepsis. Because of a previously identified increase in mortality to CS injection, males received ~ 30% lower dose. At 12 h, skmMyd88KO caused significant reductions in a wide variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines, e.g. TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10, compared to strain-matched controls in both males and females. Similar reductions were observed at 6 h in females. SkmMyd88KO led to ~ 40–50% elevations in peritoneal neutrophils at 6 and 12 h post CS in females. At 12 h post CS, skmMyd88KO increased peritoneal monocytes/macrophages and decreased %eosinophils and %basophils in females. SkmMyd88KO also led to significantly higher rates of mortality in female mice but not in males. In conclusion, the results suggest that skeletal muscle Myd88-dependent signal transduction can play functionally important role in normal whole body, innate immune inflammatory responses to peritoneal sepsis.
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Spray-dried raloxifene submicron particles for pulmonary delivery: Development and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Alhakamy NA, Fahmy UA, Ahmed OAA. Vitamin E TPGS based transferosomes augmented TAT as a promising delivery system for improved transdermal delivery of raloxifene. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226639. [PMID: 31881053 PMCID: PMC6934291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene is commonly used for breast cancer protection. The low bioavailability of raloxifene (2%) is the result of its low solubility and intestinal glucuronidation. The nano-lipid carriers are characterized by small particle size, biocompatibility, and sustainable properties that improve cellular uptake of the loaded drug. The aim of this study was the improvement of raloxifene bioavailability by enhancing its solubility and cellular penetration through formulation of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate based transferosomes and augmenting their effect with the cationic cell-penetrating peptide transactivator of transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus. Particle size, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscope investigation of the formed nanocarriers were carried out. Ex vivo raloxifene permeation through rat skin and cell viability studies was investigated. The results of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate- transactivator of transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus transferosomes showed an average vesicle size of 96.05 nm with positively charged vesicles 39.4 mV of zeta potential value. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of raloxifene permeation from raloxifene transferosomes- loaded film when compared with raw raloxifene film. IC50 results showed significant improvement of formulated raloxifene cytotoxicity by 1.42-fold in comparison with raw raloxifene against MCF-7 cell lines. The developed raloxifene-transferosomes are considered promising nano-lipid carriers for the enhancement delivery of raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usama A. Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Fontana MC, Laureano JV, Forgearini B, Chaves PDS, Araujo BVD, Beck RCR. LC-UV method to assay raloxifene hydrochloride in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000118052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Novel cationic supersaturable nanomicellar systems of raloxifene hydrochloride with enhanced biopharmaceutical attributes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:670-692. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Madunić J, Madunić IV, Gajski G, Popić J, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Apigenin: A dietary flavonoid with diverse anticancer properties. Cancer Lett 2018; 413:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Maher HM, Alzoman NZ, Shehata SM, Abahussain AO. Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of selected irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors, neratinib and pelitinib, with apigenin in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 137:258-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tang D, Chen K, Huang L, Li J. Pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions of apigenin, a natural flavone. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:323-330. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1251903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Tang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Keli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Börjesson AE, Farman HH, Movérare-Skrtic S, Engdahl C, Antal MC, Koskela A, Tuukkanen J, Carlsten H, Krust A, Chambon P, Sjögren K, Lagerquist MK, Windahl SH, Ohlsson C. SERMs have substance-specific effects on bone, and these effects are mediated via ERαAF-1 in female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E912-8. [PMID: 27048997 PMCID: PMC4935145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bone-sparing effect of estrogens is mediated primarily via estrogen receptor (ER)α, which stimulates gene transcription through activation function (AF)-1 and AF-2. The role of ERαAF-1 for the estradiol (E2) effects is tissue specific. The selective ER modulators (SERMs) raloxifene (Ral), lasofoxifene (Las), and bazedoxifene (Bza) can be used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis. They all reduce the risk for vertebral fractures, whereas Las and partly Bza, but not Ral, reduce the risk for nonvertebral fractures. Here, we have compared the tissue specificity of Ral, Las, and Bza and evaluated the role of ERαAF-1 for the effects of these SERMs, with an emphasis on bone parameters. We treated ovariectomized (OVX) wild-type (WT) mice and OVX mice lacking ERαAF-1 (ERαAF-1(0)) with E2, Ral, Las, or Bza. All three SERMs increased trabecular bone mass in the axial skeleton. In the appendicular skeleton, only Las increased the trabecular bone volume/tissue volume and trabecular number, whereas both Ral and Las increased the cortical bone thickness and strength. However, Ral also increased cortical porosity. The three SERMs had only a minor effect on uterine weight. Notably, all evaluated effects of these SERMs were absent in ovx ERαAF-1(0) mice. In conclusion, all SERMs had similar effects on axial bone mass. However, the SERMs had slightly different effects on the appendicular skeleton since only Las increased the trabecular bone mass and only Ral increased the cortical porosity. Importantly, all SERM effects require a functional ERαAF-1 in female mice. These results could lead to development of more specific treatments for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Börjesson
- Rheumatology and Bone Diseases Unit, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen H Farman
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Movérare-Skrtic
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Cristina Antal
- Strasbourg University, Faculté de Médecine, Institut d'Histologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antti Koskela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Tuukkanen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, MRC Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hans Carlsten
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrée Krust
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104; National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U596; ULP, Collège de France), Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104; National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U596; ULP, Collège de France), Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Klara Sjögren
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K Lagerquist
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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15
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Gufford BT, Barr JT, González-Pérez V, Layton ME, White JR, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. Quantitative prediction and clinical evaluation of an unexplored herb-drug interaction mechanism in healthy volunteers. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 4:701-10. [PMID: 26904384 PMCID: PMC4759704 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative prediction of herb–drug interaction risk remains challenging. A quantitative framework to assess a potential interaction was used to evaluate a mechanism not previously tested in humans. The semipurified milk thistle product, silibinin, was selected as an exemplar herbal product inhibitor of raloxifene intestinal glucuronidation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model simulations of the silibinin–raloxifene interaction predicted up to 30% increases in raloxifene area under the curve (AUC0‐inf) and maximal concentration (Cmax). Model‐informed clinical evaluation of the silibinin–raloxifene interaction indicated minimal clinical interaction liability, with observed geometric mean raloxifene AUC0‐inf and Cmax ratios lying within the predefined no effect range (0.75–1.33). Further refinement of PBPK modeling and simulation approaches will enhance confidence in predictions and facilitate generalizability to additional herb–drug combinations. This quantitative framework can be used to develop guidances to evaluate potential herb–drug interactions prospectively, providing evidenced‐based information about the risk or safety of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Gufford
- College of Pharmacy Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
| | - J T Barr
- College of Pharmacy Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
| | - V González-Pérez
- College of Pharmacy Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
| | - M E Layton
- College of Medical Sciences Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
| | - J R White
- College of Pharmacy Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
| | - N H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA
| | - M F Paine
- College of Pharmacy Washington State University Spokane, Washington USA
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16
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Tsai CH, Tzeng SF, Hsieh SC, Lin CY, Tsai CJ, Chen YR, Yang YC, Chou YW, Lee MT, Hsiao PW. Development of a standardized and effect-optimized herbal extract of Wedelia chinensis for prostate cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:406-14. [PMID: 25837279 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicine is a popular complementary or alternative treatment for prostate cancer. Wedelia chinensis has at least three active compounds, wedelolactone, luteolin, and apigenin synergistically inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth in vitro. Here, we report a systematic study to develop a standardized and effect-optimized herbal extract, designated as W. chinensis extract (WCE) to facilitate its future scientific validation and clinical use. Ethanolic extract of dried W. chinensis plant was further condensed, acid hydrolyzed, and enriched with preparative chromatography. The chemical compositions of multiple batches of the standardized preparation WCE were quantified by LC/MS/MS, and biological activities were analyzed by in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of the holistic WCE were compared with the combination of the equivalent principal active compounds through oral administration. The results indicated that quantitative chemical assay and PSA (prostate-specific antigen)-reporter assay together are suitable to measure the quality and efficacy of a standardized Wedelia extract on a xenograft tumor model. The presence of minor concomitant compounds in WCE prolonged the systemic exposure to the active compounds, thus augmented the anti-tumor efficacy of WCE. In conclusion, a combination of LC/MS/MS and PSA reporter assay is suitable to qualify a standardized preparation of WCE. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of active compounds demonstrate that holistic WCE exerted additional pharmacological synergy beyond the multi-targeted therapeutic effects caused by more than one active compound. WCE merits a higher priority to be studied for use in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsien Tsai
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sheue-Fen Tzeng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chuan Hsieh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Tsai
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chan T, Li Z, Zheng J, Cheung FSG, Zhu L, Zhou F. Inhibitory effects of apigenin and kaempferol on the essential solute carrier transporters. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:115-121. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of apigenin and kaempferol on the uptake of several important solute carrier (SLC) transporters.
METHODS: Various SLC transporters including the essential human organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT2, OAT3 and OAT4 as well as the important organic cation transporter 1 (OCTN1) and OCTN2, were over-expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, a well-established cell model of transporter studies. Transport uptake assay was performed 24 h after the transfection. The transport activity was assessed with the uptake of previously determined transporter model substrates and the inhibitory effect of apigenin and kaempferol was evaluated with the substrate uptake in the presence of 10 μmol/L of each compound. Uptake measurements with varying concentrations of inhibitors (ranged from 0.0001 to 50 μmol/L) were performed to further characterize the inhibitory potency of apigenin and kaempferol. The IC50 value (the concentration that inhibits 50% of the transporter function) of each compound was then calculated by the nonlinear regression model of Graphpad Prism 6.0 software.
RESULTS: Our data indicated that apigenin could potently inhibit the uptake of estrone-3-sulfate (ES) mediated by the HEK-293 cells expressing OAT2, OAT3 and OAT4 as well as the L-ergothioneine uptake via OCTN1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Among these transporters, the most prominent inhibition of apigenin was observed in the case of OAT3. Kaempferol showed significant inhibitory effects on the uptake of ES mediated through OAT2 and OAT3. Impaired L-ergothioneine uptake due to the presence of kaempferol was also observed in OCTN1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Similar to apigenin, kaempferol showed the most potent inhibitory effect on OAT3 as well. To further assess the inhibitory potencies of these two compounds on the uptake of ES mediated by OAT3-expressing HEK-293 cells, their IC50 values were then determined. Both chemicals showed pronounced inhibitory potencies on OAT3 with the IC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 μmol/L (P < 0.01) for apigenin and kaempferol, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Both apigenin and kaempferol are potent inhibitors of OAT3; precautions will be necessary when co-administrating them with drugs that are substrates of OAT3.
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18
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Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YSR, Gohar EY, Abdallah OY. Nanoemulsion liquid preconcentrates for raloxifene hydrochloride: optimization and in vivo appraisal. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3787-802. [PMID: 22888234 PMCID: PMC3414224 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator for treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of breast and endometrial cancer. By virtue of extensive presystemic clearance, RLX bioavailability is only 2%. The current study aimed to tailor and characterize RLX-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery systems (SNEDDS) using bioactive excipients affecting drug metabolism. The potential of oral nanocarriers to enhance RLX delivery to endocrine target organs was assessed in fasted and fed female Wistar rats using high-performance liquid chromatography. RLX was loaded in the dissolved and dispersed status in the alkalinized (A-SNEDDS) and nonalkalinized (NA-SNEDDS) systems, respectively. Optimization and assessment relied on solubility studies, emulsification efficiency, phase diagrams, dilution robustness, cloud point, particle size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro release was assessed using dialysis bag versus dissolution cup methods. NA-SNEDDS were developed with suitable globule size (38.49 ± 4.30 nm), ZP (31.70 ± 3.58 mV), PDI (0.31 ± 0.02), and cloud point (85°C). A-SNEDDS exhibited good globule size (35 ± 2.80 nm), adequate PDI (0.28 ± 0.06), and lower ZP magnitude (−21.20 ± 3.46 mV). Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical globules and contended data of size analysis. Release studies demonstrated a nonsignificant enhancement of RLX release from NA-SNEDDS compared to drug suspension with the lowest release shown by A-SNEDDS. A conflicting result was elucidated from in vivo trial. A significant enhancement in RLX uptake by endocrine organs was observed after nanocarrier administration compared to RLX suspension. In vivo studies reflected a poor in vitro/in vivo correlation, recommended nanocarrier administration before meals, and did not reveal any advantage for drug loading in the solubilized form (A-SNEDDS). To conclude, NA-SNEDDS possessed superior in vitro characteristics to A-SNEDDS, with equal in vivo potential. NA-SNEDDS elaborated in this work could successfully double RLX delivery to endocrine target organs, with promising consequences of lower dose and side effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bokulić A, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Brajsa K, Ethurić K, Glojnarić I, Situm K. The effect of apigenin on cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:526-533. [PMID: 21469013 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.551744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of different doses of the flavonoid, apigenin, alone and in combination with the antitumor drugs, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, in vitro and in vivo. Using bacterial reverse mutation inhibition in vitro, with and without metabolic activation, the effect of apigenin (10-400 μg/plate) was studied on genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (800 μg/plate) and by doxorubicin (0.2 μg/plate). Subsequent to a dose-finding study in vivo, CD1 mice were treated with either cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg, i.p.) or doxorubicin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without co-administration of apigenin (1-100 mg/kg, p.o.). Micronuclei were determined microscopically in blood smears and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidative status (TAS) in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma, respectively. Apigenin decreased doxorubicin-induced, but not cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity in vitro. In vivo, apigenin caused a statistically significant decrease in micronucleus frequency in response to cyclophosphamide, possibly due to active flavonoid metabolite formation or inhibition of cyclophosphamide metabolic activation. In animals treated with apigenin and doxorubicin, a significant decrease in micronucleus frequency was not observed, probably due to interindividual variability. No changes in GPX, SOD or TAS were observed in response to either cytotoxic agents or the flavonoid, possibly due to limited metabolic transformation of the drugs at the doses used. The results of the present study provide further evidence for the chemo-preventative properties of apigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bokulić
- GlaxoSmithKline Research Centre Zagreb Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia.
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