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Sciacca C, Cardullo N, Pulvirenti L, Travagliante G, D'Urso A, D'Agata R, Peri E, Cancemi P, Cornu A, Deffieux D, Pouységu L, Quideau S, Muccilli V. Synthesis of obovatol and related neolignan analogues as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107392. [PMID: 38723423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, which can be counteracted by the inhibition of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) and α-amylase (α-Amy), enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. In recent decades, many natural compounds and their bioinspired analogues have been studied as α-Glu and α-Amy inhibitors. However, no studies have been devoted to the evaluation of α-Glu and α-Amy inhibition by the neolignan obovatol (1). In this work, we report the synthesis of 1 and a library of new analogues. The synthesis of these compounds was achieved by implementing methodologies based on: phenol allylation, Claisen/Cope rearrangements, methylation, Ullmann coupling, demethylation, phenol oxidation and Michael-type addition. Obovatol (1) and ten analogues were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity towards α-Glu and α-Amy. Our investigation highlighted that the naturally occurring 1 and four neolignan analogues (11, 22, 26 and 27) were more effective inhibitors than the hypoglycemic drug acarbose (α-Amy: 34.6 µM; α-Glu: 248.3 µM) with IC5O value of 6.2-23.6 µM toward α-Amy and 39.8-124.6 µM toward α-Glu. Docking investigations validated the inhibition outcomes, highlighting optimal compatibility between synthesized neolignans and both the enzymes. Concurrently circular dichroism spectroscopy detected the conformational changes in α-Glu induced by its interaction with the studied neolignans. Detailed studies through fluorescence measurements and kinetics of α-Glu and α-Amy inhibition also indicated that 1, 11, 22, 26 and 27 have the greatest affinity for α-Glu and 1, 11 and 27 for α-Amy. Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) measurements confirmed that among the compounds studied, the neolignan 27 has the greater affinity for both enzymes, thus corroborating the results obtained by kinetics and fluorescence quenching. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds was tested on human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). All these results demonstrate that these obovatol-based neolignan analogues constitute promising candidates in the pursuit of developing novel hypoglycemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sciacca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- CNR-ICB, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Gabriele Travagliante
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Agata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Peri
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Anaëlle Cornu
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Denis Deffieux
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Pouységu
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Quideau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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2
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Su Y, Qiu P, Cheng L, Zhang L, Peng W, Meng X. Catechin Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-induced Depressive-like Behaviour in Mice by Regulating Neuronal and Inflammatory Genes. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:292-306. [PMID: 38783529 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232261045231215054305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have suggested that tea has antidepressant effects; however, the underlying mechanism is not fully studied. As the main anti-inflammatory polyphenol in tea, catechin may contribute to the protective role of tea against depression. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to prove that catechin can protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviours in mice, and then explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Thirty-one C57BL/6J mice were categorized into the normal saline (NS) group, LPS group, catechin group, and amitriptyline group according to their treatments. Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Tail Suspension Test (TST), and Open Field Test (OFT) were employed to assess depressive- like behaviours in mice. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and subsequent Bioinformatics analyses, such as differential gene analysis and functional enrichment, were performed on the four mouse groups. RESULTS In TST, the mice in the LPS group exhibited significantly longer immobility time than those in the other three groups, while the immobility times for the other three groups were not significantly different. Similarly in EPM, LPS-treated mice exhibited a significantly lower percentage in the time/path of entering open arms than the mice in the other three groups, while the percentages of the mice in the other three groups were not significantly different. In OFT, LPS-treated mice exhibited significantly lower percentages in the time/path of entering the centre area than those in the other three groups. The results suggested that the LPS-induced depression models were established successfully and catechin can reverse (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviours in mice. Finally, RNA-seq analyses revealed 57 differential expressed genes (DEGs) between LPS and NS with 19 up-regulated and 38 down-regulated. Among them, 13 genes were overlapped with the DEGs between LPS and cetechin (in opposite directions), with an overlapping p-value < 0.001. The 13 genes included Rnu7, Lcn2, C4b, Saa3, Pglyrp1, Gpx3, Lyz2, S100a8, S100a9, Tmem254b, Gm14288, Hbb-bt, and Tmem254c, which might play key roles in the protection of catechin against LPS-induced depressive-like behaviours in mice. The 13 genes were significantly enriched in defense response and inflammatory response, indicating that catechin might work through counteracting changes in the immune system induced by LPS. CONCLUSION Catechin can protect mice from LPS-induced depressive-like behaviours through affecting inflammatory pathways and neuron-associated gene ontologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Su
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenpeng Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Du X, Amin N, Xu L, Botchway BOA, Zhang B, Fang M. Pharmacological intervention of curcumin via the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1249644. [PMID: 37915409 PMCID: PMC10616488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic-induced neuronal injury arises due to low oxygen/nutrient levels and an inflammatory response that exacerbates neuronal loss. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is an important regulator of inflammation after ischemic stroke, with its inhibition being involved in nerve regeneration. Curcumin, a main active ingredient in Chinese herbs, plays a positive role in neuronal repair and neuroprotection by regulating the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Nevertheless, the signaling mechanisms relating to how curcumin regulates NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammation and neural restoration following ischemic stroke are unknown. In this report, we summarize the main biological functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome along with the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of curcumin via impairment of the NLRP3 pathway in ischemic brain injury. We also discuss the role of medicinal interventions that target the NLRP3 and potential pathways, as well as possible directions for curcumin therapy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and hinder inflammation in ischemic stroke. This report conclusively demonstrates that curcumin has neuroprotective properties that inhibit inflammation and prevent nerve cell loss, thereby delaying the progression of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Du
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Institute of System Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Linhao Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O. A. Botchway
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Pharmacy Department, Bupa Cromwell Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Centre for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Alam MZ. A review on plant-based remedies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:775-789. [PMID: 36963654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of central nervous system, which is degenerative in nature usually appears between 20-40years of age. The exact cause of MS is still not clearly known. Loss of myelin sheath and axonal damage are the main features of MS that causes induction of inflammatory process and blocks free conduction of impulses. Till date FDA has approved 18 drugs to treat or modify MS symptoms. These medicines are disease-modifying in nature directed to prevent relapses or slow down the progression of disease. The use of the synthetic drug over an extended period causes undesirable effects that prompt us to look at Mother Nature. Complementary and alternative medicine involves the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to the existing modern medical treatment. However, modern drugs cannot be replaced completely with medicinal plants, but the two types of drugs can be used harmoniously with later one can be added as an adjuvant to the existing treatment. These medicinal plants have the potential to prevent progression and improve the symptoms of MS. Various plants such like Nigella sativa, ginger, saffron, pomegranate, curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenoside have been tested as therapeutics for many neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this write-up is to make information available about medicinal plants in their potential to treat or modify the symptoms of MS. Chronically ill patients tend to seek medicinal plants as they are easily available and there is a general perception about these medicines of having fewer undesirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zubair Alam
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Maurya SK, Mishra R. Molecular docking studies of natural immunomodulators indicate their interactions with the CD40L of CD40/CD40L pathway and CSF1R kinase domain of microglia. J Mol Model 2022; 28:101. [PMID: 35325302 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have proved beneficial in reducing neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. Their impacts have also been associated with the activities of microglia, responsible for brain-specific immunity. Recent studies have shown the involvement of the number of microglia-specific proteins in the regulation of brain-specific immunity. However, molecular targets of natural products and their mechanism of interaction with microglia-specific proteins are elusive. Since the genetic signature of microglia offers many potential targets for drug discovery, molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) kinase domain protein with some known neuro-immunomodulators (Curcumin, Cannabidiol, Ginsenoside Rg1, Resveratrol, and Sulforaphane) has been evaluated. Curcumin and cannabidiol were observed likely to modulate CD40L and expression of cytokines and entry of inflammatory cells. Resveratrol and cannabidiol may affect the CSF1R kinase domain and activation of microglia. Our finding suggests that curcumin, cannabidiol, and resveratrol may serve specific drug ligands in regulating microglia-mediated brain immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, 110007, Delhi, India.,Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Cluster University of Jammu, 180001, Jammu, India.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India.
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7
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Wu XF, Li C, Yang G, Wang YZ, Peng Y, Zhu DD, Sui AR, Wu Q, Li QF, Wang B, Li N, Zhang Y, Ge BY, Zhao J, Li S. Scorpion Venom Heat-Resistant Peptide Attenuates Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:704715. [PMID: 34675802 PMCID: PMC8524240 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.704715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intervention of neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) represents a potential therapeutic strategy for a host of brain disorders. The scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) and its venom have long been used in the Orient to treat inflammation-related diseases such as rhumatoid arthritis and chronic pain. Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP), a component from BmK venom, has been shown to reduce seizure susceptibility in a rat epileptic model and protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. As neuroinflammation has been implicated in chronic neuronal hyperexcitability, epileptogenesis and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the present study aimed to investigate whether SVHRP has anti-inflammatory property in brain. Methods: An animal model of neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysacchride (LPS) injection was employed to investigate the effect of SVHRP (125 µg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) on inflammagen-induced expression of pro-inflammatory factors and microglia activation. The effect of SVHRP (2–20 μg/ml) on neuroinflammation was further investigated in primary brain cell cultures containing microglia as well as the immortalized BV2 microglia culture stimulated with LPS. Real-time quantitative PCR were used to measure mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in hippocampus of animals. Protein levels of TNF-α, iNOS, P65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were examined by ELISA or western blot. Microglia morphology in animal hippocampus or cell cultures and cellular distribution of p65 were shown by immunostaining. Results: Morphological study demonstrated that activation of microglia, the main component that mediates the neuroinflammatory process, was inhibited by SVHRP in both LPS mouse and cellular model. Our results also showed dramatic increases in the expression of iNOS and TNF-α in hippocampus of LPS-injected mice, which was significantly attenuated by SVHRP treatment. In vitro results showed that SVHRP attenuated LPS-elicited expression of iNOS and TNF-α in different cultures without cell toxicity, which might be attributed to suppression of NF-κB and MAPK pathways by SVHRP. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that SVHRP is able to inhibit neuroinflammation and microglia activation, which may underlie the therapeutic effects of BmK-derived materials, suggesting that BmK venom could be a potential source for CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun Li
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Zi Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ao-Ran Sui
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi-Fa Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bi-Ying Ge
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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8
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Bagherniya M, Khedmatgozar H, Fakheran O, Xu S, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Medicinal plants and bioactive natural products as inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasome. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4804-4833. [PMID: 33856730 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that induces caspase-1 activation and the downstream substrates involved with the processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by a wide range of danger signals that derive from metabolic dysregulation. Activation of this complex often involves the adaptor ASC and upstream sensors including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin, which are activated by different stimuli including infectious agents and changes in cell homeostasis. It has been shown that nutraceuticals and medicinal plants have antiinflammatory properties and could be used as complementary therapy in the treatment of several chronic diseases that are related to inflammation, for example, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. Herb-based medicine has demonstrated protective effects against NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Therefore, this review focuses on the effects of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the possible mechanisms of action of these natural products. Thus, herb-based, natural products/compounds can be considered novel, practical, and accessible agents in chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherniya
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Khedmatgozar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Omid Fakheran
- Dental Research Center, Department of Periodontics, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Suowen Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Pitchuanchom S, Mahiwan C, Chotichayapong C, Kanokmedhakul S, Poopasit K, Nontakitticharoen M. Phytochemicals from twigs of Afzelia xylocarpa and their antioxidation kinetics of oxymyoglobin. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:2615-2619. [PMID: 33847198 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1912746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of crude n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from twigs of Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) led to the isolation of 14 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D NMR) as well as mass spectrometry. These structures were characterized as β-sitosterol (1), lupeol (2), vanilic acid (3), 5,7-dihydroxychromone (4), (+)-mellein (5), isoliquiritigenin (6), 7-hydroxyemodin (7), physion (8), aromadendrin (9), naringenin (10), apigenin (11), luteolin (12), chrysoeriol (13) and kaempferol (14). Compounds 4-7 and 12-13 were isolated from the genus Afzelia for the first time. The selected compounds 5, 8, 9 and 12 exhibited potent activity for antioxidation kinetics of oxymyoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripit Pitchuanchom
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | | | - Chatrachatchaya Chotichayapong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Liberals Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Naknon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Somdej Kanokmedhakul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kitisak Poopasit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Nontakitticharoen
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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10
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Yun HS, Oh J, Lim JS, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Wasp Venom in BV-2 Microglial Cells in Comparison with Bee Venom. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040297. [PMID: 33805372 PMCID: PMC8066097 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary As the population of the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) spreads, this study investigated ways to utilize this resource of abundant invasive wasp species. Hymenoptera venoms, including bee venom and wasp venom, have therapeutic potential. Although the venoms are toxic to humans, the elucidation of their composition and working mechanisms has led to discoveries about their potential applications in treatment modalities for a variety of disorders. Therefore, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of wasp venom from V. velutina in comparison with that of bee venom from honey bee on BV-2 murine microglial cells. Treatment with wasp venom reduced the secretion of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, from BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot analysis revealed that wasp venom and bee venom decreased the expression levels of inflammation markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, wasp venom decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is a key transcription factor in the regulation of cellular inflammatory response. Overall, the findings demonstrated that wasp venom inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in microglial cells by suppressing the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway, which warrants further studies to confirm its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of wasp venom (WV) from the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) with that of bee venom (BV) on BV-2 murine microglial cells. WV was collected from the venom sac, freeze-dried, and used for in vitro examinations. WV and BV were non-toxic to BV-2 cells at concentrations of 160 and 12 µg/mL or lower, respectively. Treatment with WV reduced the secretion of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, from BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot analysis revealed that WV and BV decreased the expression levels of inflammation markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, WV decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is a key transcription factor in the regulation of cellular inflammatory response. Cumulatively, the results demonstrated that WV inhibited LPS-induced neuroinflammation in microglial cells by suppressing the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway, which warrants further studies to confirm its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Yun
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jisun Oh
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan 38540, Korea;
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5752; Fax: +82-53-950-6750
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Ginkgo biloba Alleviates Cisplatin-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Rats via Modulating APP/Aβ/P2X7R/P2Y12R and XIAP/BDNF-Dependent Caspase-3 Apoptotic Pathway. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is an obvious adverse effect in Patients encountering a complete course of chemotherapy. The present work is conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) against the neurotoxicity induced by Cisplatin (Cis) in rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were arranged into four groups: (1) Control group, rats were given saline; (2) Cis group, rats were injected by Cis 2 mg/kg body weight i.p., twice a week starting on the fifth day for thirty days; (3) Ginkgo group, rats were administered Ginkgo (50 mg/kg orally) daily for thirty days; and (4) Ginkgo+Cis group, rats received Ginkgo (50 mg/kg orally) daily and on the fifth day, rats were injected with Cis (2 mg/Kg body weight i.p.) twice a week for thirty days. Cis significantly increased Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Acetyl Cholinesterase (CHE) as compared to the control group and also disturbed cerebral oxidative/antioxidant redox. Co-administration of Ginkgo and Cis reversed the adverse effect of Cis on the brain tissue. Moreover, co-administration of Ginkgo and Cis ameliorated Cis induced brain damage by reducing Amyloid precursor protein (APP), amyloid β (Aβ), P2Y12R and P2X7R mRNA expressions and proteins. Furthermore, Ginkgo regulated XIAP/BDNF expressions with a consequent decrease of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation%. The current results concluded that concurrent treatment with Ginkgo can mitigate neurotoxicity mediated by Cis in experimental animals through exhibiting antioxidant effect by restoring cerebral oxidative/antioxidant redox and anti-apoptotic effect via regulating cerebral APP/Aβ/P2Y12R/P2X7R and XIAP/BDNF signaling pathways.
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12
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Gupta V, Guleri R, Gupta M, Kaur N, Kaur K, Kumar P, Anand M, Kaur G, Pati PK. Anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Tylophora indica (Burm. f) Merrill and development of an efficient in vitro propagation system for its clinical use. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230142. [PMID: 32210464 PMCID: PMC7094842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major risk factor associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed but their long term use is associated with adverse effects. Thus, herbal based medicines are attracting major attraction worldwide as potential therapeutic candidates. Tylophora indica (Burm. f) Merrill is a valuable medicinal plant well known in Ayurvedic practices for its immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic and antirheumatic activities. The present study aimed to elucidate the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of water and hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of micropropagated plants of T. indica using BV-2 microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide as an in vitro model system and development of an efficient reproducible protocol for its in vitro cloning. Non cytotoxic doses of the water and hydroalcoholic extracts (0.2μg/ml and 20μg/ml, respectively) were selected using MTT assay. α-Tubulin, Iba-1 and inflammatory cascade proteins like NFκB, AP1 expression was studied using immunostaining to ascertain the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of these extracts. Further, anti-migratory activity was also analyzed by Wound Scratch Assay. Both extracts effectively attenuated lipopolysaccharide induced microglial activation, migration and the production of nitrite via regulation of the expression of NFκB and AP1 as the possible underlying target molecules. An efficient and reproducible protocol for in vitro cloning of T. indica through multiple shoot proliferation from nodal segments was established on both solid and liquid Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) media supplemented with 15μM and 10μM of Benzyl Amino Purine respectively. Regenerated shoots were rooted on both solid and liquid MS media supplemented with Indole-3-butyric acid (5–15μM) and the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to open field conditions showing 90% survivability. The present study suggests that T. indica may prove to be a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent and may be further explored as a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Further, the current study will expedite the conservation of T. indica ensuring ample supply of this threatened medicinal plant to fulfill its increasing demand in herbal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rupam Guleri
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Muskan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Paramdeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Anand
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Haryana, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- * E-mail: (PKP); (GK)
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- * E-mail: (PKP); (GK)
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13
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Seo KH, Choi SY, Jin Y, Son H, Kang YS, Jung SH, Kim YI, Eum S, Bach TT, Yoo HM, Whang WK, Jung SY, Kang W, Ko HM, Lee SH. Anti‑inflammatory role of Prunus persica L. Batsch methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated glial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2030-2040. [PMID: 32186769 PMCID: PMC7115241 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Reactive glial cells release inflammatory mediators that induce neurotoxicity or aggravate neurodegeneration. Regulation of glial activation is crucial for the initiation and progression of neuropathological conditions. Constituents of the peach tree (Prunus persica L. Batsch), which has a global distribution, have been found to exert therapeutic effects in pathological conditions, such as rashes, eczema and allergies. However, the therapeutic potential of its aerial parts (leaves, fruits and twigs) remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory role of P. persica methanol extract (PPB) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated glial cells. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that PPB contained chlorogenic acid and catechin, which have antioxidant properties. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results indicated that PPB reduced the transcription of various proinflammatory enzymes (nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, PPB inhibited the activation of NF-κB and various mitogen-activated protein kinases required for proinflammatory mediator transcription. Finally, nitrite measurement and immunocytochemistry results indicated that PPB also suppressed nitrite production and NF-κB translocation in LPS-stimulated primary astrocytes. Thus, PPB may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxicity via the suppression of glial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hee Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsun Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-In Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Eum
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Ko
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Woosuk University, Chungcheongbuk 27841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Zhao N, Yang X, Calvelli HR, Cao Y, Francis NL, Chmielowski RA, Joseph LB, Pang ZP, Uhrich KE, Baum J, Moghe PV. Antioxidant Nanoparticles for Concerted Inhibition of α-Synuclein Fibrillization, and Attenuation of Microglial Intracellular Aggregation and Activation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:112. [PMID: 32154238 PMCID: PMC7046761 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, the extracellular accumulation of toxic α-synuclein (αSYN) aggregates, and neuroinflammation. Microglia, resident macrophages of the brain, are one of the critical cell types involved in neuroinflammation. Upon sensing extracellular stimuli or experiencing oxidative stress, microglia become activated, which further exacerbates neuroinflammation. In addition, as the first line of defense in the central nervous system, microglia play a critical role in αSYN clearance and degradation. While the role of microglia in neurodegenerative pathologies is widely recognized, few therapeutic approaches have been designed to target both microglial activation and αSYN aggregation. Here, we designed nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver aggregation-inhibiting antioxidants to ameliorate αSYN aggregation and attenuate activation of a pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype. Ferulic acid diacid with an adipic acid linker (FAA) and tannic acid (TA) were used as shell and core molecules to form NPs via flash nanoprecipitation. These NPs showed a strong inhibitory effect on αSYN fibrillization, significantly diminishing αSYN fibrillization in vitro compared to untreated αSYN using a Thioflavin T assay. Treating microglia with NPs decreased overall αSYN internalization and intracellular αSYN oligomer formation. NP treatment additionally lowered the in vitro secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, and also attenuated nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production induced by αSYN. NP treatment also significantly decreased Iba-1 expression in αSYN-challenged microglia and suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Overall, this work lays the foundation for an antioxidant-based nanotherapeutic candidate to target pathological protein aggregation and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Hannah R Calvelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicola L Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Rebecca A Chmielowski
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Laurie B Joseph
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jean Baum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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15
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Zhou YL, Yan YM, Li SY, He DH, Xiong S, Wei SF, Liu W, Hu L, Wang Q, Pan HF, Cheng YX, Liu YQ. 6-O-angeloylplenolin exerts neuroprotection against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:10-21. [PMID: 31213669 PMCID: PMC7470812 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the critical events in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of a natural sesquiterpene lactone, 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP), isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br., on neuroinflammation and the underlying mechanisms. We showed that treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused activation of BV2 and primary microglial cells and development of neuroinflammation in vitro, evidenced by increased production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and the transcriptional upregulation of COX-2 and iNOS, leading to increased production of proinflammatory factors NO and PGE2. Moreover, LPS treatment induced oxidative stress through increasing the expression levels of NOX2 and NOX4. Pretreatment with 6-OAP (0.5−4 μM) dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB activation and oxidative stress, thus suppressed neuroinflammation in the cells. In a mouse model of LPS-induced neuroinflammation, 6-OAP (5−20 mg·kg−1·d−1, ip, for 7 days before LPS injection) dose-dependently inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, and the expression of inflammatory enzymes in brain tissues. 6-OAP pretreatment significantly ameliorated the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the brains. 6-OAP at a high dose caused a much stronger antineuroinflammatory effect than dexamethansone (DEX). Furthermore, we demonstrated that 6-OAP pretreatment could inhibit LPS-induced neurite and synaptic loss in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that 6-OAP exerts antineuroinflammatory effects and can be considered a novel drug candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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16
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Zhang B, Saatman KE, Chen L. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from Chinese medicine in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:416-424. [PMID: 31571650 PMCID: PMC6921351 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in adults worldwide, resulting in huge social and financial burdens. Extracts from herbs, especially those used in Chinese medicine, have emerged as new pharmaceuticals for stroke treatment. Here we review the evidence from preclinical studies investigating neuroprotective properties of Chinese medicinal compounds through their application in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and highlight potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. It is noteworthy that many herbal compounds have been shown to target multiple mechanisms and in combinations may exert synergistic effects on signaling pathways, thereby attenuating multiple aspects of ischemic pathology. We conclude the paper with a general discussion of the prospects for novel natural compound-based regimens against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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Dietary Supplementation of the Antioxidant Curcumin Halts Systemic LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration and Memory/Synaptic Impairment via the JNK/NF- κB/Akt Signaling Pathway in Adult Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7860650. [PMID: 31827700 PMCID: PMC6885271 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7860650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound widely known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. In the present study, we explored the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and memory deficits in the adult rat hippocampus via regulation of the JNK/NF-κB/Akt signaling pathway. Adult rats were treated intraperitoneally with LPS at a dose of 250 μg/kg for 7 days and curcumin at a dose of 300 mg/kg for 14 days. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed, and western blotting and ROS and lipid peroxidation assays were performed. For immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, the rats were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde. In order to verify the JNK-dependent neuroprotective effect of curcumin and to confirm the in vivo results, HT-22 neuronal and BV2 microglial cells were exposed to LPS at a dose of 1 μg/ml, curcumin 100 μg/ml, and SP600125 (a specific JNK inhibitor) 20 μM. Our immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and biochemical results revealed that curcumin inhibited LPS-induced oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde and 2,7-dichlorofluorescein levels and ameliorating neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death via regulation of the JNK/NF-κB/Akt signaling pathway both in vivo (adult rat hippocampus) and in vitro (HT-22/BV2 cell lines). Moreover, curcumin markedly improved LPS-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze and Y-maze tasks. Taken together, our results suggest that curcumin may be a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate for LPS-induced ROS-mediated neurotoxicity and memory deficits in an adult rat model.
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Kim J, Ahn H, Han BC, Shin H, Kim JC, Jung EM, Kim J, Yang H, Lee J, Kang SG, Lee SH, Lee GS. Obovatol inhibits NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasome activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:153019. [PMID: 31302317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obovatol, a biphenolic chemical originating from Magnolia obovata, has been utilized as a traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflammasome induces maturation of inflammatory cytokines in response to intracellular danger signals, and its dysregulation induces inflammatory diseases. PURPOSE The effect of obovatol on inflammasome activation has not been reported, although its anti-inflammatory properties have been studied. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Obovatol was treated to macrophages with inflammasome triggers, and secretions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 were measured as readouts of inflammasome activation. In addition, Asc pyroptosome formation, caspase-1 activity, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analyzed in mechanical studies. Anti-inflammasome properties of obovatol were confirmed in an animal model. RESULTS Obovatol inhibited NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes through inhibition of Asc pyroptosome formation and mitochondrial ROS generation. In addition, obovatol disrupted the priming step of inflammasome activation and inhibited transcription of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, obovatol attenuated serum IL-1β elevation in response to monosodium urate crystals. CONCLUSION Obovatol is suggested as an inhibitor of NLRP3, AIM2, and non-canonical inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea; Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeol Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Lee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Tavakkoli A, Iranshahi M, Hasheminezhad SH, Hayes AW, Karimi G. The neuroprotective activities of natural products through the Nrf2 upregulation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2256-2273. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - S. Hossein Hasheminezhad
- Student Research Committee, School of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyUniversity of South Florida Tampa Florida
- Institute for Integrative ToxicologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School PharmacyMashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Zhang YH, Ren LM, Wang XY. Inhibitory effect of Houttuynia cordata Thunb on LPS-induced retinal microglial activation. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1095-1100. [PMID: 31341798 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.07.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify the effect of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation and investigate its possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS The primary retinal microglial cells were cultured from the retinas of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and exposed to LPS, and/or HCT with different concentrations. The survival ability of retinal microglia cells was tested by standard MTT method. BrdU cell proliferation assay was used to evaluate the proliferation of retinal microglia. Inflammatory factors in the culture supernatants, including TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β, were measured using ELISA. Microglia cells' migration was determined with Transwell migration assay. The total p38-MAPK and phosphorylation of p38-MAPK (p-p38-MAPK) were detected with Western blot. RESULTS Primary retinal microglia in culture exposed to LPS to induce microglia activation. Pretreatment with HCT significantly inhibited the LPS-induced cell proliferation, but not the cell viability. LPS induced inflammatory reaction in microglia and cell migration. HCT significantly reduced LPS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory factors and decreased the number of migrating cells substantially in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the protein levels of p-p38 MAPK were identified as the up regulation and co-treatment with HCT obviously inhibited the upregulation of p-p38 MAPK, but had no effect on the levels of total p38-MAPK. CONCLUSION The data suggest that HCT inhibits LPS-induced retinal microglial activation via suppression of the p-p38-MAPK. HCT may be used for the treatment of ocular diseases characterized by over-activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Le-Meng Ren
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
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21
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Ozdal ZD, Sahmetlioglu E, Narin I, Cumaoglu A. Synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using flavonoid quercetin and their effects on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in microglial cells. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:212. [PMID: 31114736 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant origin phytochemical with several pharmaceutical activities such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, consumption of quercetin is limited due to its low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver and gold nanoparticles of quercetin with a view to improve its aqueous phase solubility and investigate the effects on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells. The average size of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles was 53 and 27 nm, respectively. Absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra were observed at 555 and 405 nm for gold and silver-quercetin nanoparticles, respectively. The particle size and mapping of silver and gold-quercetin nanoparticles were also determined using a STEM detector. The inflammatory stimulation of the BV-2 cells with LPS caused an elevated release of proinflammatory prostaglandin, E2, nitric oxide (NO), upregulated cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthase mRNA, and protein levels, which were markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with gold-quercetin nanoparticles (highly soluble in water) without causing any cytotoxic effects. The findings of the present study suggest that the potential of gold-quercetin nanoparticles are much better than quercetin and that gold-quercetin nanoparticles might provide protection against inflammatory neurodegenerative disease via suppression of acute microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ertugrul Sahmetlioglu
- 2Nanotechnology Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational School, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Narin
- 4Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cumaoglu
- 5Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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22
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Ghasemi F, Bagheri H, Barreto GE, Read MI, Sahebkar A. Effects of Curcumin on Microglial Cells. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:12-26. [PMID: 30949950 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are innate immune system cells which reside in the central nervous system (CNS). Resting microglia regulate the homeostasis of the CNS via phagocytic activity to clear pathogens and cell debris. Sometimes, however, to protect neurons and fight invading pathogens, resting microglia transform to an activated-form, producing inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, iNOS/NO and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Excessive inflammation, however, leads to damaged neurons and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Curcumin is a phytochemical isolated from Curcuma longa. It is widely used in Asia and has many therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-mutagenic, anti-amyloidogenic and anti-inflammatory, especially with respect to neuroinflammation and neurological disorders (NDs). Curcumin is a pleiotropic molecule that inhibits microglia transformation, inflammatory mediators and subsequent NDs. In this mini-review, we discuss the effects of curcumin on microglia and explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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23
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kar R, Nand P, Swati K, Goswami VK. Nuclear factor-kappa β as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:113-137. [PMID: 30802950 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorder with worldwide prevalence. Its clinical manifestation involves the presence of extracellular plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). NFTs occur in brain tissues as a result of both Aβ agglomeration and Tau phosphorylation. Although there is no known cure for AD, research into possible cures and treatment options continues using cell-cultures and model animals/organisms. The nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κβ) plays an active role in the progression of AD. Impairment to this signaling module triggers undesirable phenotypic changes such as neuroinflammation, activation of microglia, oxidative stress related complications, and apoptotic cell death. These imbalances further lead to homeostatic abnormalities in the brain or in initial stages of AD essentially pushing normal neurons toward the degeneration process. Interestingly, the role of NF-κβ signaling associated receptor-interacting protein kinase is currently observed in apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and has been reported in brains. Conversely, the NF-κβ signaling pathway has also been reported to be involved in normal brain functioning. This pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining synaptic plasticity and balancing between learning and memory. Since any impairment in the pathways associated with NF-κβ signaling causes altered neuronal dynamics, neurotherapeutics using compounds including, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against such abnormalities offer possibilities to rectify aberrant excitatory neuronal activity in AD. In this review, we have provided an extensive overview of the crucial role of NF-κβ signaling in normal brain homeostasis. We have also thoroughly outlined several established pathomechanisms associated with NF-κβ pathways in AD, along with their respective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
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24
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Zhao D, Gu MY, Xu JL, Zhang LJ, Ryu SY, Yang HO. Anti-neuroinflammatory Effects of 12-Dehydrogingerdione in LPS-Activated Microglia through Inhibiting Akt/IKK/NF-κB Pathway and Activating Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:92-100. [PMID: 30404129 PMCID: PMC6319549 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger, one of worldwide consumed dietary spice, is not only famous as food supplements, but also believed to exert a variety of remarkable pharmacological activity as herbal remedies. In this study, a ginger constituent, 12-dehydrogingerdione (DHGD) was proven that has comparable anti-inflammatory activity with positive control 6-shogaol in inhibiting LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, prostaglandin (PG) E2, nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, without interfering with COX-1 in cultured microglial cells. Subsequent mechanistic studies indicate that 12-DHGD may inhibit neuro-inflammation through suppressing the LPS-activated Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, 12-DHGD markedly promoted the activation of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and we demonstrated that the involvement of HO-1 on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO and TNF-α by using a HO-1 inhibitor, Zinc protoporphyrin (Znpp). These results indicate that 12-DHGD may protect against neuro-inflammation by inhibiting Akt/IKK/IκB/NF-κB pathway and promoting Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Yao Gu
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiu Liang Xu
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Jun Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Research Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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25
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Mojaverrostami S, Bojnordi MN, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Hamidabadi HG. A Review of Herbal Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:575-590. [PMID: 30607330 PMCID: PMC6311642 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disorder which characterized by demyelination and axonal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Several evidences indicate that some new drugs and stem cell therapy have opened a new horizon for multiple sclerosis treatment, but current therapies are partially effective or not safe in the long term. Recently, herbal therapies represent a promising therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis disease. Here, we consider the potential benefits of some herbal compounds on different aspects of multiple sclerosis disease. The medicinal plants and their derivatives; Ginkgo biloba, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Nigella sativa,Piper methysticum, Crocus sativus, Panax ginseng, Boswellia papyrifera, Vitis vinifera, Gastrodia elata, Camellia sinensis, Oenothera biennis, MS14 and Cannabis sativa have been informed to have several therapeutic effects in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mojaverrostami
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Behshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behshahr, Iran
| | - Maryam Nazm Bojnordi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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26
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Rickert U, Cossais F, Heimke M, Arnold P, Preuße-Prange A, Wilms H, Lucius R. Anti-inflammatory properties of Honokiol in activated primary microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Iranshahy M, Iranshahi M, Abtahi SR, Karimi G. The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in hepatoprotective activity of natural products: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:261-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Attiq A, Jalil J, Husain K, Ahmad W. Raging the War Against Inflammation With Natural Products. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:976. [PMID: 30245627 PMCID: PMC6137277 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decade Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice for treating numerous inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. The NSAIDs produces anti-inflammatory activity via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme, responsible for the conversation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Likewise, cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2) selectively inhibit the COX-2 enzyme and produces significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic activity without producing COX-1 associated gastrointestinal and renal side effects. In last two decades numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) have been developed and approved for various inflammatory conditions. However, data from clinical trials have suggested that the prolong use of COX-2 inhibitors are also associated with life threatening cardiovascular side effects including ischemic heart failure and myocardial infection. In these scenario secondary metabolites from natural product offers a great hope for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds. Although majority of the natural product based compounds exhibit more selectively toward COX-1. However, the data suggest that slight structural modification can be helpful in developing COX-2 selective secondary metabolites with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. This review is an effort to highlight the secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine source with significant COX-2 and COX-2 mediated PGE2 inhibitory activity, since it is anticipated that isolates with ability to inhibit COX-2 mediated PGE2 production would be useful in suppressing the inflammation and its classical sign and symptoms. Moreover, this review has highlighted the potential lead compounds including berberine, kaurenoic acid, α-cyperone, curcumin, and zedoarondiol for further development with the help of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and their current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
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29
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Jiang X, Ganesan P, Rengarajan T, Choi DK, Arulselvan P. Cellular phenotypes as inflammatory mediators in Parkinson's disease: Interventional targets and role of natural products. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1052-1062. [PMID: 30119171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is undoubtedly a multifactorial phenomenon, with diverse etiological agents. Pro-inflammatory mediators act as a skew that directs disease progression during neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the dynamics of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in preventing or reducing disease progression has recently gained much attention. Inflammatory neuro-degeneration is regulated via cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and immune cell subsets; however, individual cellular phenotypes in the Central Nervous System (CNS) acts in diverse ways whose persistent activation leads to unresolving inflammation often causing unfavorable outcomes in neurodegenerative disease like PD. Specifically, activation of cellular phenotypes like astrocytes, microglia, activation of peripheral immune cells requires different activation signals and agents like (cytokines, misfolded protein aggregates, infectious agents, pesticides like organophosphates, etc.,). However, what is unknown is how the different cellular phenotypes respond uniquely and the role of the factors they secrete alters the signal cascades in the complex neuron-microglial connections in the CNS. Hence, understanding the role of cellular phenotypes and the inflammatory mediators, the cross talk among the signals and their receptors can help us to identify the potential therapeutic target using natural products. In this review we have tried to put together the role of cellular phenotypes as a skew that favors PD progression and we have also discussed how the lack of experimental approaches and challenges that affects understanding the cellular targets that can be used against natural derivatives in alleviating PD pathophysiology. Together, this review will provide the better insights into the role of cellular phenotypes of neuroinflammation, inflammatory mediators and the orchestrating factors of inflammation and how they can be targeted in a more specific way that can be used in the clinical management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Shajing Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 3 Shajing St, Baoan Qu, Shenzhen Shi, Guangdong Sheng, 518104, China.
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thamaraiselvan Rengarajan
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt. Ltd., Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Periyar Nagar, Thanjavur, 613403, India.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt. Ltd., Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Periyar Nagar, Thanjavur, 613403, India; Muthayammal Centre for Advanced Research, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, 637408, India.
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30
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Yang S, Xian B, Li K, Luo Z, Liu Y, Hu D, Ge J. Alpha 1-antitrypsin inhibits microglia activation and facilitates the survival of iPSC grafts in hypertension mouse model. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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PLGA Microspheres Loaded with β-Cyclodextrin Complexes of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for the Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Activated Microglial Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050519. [PMID: 30966553 PMCID: PMC6415370 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EG) is well-known as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger for neurodegenerative diseases, it still has disadvantages that reduce its treatment effectiveness due to low bioavailability, slow absorption, and water solubility. Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve the bioavailability of EG and increase the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory properties to microglial cells by using Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres as carriers. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectroscopy to show the formation of the complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and EG (CD-EG). The loading efficiency of EG in PLGA microspheres was optimized by the addition of β-CD. The highest loading efficiency of 16.34% was found among other formulations. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the loading of CD-EG in PLGA microspheres. The scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated the spherical PLGA particles with controlled particles size ranging from 1–14 µm. Moreover, the in vitro release of EG was conducted to explore the sustained release property of the PLGA formulations. In the in vitro model of mouse microglial cells (BV-2 cells) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, the cytotoxicity test showed that for up to 1 mg/mL of PLGA microspheres no toxicity to BV-2 cells was found. PLGA microspheres can significantly suppress the nitric oxide production from BV-2 cells, indicating EG loaded in PLGA microspheres can suppress the inflammation of activated microglial cells. Furthermore, the intracellular iNOS in BV-2 cells was also found to be down regulated. In summary, we have successfully shown that the use of β-CD can increase the loading efficiency of EG in PLGA microspheres and provide neuroprotective effect on the activated microglial cells.
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The Critical Role of IL-10 in the Antineuroinflammatory and Antioxidative Effects of Rheum tanguticum on Activated Microglia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1083596. [PMID: 29854069 PMCID: PMC5944207 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1083596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. (Rt), a traditional Tibetan medicine, is known to exert various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. The present study was conducted to investigate anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of Rt on activated microglia. Rt (10 μg/ml) significantly inhibited the mean protein level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the organotypic hippocampal slice cultures following treatment with chromogranin A (CGA, 10 nM) and pancreastatin (10 nM), endogenous microglial activators present in senile plaques. Rt also significantly inhibited the expression and production of inflammatory and oxidative molecules, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide, by cultured microglia after treatment with CGA. These effects of Rt are considered to be mediated by the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) from microglia, because neutralizing antibodies against IL-10 significantly canceled these effects. To explore the causative components of Rt responsible for inducing the secretion of IL-10, the effects of seven components of Rt on the IL-10 expression in microglia were examined. Among them, aloe-emodin (10 μM) and (+)-catechin (30 μM) were able to induce the secretion of IL-10 from cultured microglia. Therefore, aloe-emodin and (+)-catechin are deemed responsible for the antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative effects of Rt through the secretion of IL-10 from microglia. Accordingly, Rt is considered potentially useful for the treatment of AD.
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Herbal Compounds Play a Role in Neuroprotection through the Inhibition of Microglial Activation. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9348046. [PMID: 29850641 PMCID: PMC5932434 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9348046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since microglia possess both neuroprotective and neurotoxic potential, they play a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS). Excessive microglial activation induces inflammation-mediated neuronal damage and degeneration. At present, numerous herbal compounds are able to suppress neurotoxicity via inhibiting microglial activation. Therefore, many researchers focus on pharmacological inhibitors of microglial activation to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders. Further work should concentrate on the exploration of new herbal compounds, which characteristically inhibit microglial neurotoxicity, rather than modulating neuroprotection alone. In this review, we summarize these herbal compounds, which in the past several years have been shown to exert potential neuroprotective activity by inhibiting microglial activation. The therapeutic targets and pharmacological mechanisms of these compounds have also been discussed.
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Cui C, Zong J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Ho CT, Wan X, Hou R. Triterpenoid saponins from the genus Camellia: structures, biological activities, and molecular simulation for structure–activity relationship. Food Funct 2018; 9:3069-3091. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the isolation, chemical identification, and biochemical activities of Camellia triterpenoid saponins, updating a previous review and encompassing all new studies through September 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Rutgers University
- Food Science Department
- New Brunswick
- USA 08901-8520
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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35
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Magnesium Lithospermate B Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglial Cells and Attenuates Neurodegeneration in Lipopolysaccharide-Injected Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:80-92. [PMID: 29196883 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the brain plays a critical role in major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia, the resident macrophages and intrinsic components of the central nervous system (CNS), appear to be the main effectors in this pathological process. Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is one of the major bioactive components of Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, which has been documented to protect neurons against multiple types of neuronal injury. However, its functions on microglia and the related neuroinflammation remain unknown. In the present study, BV2 microglial cells were used to assess the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of MLB. Our data show that treatment with MLB could not only suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proliferation and morphological changes, but also interfere with cell cycle progression in BV2 cells. More strikingly, it attenuated the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) and a panel of pro-inflammatory cytokine in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and also promoted a phenotypic switch from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. Additionally, an in vivo study showed that the administration of MLB could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced neurodegeneration and microglial activation in the hippocampus of adult mice. Mechanistically, MLB blocked the activation of the NF-κB pathway upon LPS stimulation, indicating that the effects of MLB on microglia may be mediated by the NK-κB pathway. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of MLB as a novel anti-inflammatory and microglia-modulating drug for neurodegenerative diseases.
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36
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Seo J, Jung J, Jang DS, Kim J, Kim JH. Induction of Cell Death by Betulinic Acid through Induction of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Autophagic Flux in Microglia BV-2 Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:618-624. [PMID: 28274097 PMCID: PMC5685431 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a natural pentacyclic triterpene found in many medicinal plants is known to have various biological activity including tumor suppression and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the cell-death induction effect of BA was investigated in BV-2 microglia cells. BA was cytotoxic to BV-2 cells with IC50 of approximately 2.0 μM. Treatment of BA resulted in a dose-dependent chromosomal DNA degradation, suggesting that these cells underwent apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis further confirmed that BA-treated BV-2 cells showed hypodiploid DNA content. BA treatment triggered apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 levels, activation of capase-3 protease and cleavage of PARP. In addition, BA treatment induced the accumulation of p62 and the increase in conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, which are important autophagic flux monitoring markers. The increase in LC3-II indicates that BA treatment induced autophagosome formation, however, accumulation of p62 represents that the downstream autophagy pathway is blocked. It is demonstrated that BA induced cell death of BV-2 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagic flux. These data may provide important new information towards understanding the mechanisms by which BA induce cell death in microglia BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongbin Seo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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37
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Wang JW, Liu YM, Zhao XF, Zhang H. Gastrodin protects retinal ganglion cells through inhibiting microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in an acute ocular hypertension model. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1483-1489. [PMID: 29062764 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the neuroprotective effect of gastrodin on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in an acute ocular hypertension (AOH) rat model and to identify its possible mechanism. METHODS AOH rat model was performed in a randomly selected eye by anterior chamber perfusion and either received an intraperitoneal injection with various concentrations of gastrodin or normal saline. After 2wk, the rats were sacrificed. FluoroGold was used to label survival RGCs. Immunostaining with anti-Iba1 in the retinal flat mounts to calculate the microglia density in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Changes in microglial cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were examined with Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Expression levels of total and phosphorylated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Results showed that AOH induced significant loss of RGCs and severe microglia activation in the GCL. Besides, AOH increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and promoted the release of microglial cytokines in the retinas. Intraperitoneal injection with dose-dependent gastrodin significantly reduced the loss of RGCs and inhibited retinal microglia activation, accompanied with the decreased expression levels of microglial cytokines and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Gastrodin exerts a neuroprotective effect on RGCs in an acute glaucoma animal model via inhibiting microglia activation and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. The finding demonstrates the potential application of gastrodin in the neuroprotective therapy of acute glaucoma and other retinal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by microglia activation and RGCs death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- Eye Center of Shandong University, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China.,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yao-Ming Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhao
- Eye Center of Shandong University, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Eye Center of Shandong University, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong Province, China
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38
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Beier EE, Neal M, Alam G, Edler M, Wu LJ, Richardson JR. Alternative microglial activation is associated with cessation of progressive dopamine neuron loss in mice systemically administered lipopolysaccharide. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:115-127. [PMID: 28823928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation arising from central and/or peripheral sources contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging data suggest that differential activation of glia could lead to the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Here, we sought to determine the relationship between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, loss of dopaminergic neurons and differential activation of glia. Using a model of repeated injections with LPS (1mg/kg, i.p. for 4days), we found that LPS induced a 34% loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra 19days after initiation of treatment, but no further cell loss was observed at 36days. LPS induced a strong pro-inflammatory response with increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (4.8-fold), inducible nitric oxide synthase (2.0-fold), interleukin-1 beta (8.9-fold), interleukin-6 (10.7-fold), and robust glial activation were observed at 1day after final dose of LPS. These pro-inflammatory genes were then reduced at 19days after treatment, when there was a rise in the anti-inflammatory genes Ym1 (1.8-fold) and arginase-1 (2.6-fold). Additionally, 36days after the last LPS injection there was a significant increase in interleukin-10 (2.1-fold) expression. The qPCR data results were supported by protein data, including cytokine measurements, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in brain microglia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra following LPS is likely arrested by microglia shifting to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, strategies to promote resolution of neuroinflammation may be a promising avenue to slow the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Beier
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew Neal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Gelerah Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Melissa Edler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States.
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39
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Calvello R, Lofrumento DD, Perrone MG, Cianciulli A, Salvatore R, Vitale P, De Nuccio F, Giannotti L, Nicolardi G, Panaro MA, Scilimati A. Highly Selective Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitors P6 and Mofezolac Counteract Inflammatory State both In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Neuroinflammation. Front Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28649222 PMCID: PMC5465243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia secrete an array of pro-inflammatory factors, such as prostaglandins, whose accumulation contributes to neuronal damages. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases or cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which play a critical role in the inflammation, are the pharmacological targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used to treat pain and inflammation. Since it was reported that COX-1 is the major player in mediating the brain inflammatory response, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of highly selective COX-1 inhibitors, such as P6 and mofezolac, in neuroinflammation models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse BV-2 microglial cells and LPS intracerebroventricular-injected mice as in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammation models, respectively, were used to probe the antiinflammatory efficacy of P6 and mofezolac. Both P6 and mofezolac reduce COX-1 expression in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. This reduction was accompanied with PGE2 release reduction and NF-kB activation downregulation. Coextensively, in the in vivo model, both glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 expression, two markers of inflammation, were reduced by mofezolac to a rank depending on the encephalon area analyzed. The increase of COX-1 expression observed in all the brain sections of LPS-treated mice was selectively downregulated by the in vivo treatment with mofezolac as well as PGE2 release and Ikβα phosphorylation amount assayed in the brain areas tested. These results indicate the capability of P6 and mofezolac to modulate the NF-kB signaling pathway, emphasizing the neuroprotective effect and therapeutic potential of COX-1 inhibitors in the control of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Calvello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Cianciulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Salvatore
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Nuccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Giannotti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolardi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
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40
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Wu R, Li X, Xu P, Huang L, Cheng J, Huang X, Jiang J, Wu LJ, Tang Y. TREM2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Brain 2017; 10:20. [PMID: 28592261 PMCID: PMC5461720 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although post-ischemic inflammation induced by the innate immune response is considered an essential step in the progression of cerebral ischemia injury, the role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels of TREM2 were increased in cultured primary microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation and in the ischemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion in mice. TREM2 was mainly expressed in microglia, but not in astrocytes, neurons, or oligodendrocytes in mice subjected to MCAO. Manipulating TREM2 expression levels in vitro and in vivo significantly regulated the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators after ischemic stroke. TREM2 overexpression markedly suppressed the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. By contrast, TREM2 gene silencing intensified the inflammatory response, increased neuronal apoptosis and infarct volume, and further exacerbated neurological dysfunction. Our study demonstrated that TREM2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the aspect of post-ischemic inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. Pharmacological targeting of TREM2 to suppress the inflammatory response may provide a new approach for developing therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ischemic stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangpen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Likui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jingru Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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41
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Chen PC, Tsai WJ, Ueng YF, Tzeng TT, Chen HL, Zhu PR, Huang CH, Shiao YJ, Li WT. Neuroprotective and Antineuroinflammatory Effects of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Stilbenes and 2-Arylbenzo[b]furans. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4062-4073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jern Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiang-Ling Chen
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Ru Zhu
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hsiang Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Tai Li
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
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42
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Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Role of Natural Product Securinine in Activated Glial Cells: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8302636. [PMID: 28473732 PMCID: PMC5394397 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8302636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and subsequent release of neurotoxic proinflammatory factors are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Inhibition of glial activation and inflammatory processes may represent a therapeutic target to alleviate neurodegeneration. Securinine, a major natural alkaloid product from the root of the plant Securinega suffruticosa, has been reported to have potent biological activity and is used in the treatment of neurological conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, poliomyelitis, and multiple sclerosis. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms of neuroprotection elicited by securinine, particularly its anti-inflammatory effects in glial cells. Our results demonstrate that securinine significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the nitric oxide production in microglia and astrocytic cultures. In addition, securinine inhibited the activation of the inflammatory mediator NF-κB, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, securinine also inhibited interferon-γ- (IFN-γ-) induced nitric oxide levels and iNOS mRNA expression. Furthermore, conditioned media (CM) from securinine pretreated BV2 cells significantly reduced mesencephalic dopaminergic neurotoxicity compared with CM from LPS stimulated microglia. These findings suggest that securinine may be a potential candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases related to neuroinflammation.
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43
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Kure C, Timmer J, Stough C. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Plant Extracts and Plant Secondary Metabolites on Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Aging: A Mechanistic and Empirical Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:117. [PMID: 28344556 PMCID: PMC5344987 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in healthcare have considerably improved the life expectancy of the human population over the last century and this has brought about new challenges. As we live longer the capacity for cognitive aging increases. Consequently, it has been noted that decline in cognitive performance in the elderly in domains of reasoning, problem solving skills, attention, processing speed, working memory and episodic memory is a significant societal problem. Despite the enormity of this issue there are relatively few interventions for cognitive aging. This may be due to our current state of knowledge on biological factors that underpin cognitive aging. One of the biological contributors to cognitive aging is chronic neuroinflammation. This review will provide an overview of the peripheral and central mechanisms involved in chronic neuroinflammation and how neuroinflammation may be related to age-associated cognitive decline. Plant based extracts including herbal and nutritional supplements with anti-inflammatory properties will be examined in relation to their utility in treating age-related cognitive decline. Plant based extracts in particular offer interesting pharmacological properties that may be quickly utilized to prevent cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Con Stough
- Swinburne Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne UniversityHawthorn, VIC, Australia
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44
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Song GJ, Kim J, Kim JH, Song S, Park H, Zhang ZY, Suk K. Comparative Analysis of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Regulating Microglial Activation. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:252-261. [PMID: 27790059 PMCID: PMC5081471 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulatory factors in inflammatory signaling pathways. Although PTPs have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in neuroinflammation. In the present study, we examined the expression of 6 different PTPs (PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, MEG2, LYP, and RPTPβ) and their role in glial activation and neuroinflammation. All PTPs were expressed in brain and glia. The expression of PTP1B, SHP2, and LYP was enhanced in the inflamed brain. The expression of PTP1B, TC-PTP, and LYP was increased after treating microglia cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To examine the role of PTPs in microglial activation and neuroinflammation, we used specific pharmacological inhibitors of PTPs. Inhibition of PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, LYP, and RPTPβ suppressed nitric oxide production in LPS-treated microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of PTP1B, TC-PTP, SHP2, and RPTPβ inhibitors downregulated microglial activation in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model. Our results indicate that multiple PTPs are involved in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, with different expression patterns and specific functions. Thus, PTP inhibitors can be exploited for therapeutic modulation of microglial activation in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jaehong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Seungeun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea
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45
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Ding HY, Wu PS, Wu MJ. Cleome rutidosperma and Euphorbia thymifolia Suppress Inflammatory Response via Upregulation of Phase II Enzymes and Modulation of NF-κB and JNK Activation in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091420. [PMID: 27618898 PMCID: PMC5037699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleome rutidosperma DC. and Euphorbia thymifolia L. are herbal medicines used in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine to treat various illnesses. Reports document that they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in their anti-inflammatory actions have not yet been elucidated. The anti-neuroinflammatory activities and underlying mechanisms of ethanol extracts of Cleome rutidosperma (CR) and Euphorbia thymifolia (ET) were studied using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cell line BV2. The morphology changes and production of pro-inflammatory mediators were assayed. Gene expression of inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, and CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, as well as phase II enzymes such as heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM) and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), were further investigated using reverse transcription quantitative-PCR (RT-Q-PCR) and Western blotting. The effects of CR and ET on mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways were examined using Western blotting and specific inhibitors. CR and ET suppressed BV2 activation, down-regulated iNOS and COX-2 expression and inhibited nitric oxide (NO) overproduction without affecting cell viability. They reduced LPS-mediated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 production, attenuated IL-1β and CCL2 expression, but upregulated HO-1, GCLM and NQO1 expression. They also inhibited p65 NF-κB phosphorylation and modulated Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK) activation in BV2 cells. SP600125, the JNK inhibitor, significantly augmented the anti-IL-6 activity of ET. NF-κB inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, enhanced the anti-IL-6 effects of both CR and ET. Znpp, a competitive inhibitor of HO-1, attenuated the anti-NO effects of CR and ET. Our results show that CR and ET exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory activities by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator expression and production, upregulating HO-1, GCLM and NQO1, blocking NF-κB and modulating JNK signaling pathways. They may offer therapeutic potential for suppressing overactivated microglia and alleviating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiou-Yu Ding
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Gupta M, Kaur G. Aqueous extract from the Withania somnifera leaves as a potential anti-neuroinflammatory agent: a mechanistic study. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:193. [PMID: 27550017 PMCID: PMC4994385 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial-mediated neuroinflammation is a key factor underlying the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases and also an important target for the development of the neuroinflammation-targeted therapeutics. Conventionally, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed, but they are associated with long-term potential risks. Natural products are the cornerstone of modern therapeutics, and Ashwagandha is one such plant which is well known for its immunomodulatory properties in Ayurveda. Methods The current study was aimed to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) leaf water extract (ASH-WEX) and one of its active chloroform fraction (fraction IV (FIV)) using β-amyloid and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary microglial cells and BV-2 microglial cell line. Iba-1 and α-tubulin immunocytochemistry was done to study the LPS- and β-amyloid-induced morphological changes in microglial cells. Inflammatory molecules (NFkB, AP1), oxidative stress proteins (HSP 70, mortalin), apoptotic markers (Bcl-xl, PARP), cell cycle regulatory proteins (PCNA, Cyclin D1), and MHC II expression were analyzed by Western blotting. Mitotracker and CellRox Staining, Sandwich ELISA, and Gelatin Zymography were done to investigate ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase production, respectively. Ashwagandha effect on microglial proliferation, migration, and its apoptosis-inducing potential was studied by cell cycle analysis, migration assay, and Annexin-V FITC assay, respectively. Results ASH-WEX and FIV pretreatment was seen to suppress the proliferation of activated microglia by causing cell cycle arrest at Go/G1 and G2/M phase along with decrease in cell cycle regulatory protein expression such as PCNA and Cyclin D1. Inhibition of microglial activation was revealed by their morphology and downregulated expression of microglial activation markers like MHC II and Iba-1. Both the extracts attenuated the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, RNS, and ROS production via downregulating the expression of inflammatory proteins like NFkB and AP1. ASH-WEX and FIV also restricted the migration of activated microglia by downregulating metalloproteinase expression. Controlled proliferation rate was also accompanied by apoptosis of activated microglia. ASH-WEX and FIV were screened and found to possess Withaferin A and Withanone as active phytochemicals. Conclusions The current data suggests that ASH-WEX and FIV inhibit microglial activation and migration and may prove to be a potential therapeutic candidate for the suppression of neuroinflammation in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Kim H, Shin EA, Kim CG, Lee DY, Kim B, Baek NI, Kim SH. Obovatol Induces Apoptosis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via C/EBP Homologous Protein Activation. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1841-1847. [PMID: 27489231 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although obovatol, a phenolic compound from the bark of Magnolia obovata, was known to have antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic and antitumour effects, its underlying antitumour mechanism is poorly understood so far. Thus, in the present study, the antitumour molecular mechanism of obovatol was investigated in non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCs). Obovatol exerted cytotoxicity in A549 and H460 NSCLCs, but not in BEAS-2B cells. Also, obovatol increased sub-G1 accumulation and early and late apoptotic portion in A549 and H460 NSCLCs. Consistently, obovatol cleaved PARP, activated caspase 9/3 and Bax and attenuated the expression of cyclin D1 in A549 and H460 NSCLCs. Interestingly, obovatol upregulated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins such as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, ATF4 and p-elF2 in A549 and H460 NSCLCs. Conversely, depletion of CHOP blocked the apoptotic activity of obovatol to increase sub-G1 accumulation in A549 and H460 NSCLCs. Overall, our findings support scientific evidences that obovatol induces apoptosis via CHOP activation in A549 and H460 NSCLCs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Kim
- Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 131-701, Korea
| | - Chang Geun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 131-701, Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Eumseong, 27709, Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 131-701, Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 131-701, Korea.
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Rangarajan P, Karthikeyan A, Dheen ST. Role of dietary phenols in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:453-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ghura S, Tai L, Zhao M, Collins N, Che CT, Warpeha KM, LaDu MJ. Arabidopsis thaliana extracts optimized for polyphenols production as potential therapeutics for the APOE-modulated neuroinflammation characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in vitro. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29364. [PMID: 27383500 PMCID: PMC4935988 DOI: 10.1038/srep29364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown, glial-induced neuroinflammation is an early symptom. Familial AD is caused by increases in amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, particularly soluble oligomeric (oAβ), considered a proximal neurotoxin and neuroinflammatory stimuli. APOE4, a naturally occurring genotype of APOE, is the greatest genetic risk factor for AD; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3 and APOE2. oAβ-induced neuroinflammation is greater with APOE4 compared to APOE3 and APOE2. As sinapates and flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties, a protocol was developed for optimizing polyphenol production in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). Three mutants (cop1, prn1, xpf3) were identified, and the extracts treated with liver microsomes to mimic physiological metabolism, with HPLC and MS performed on the resulting metabolites for peak identification. These extracts were used to treat primary glial cells isolated from human APOE-targeted-replacement (APOE-TR) and APOE-knock-out (KO) mice, with neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oAβ. The dose-response data for TNFα secretion demonstrate the followed the order: APOE-KO > APOE4 > APOE3 > APOE2, with xpf3 the most effective anti-neuroinflammatory across APOE genotypes. Thus, the plant-based approach described herein may be particularly valuable in treating the APOE4-induced neuroinflammatory component of AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Katherine M Warpeha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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