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Nutritional, Phytochemical Characteristics and In Vitro Effect on α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Lipase, and Cholinesterase Activities of 12 Coloured Carrot Varieties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040808. [PMID: 33918549 PMCID: PMC8070462 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve carrot varieties with different colours (purple, orange, yellow, and white) and sizes (normal, mini, and micro) were analysed for prospective health benefits (activities against diabetes-, obesity-, and aging- related enzymes-α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, acetylocholinesterase, and butyrylocholinesterase, respectively) and nutritional contents (polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls). The conducted studies showed that the highest content of total polyphenols was observed in different sizes of purple carrots. The normal yellow and mini orange carrots demonstrated the highest content of carotenoids. According to the study results, the mini purple carrot showed the highest activities against diabetes-related enzyme (α-glucosidase); furthermore, the highest activities of cholinesterase inhibitors were observed for micro purple carrot. Nevertheless, normal orange carrot exhibited the highest activity against lipase. The results of the present study showed that purple-coloured carrot samples of different sizes (normal, mini, and micro) exhibited attractive nutritional contents. However, their pro-health effects (anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-aging) should not be seen in the inhibition of amylase, glucosidase, lipase, and cholinesterase. Probably the mechanisms of their action are more complex, and the possible health-promoting effect results from the synergy of many compounds, including fibre, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals. Therefore, it would be worth continuing research on different varieties of carrots.
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Kerver JM, Holzman CB, Tian Y, Bullen BL, Evans RW, Scott JB. Maternal Serum Antioxidants in Mid Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Delivery and Small for Gestational Age Birth: Results from a Prospective Pregnancy Cohort. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:1233-1242. [PMID: 33600258 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preterm delivery (PTD) and poor fetal growth are major contributors to neonatal mortality and morbidity that can extend from birth onward. Although overt maternal nutrient deficiencies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such deficiencies are rare in developed countries. However, some evidence suggests that even within the normal range, higher levels of antioxidant nutrients are protective against adverse pregnancy outcomes. Materials and Methods: Using data from the prospective Pregnancy Outcomes and Community Health (POUCH) Study (n = 301 preterm; n = 246 term), we examined associations between maternal blood levels of selected antioxidants and pregnancy outcomes. Serum collected at 16-27 weeks' gestation was analyzed for carotenoids, retinol, and α- and γ-tocopherol. Using weighted polytomous regression, these nutrient concentrations were assessed in relation to (1) PTD (<37 weeks gestation) overall and grouped as spontaneous or medically indicated; and (2) small for gestational age (SGA) defined as birthweight-for-gestational age <10th percentile of a national reference population. Results: Women with total serum carotenoids in the upper quartile (Q4) had significantly lower odds of medically indicated PTD compared with women in the lower quartiles (Q1-Q3) even after adjustment for maternal characteristics (aOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). Odds ratios for SGA were consistently ≤0.5 among women with any of the serum nutrients in Q4 as compared with Q1-Q3, but final models did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Results support the possibility that high maternal serum antioxidants and/or the larger dietary or lifestyle pattern they represent may play a protective role in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kerver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Claudia B Holzman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yan Tian
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bertha L Bullen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rhobert W Evans
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamil B Scott
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
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Oxidative Stress, Plant Natural Antioxidants, and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041786. [PMID: 33670130 PMCID: PMC7916866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is important in the pathophysiology of obesity, altering regulatory factors of mitochondrial activity, modifying the concentration of inflammation mediators associated with a large number and size of adipocytes, promoting lipogenesis, stimulating differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, and regulating the energy balance in hypothalamic neurons that control appetite. This review discusses the participation of oxidative stress in obesity and the important groups of compounds found in plants with antioxidant properties, which include (a) polyphenols such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids (flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones, flavanonols, and isoflavones), and curcuminoids (b) carotenoids, (c) capsaicinoids and casinoids, (d) isothiocyanates, (e) catechins, and (f) vitamins. Examples are analyzed, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, ferulic acid, phloretin, green tea, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, and garlic. The antioxidant activities of these compounds depend on their activities as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and on their capacity to prevent the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), and reduce the expression of target genes, including those participating in inflammation. We conclude that natural compounds have therapeutic potential for diseases mediated by oxidative stress, particularly obesity. Controlled and well-designed clinical trials are still necessary to better know the effects of these compounds.
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Mladenović-Drinić S, Vukadinović J, Srdić J, Milašinović-Šeremešić M, Anđelković V. Effect of cooking on the content of carotenoids and tocopherols in sweet corn. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr48-31960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and nutritional value make sweet corn a valued plant and an important component of the human diet worldwide. Kernel nutritive composition of sweet corn has been reported in various papers, but a description of carotenoid and tocopherols profile, especially after cooking is scarce. Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol content in sweet corn before and after cooking. Contents of b-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin and tocopherols (d-T, b+g-T, a-T) in the kernels of twelve sweet corn hybrids were determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and were expressed as the mean value of three independent measurements. Both genotype and cooking affected the content of the carotenoids and tocopherols in the kernel. The highest content of total carotenoids before and after cooking was found in hybrid ZP486/1su (27.77/45.28 µg/g) whereas the lowest content was in hybrid ZP 355su (10.27 µg/g) before cooking i.e. in hybrid ZP 347su (24.55 µg/g) after cooking. The cooking resulted in a significant increase in the content of total carotenoids and tocopherols, lutein+zeaxanthin, and b-carotene in all hybrids, except the ZP504su in which the b-carotene content decreased. An increase in a-tocopherol after cooking was observed in hybrids ZP485/1su and ZP484/1su, while a decrease was in hybrids ZP481/1su, ZP486/1su and ZP477/2su. The results showed that increasing micronutrient content is genotype-dependent. This study confirmed that cooking increases the nutritional value of sweet corn and gives it additional value in terms of functional food.
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Mladenović-Drinić S, Vukadinović J, Srdić J, Milašinović-Šeremešić M, Anđelković V. Effect of cooking on the content of carotenoids and tocopherols in sweet corn. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr0-31960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and nutritional value make sweet corn a valued plant and an important component of the human diet worldwide. Kernel nutritive composition of sweet corn has been reported in various papers, but a description of carotenoid and tocopherols profile, especially after cooking is scarce. Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare the carotenoid and tocopherol content in sweet corn before and after cooking. Contents of b-carotene, lutein+zeaxanthin and tocopherols (d-T, b+g-T, a-T) in the kernels of twelve sweet corn hybrids were determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and were expressed as the mean value of three independent measurements. Both genotype and cooking affected the content of the carotenoids and tocopherols in the kernel. The highest content of total carotenoids before and after cooking was found in hybrid ZP486/1su (27.77/45.28 µg/g) whereas the lowest content was in hybrid ZP 355su (10.27 µg/g) before cooking i.e. in hybrid ZP 347su (24.55 µg/g) after cooking. The cooking resulted in a significant increase in the content of total carotenoids and tocopherols, lutein+zeaxanthin, and b-carotene in all hybrids, except the ZP504su in which the b-carotene content decreased. An increase in a-tocopherol after cooking was observed in hybrids ZP485/1su and ZP484/1su, while a decrease was in hybrids ZP481/1su, ZP486/1su and ZP477/2su. The results showed that increasing micronutrient content is genotype-dependent. This study confirmed that cooking increases the nutritional value of sweet corn and gives it additional value in terms of functional food.
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Nabi F, Arain MA, Rajput N, Alagawany M, Soomro J, Umer M, Soomro F, Wang Z, Ye R, Liu J. Health benefits of carotenoids and potential application in poultry industry: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1809-1818. [PMID: 32333620 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are one of the widespread and ubiquitous lipid-soluble pigments that produce a wide range of colours which are universally found in various plants, microalgae, bacteria and fungi. Recently, interest in using carotenoids as feed ingredients has increased markedly owing to their bioactive and health-promoting properties. In terms of applications, carotenoid-rich products are widely available in the form of food and feed additive, supplements and natural colourants. Carotenoids play a versatile biological role that contributes to therapeutic effects, including anticancer, immunomodulators, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic and neuroprotective. Dietary supplementation of carotenoids not only improves the production performance and health of poultry birds, but also enhances the quality of egg and meat. Several studies have suggested that the supplementation of plant derived carotenoids revealed numerous health-promoting activities in poultry birds. Carotenoids reduce the oxidative stress in pre-hatched and post-hatched birds through different mechanisms, including quench free radicals, activating antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the signalling pathways. Use of carotenoids in poultry feed as a part of nutrient that confers bird health and improve product quality. Carotenoids play a critical role for the pigmentation of egg yolk, skin, legs, beak, comb, feather and fat. Birds consumed carotenoid deficient diet resulting hues of their egg yolk or pale coloured skin. Therefore, uniform pigmentation generally indicates the health status and quality of the poultry products. This review aims to gather recent information regarding bioactive properties of carotenoids and highlight pharmaceutical and health beneficial effects of carotenoids for the poultry industry. Additionally, it explores the importance of carotenoids as alternative feed ingredients for poultry to boost the production performance and replace synthetic medicine and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazul Nabi
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rajput
- Department of Poultry Husbandry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jamila Soomro
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Feroza Soomro
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Zhongqing Wang
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruiling Ye
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
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Shao W, Zhang J, Wang K, Liu C, Cui S. Cocamidopropyl betaine-assisted foam separation of freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus brasiliensis. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Li C, Li B, Zhang N, Wei N, Wang Q, Wang W, Xie Y, Zou H. Salt stress increases carotenoid production of Sporidiobolus pararoseus NGR via torulene biosynthetic pathway. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 65:111-120. [PMID: 30487371 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids represent a diverse class of aliphatic C40 molecules with a variety of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Sporidiobolus pararoseus NGR produces various carotenoids, including torulene, torularhodin and β-carotene. Salt stress significantly increases the torulene accumulation of S. pararoseus NGR. However, little is known, about the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased torulene biosynthesis. In this work, we investigated the effects of NaCl treatment on the contents of carotenoids (both qualitatively and quantitatively) and transcriptome. A total of 12.3 Gb of clean bases were generated in six cDNA libraries. These bases were de novo assembled into 9,533 unigenes with an average length of 1,654 nt and N50 of 2,371 nt. Transcriptome analysis revealed that of 3,849 differential expressed genes (DEGs) in response to salt stress, 2,019 were up-regulated, and 1,830 were down-regulated. Among these DEGs, we identified three carotenogenic genes crtE, crtYB, and crtI. In addition, fourteen candidate genes were predicted to participate in the conversion from torulene to torularhodin. Our findings should provide insights into the mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis and salt-tolerance of S. pararoseus NGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Bingxue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Na Wei
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Qifan Wang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Yiwei Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University
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A review of interventions against fetal alcohol spectrum disorder targeting oxidative stress. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:140-145. [PMID: 30205148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by maternal ethanol exposure; it causes physical, behavioral, cognitive, and neural impairments (Murawski et al., 2015). Mechanisms of FASD causing damage are not yet fully elucidated. Oxidative stress might be one of its mechanisms (Henderson et al., 1995). Yet no effective treatment against FASD has been found other than ethanol abstention (Long et al., 2010). METHODS This review summarizes relevant literatures regarding interventions targeting oxidative stress that may relieve fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. RESULTS Astaxanthin was found to mitigate embryonic growth retardation induced by prenatal ethanol treatment through ameliorating the down regulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) caused by alcohol in a mice model (Zheng et al., 2014; Vabulas et al., 2002). Vitamin E protected against fatal alchol spectrum disorders by ameliorating oxidative stress in rat models (Mitchell et al., 1999a), and yielded a better outcome when it was combined with Vitamin C (Packer et al., 1979; Peng et al., 2005). Vitamin C mitigated embryonic retardation caused by alcohol and reversed ethanol induced NF-κB activation and ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation in a Xenopus laevis model (Peng et al., 2005). Beta carotene supplement was proved to protect against neurotoxicity in hippocampal cultures of embryos induced by alcohol in a rats model (Mitchell et al., 1999a). Prenatal folic acid supplement reversed the decrease of body weight caused by maternal ethanol treatment and ameliorated the increment of glutathione reductase specific activities as well as the increase of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) induced by alcohol in a rats model (Cano et al., 2001). Omega-3 fatty acids reversed the decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in brain caused by prenatal ethanol treatment in a rats model (Patten et al., 2013). EUK-134 treatment reduced the incidence of forelimb defects caused by ethanol treatment in a mice model (Chen et al., 2004). Pretreatment of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor-9 (ADNF-9) and NAPVSIPQ (NAP) protected against prenatal ethanol induced fetal death as well as fetal growth abnormalities in a mice model, and such treatment reversed the decrease of the rate of reduced glutathione (GSH)/ oxidative glutathione (GSSG) caused by alcohol (Spong et al., 2001). CONCLUSION By now interventions against fetal alcohol spectrum disorder targeting oxidative stress includes astaxanthin, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Vitamin E, beta-carotene, (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Omega-3 fatty acids, etc (see Fig. 1). However, most interventions are only assayed in animal models, more clinical trials are needed to show whether antioxidants make an effort against FASD damage.
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Al-Yafeai A, Böhm V. In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids and Vitamin E in Rosehip Products and Tomato Paste As Affected by Pectin Contents and Food Processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3801-3809. [PMID: 29624382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited bioavailability of antioxidants present in food from fruits and vegetables matrices is determined by their low bioaccessibility due to the physical and chemical interactions of the antioxidants with the indigestible polysaccharides of cell walls. Therefore, this in vitro investigation aimed to assess the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from rosehips as well as from tomato paste and to investigate several aspects of effects of pectin contents and food processing on bioaccessibility. Following the addition of the enzyme mixture Fructozym P6-XL, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids from rosehips as well as from tomato paste significantly increased. The average relative increase in bioaccessibility from rosehips was lower for ( all-E)-β-carotene compared with ( all-E)-lycopene and ( all-E)-rubixanthin. In contrast, increases of bioaccessibility of α-tocopherol were comparable for rosehip samples and tomato paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Al-Yafeai
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Dornburger Straße 25-29 , 07743 Jena , Germany
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Ibb University , Ibb , Yemen
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Dornburger Straße 25-29 , 07743 Jena , Germany
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Al-Yafeai A, Malarski A, Böhm V. Characterization of carotenoids and vitamin E in R. rugosa and R. canina: Comparative analysis. Food Chem 2018; 242:435-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zaheer K. Hen egg carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and nutritional impacts on human health: a review. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1266033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Zaheer
- Health and Nutrition, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Antwi SO, Steck SE, Su LJ, Hebert JR, Zhang H, Craft NE, Fontham ETH, Smith GJ, Bensen JT, Mohler JL, Arab L. Carotenoid intake and adipose tissue carotenoid levels in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness among African-American and European-American men in the North Carolina-Louisiana prostate cancer project (PCaP). Prostate 2016; 76:1053-66. [PMID: 27271547 PMCID: PMC5080909 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between carotenoid intake and prostate cancer (CaP) incidence have varied across studies. This may result from combining indolent with aggressive disease in most studies. This study examined whether carotenoid intake and adipose tissue carotenoid levels were inversely associated with CaP aggressiveness. METHODS Data on African-American (AA, n = 1,023) and European-American (EA, n = 1,079) men with incident CaP from North Carolina and Louisiana were analyzed. Dietary carotenoid intake was assessed using a detailed-food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and abdominal adipose tissue samples were analyzed for carotenoid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable logistic regression was used in race-stratified analyses to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) comparing high aggressive CaP with low/intermediate aggressive CaP. RESULTS Carotenoid intake differed significantly between AAs and EAs, which included higher intake of lycopene among EAs and higher β-cryptoxanthin intake among AAs. Comparing the highest and lowest tertiles, dietary lycopene was associated inversely with high aggressive CaP among EAs (OR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.34-0.89, Ptrend = 0.02), while an inverse association was observed between dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake and high aggressive CaP among AAs (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.36-0.87, Ptrend = 0.01). Adipose tissue α-carotene and lycopene (cis + trans) concentrations were higher among EAs than AAs, and marginally significant inverse linear trends were observed for adipose α-carotene (Ptrend = 0.07) and lycopene (Ptrend = 0.11), and CaP aggressiveness among EAs only. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that diets high in lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin may protect against aggressive CaP among EAs and AAs, respectively. Differences in dietary behaviors may explain the observed racial differences in associations. Prostate 76:1053-1066, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Antwi
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Susan E. Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - L. Joseph Su
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - James R. Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Gary J. Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jeannette T. Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James L. Mohler
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Kim JS, Lee WM, Rhee HC, Kim S. Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoids, capsanthin and β-carotene, prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:146-55. [PMID: 27154496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of red paprika extract (RPE) and its main carotenoids, namely, capsanthin (CST) and β-carotene (BCT), on the H2O2-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells (WB cells). We found that pre-treatment with RPE, CST and BCT protected WB cells from H2O2-induced inhibition of GJIC. RPE, CST and BCT not only recovered connexin 43 (Cx43) mRNA expression but also prevented phosphorylation of Cx43 protein by H2O2 treatment. RPE attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK, whereas pre-treatment with CST and BCT only attenuated the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 and did not affect JNK in H2O2-treated WB cells. RPE, CST and BCT significantly suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-treated cells compared to untreated WB cells. These results suggest that dietary intake of red paprika might be helpful for lowering the risk of diseases caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition in Human Ecology, College of Natural Sciences, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03078, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Moon Lee
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Cheol Rhee
- Protected Horticulture Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Haman, 52054, Republic of Korea
| | - Suna Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition in Human Ecology, College of Natural Sciences, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03078, Republic of Korea.
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Darwish WS, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Constitutive Effects of Lead on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Gene Battery and Protection by β-carotene and Ascorbic Acid in Human HepG2 Cells. J Food Sci 2015; 81:T275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wageh S. Darwish
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Shouta M. M. Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dept. of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido Univ; Kita 18, Nishi 9 Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Food Control Dept, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig Univ; Zagazig 44510 Egypt
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17
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Bijttebier S, D’Hondt E, Noten B, Hermans N, Apers S, Voorspoels S. Tackling the challenge of selective analytical clean-up of complex natural extracts: The curious case of chlorophyll removal. Food Chem 2014; 163:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Sun Z, Sun P, Chen T, Chen F. Microalgal carotenoids: beneficial effects and potential in human health. Food Funct 2014; 5:413-25. [PMID: 24480814 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60607d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are huge natural sources of high-value compounds with health-promoting properties. The carotenoids derived from microalgae have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which allow them to provide health benefits. In this article, the bioactivities of microalgal carotenoids are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid with extraordinary potential for protecting against a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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19
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Kasperczyk S, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk J, Ostałowska A, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Birkner E. Beta-carotene reduces oxidative stress, improves glutathione metabolism and modifies antioxidant defense systems in lead-exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:36-41. [PMID: 25038314 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether beta-carotene administration reduces oxidative stress and influences antioxidant, mainly glutathione-related, defense systems in workers chronically exposed to lead. The population consisted of two randomly divided groups of healthy male volunteers exposed to lead. Workers in the first group (reference group) were not administered any antioxidants, while workers in the second group (CAR group) were treated orally with 10mg of beta-carotene once a day for 12weeks. Biochemical analysis included measuring markers of lead-exposure and oxidative stress in addition to the levels and activities of selected antioxidants. After treatment, levels of malondialdehyde, lipid hydroperoxides and lipofuscin significantly decreased compared with the reference group. However, the level of glutathione significantly increased compared with the baseline. Treatment with beta-carotene also resulted in significantly decreased glutathione peroxidase activity compared with the reference group, while the activities of other glutathione-related enzymes and of superoxide dismutase were not significantly changed. However, the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase, as well as the level of alpha-tocopherol, were significantly higher after treatment compared with the baseline. Despite controversy over the antioxidant properties of beta-carotene in vivo, our findings showed reduced oxidative stress after beta-carotene supplementation in chronic lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Kasperczyk
- Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Michał Dobrakowski
- Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Alina Ostałowska
- Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zalejska-Fiolka
- Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Birkner
- Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
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20
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Bijttebier S, D'Hondt E, Noten B, Hermans N, Apers S, Voorspoels S. Improving Method Reliability in Carotenoid Analysis through Selective Removal of Glycerolipid Interferences by Lipase Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3114-3124. [PMID: 24635051 DOI: 10.1021/jf405477s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Saponification is most often used to hydrolyze glycerolipid interferences during carotenoid analysis. Ester bonds of other plant metabolites such as carotenoids are, however, also hydrolyzed during saponification, thus altering the natural carotenoid composition. A straightforward and selective cleanup procedure was therefore developed involving the enzymatic hydrolysis of matrix glycerolipids. The optimized procedure (100 μL of extracted vegetable or algal oil in 20 mL of 50:50 phosphate buffer/methanol with 25 μL of sodium n-octyl sulfate, 30 mg of bile salts, and 250 μL of NaCl solution (5 mM), magnetic stirring for 2 h at 40 °C with 1 mL of Lipozyme TL 100 L and 1 mL of Lipozyme CALB L) removed the greater part of triglycerides (94.8-100.0%) and diglycerides (88.2-99.8%) while preserving the natural carotenoid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Bijttebier
- Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- NatuRA, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els D'Hondt
- Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bart Noten
- Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- NatuRA, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Apers
- NatuRA, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT), Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) , Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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21
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22
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McPhee D. Retraction: Agarwal et al. Dynamic Action of Carotenoids in Cardioprotection and Maintenance of Cardiac Health, Molecules 2012, 17, 4755-4769. Molecules 2014; 19:3850. [PMID: 24896014 PMCID: PMC6272012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derek McPhee
- Editor-in-Chief of Molecules, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), Klybeckstrasse 64, Basel CH-4057, Switzerland.
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23
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Bijttebier S, D’Hondt E, Noten B, Hermans N, Apers S, Voorspoels S. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography versus high performance liquid chromatography: Stationary phase selectivity for generic carotenoid screening. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Relationship of serum carotenoid concentrations with allostatic load as a measure of chronic stress among middle-aged adults in the USA. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:313-21. [PMID: 24513032 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic stress and repeated physiological attempts at stress adaptation may result in 'fatigue' and suboptimal performance of multiple physiological systems, i.e. allostatic load (AL). Although carotenoids have been linked with individual cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, little is known about the relationship of carotenoids with the multi-system biomarker measure of stress, AL. The present study examined the association of serum concentrations of carotenoids with AL among middle-aged adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional. AL score was calculated based on nine risk-rated indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, total and HDL-cholesterol, glycosylated Hb, sex-specific waist-to-hip ratio, albumin and C-reactive protein). SUBJECTS Middle-aged (45-64 years, n 3387) men and women participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III (1988-1994). RESULTS Serum β-carotene concentration was inversely associated with high AL after adjusting for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin). Females in the lowest β-carotene quartile were 2·94 (95 % CI 1·74, 4·94) times and males 2·90 (95 % CI 1·43, 5·89) times as likely to have high AL, compared with peers in the highest quartile (P for linear trend 0·001 and 0·018 for females and males, respectively). Mean serum β-carotene concentrations were also inversely associated with the number of 'high-risk' AL components (P for linear trend <0·001 and 0·004 for females and males, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to evidence linking low β-carotene levels with unfavourable health outcomes.
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Fiedor J, Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:466-88. [PMID: 24473231 PMCID: PMC3942711 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids constitute a ubiquitous group of isoprenoid pigments. They are very efficient physical quenchers of singlet oxygen and scavengers of other reactive oxygen species. Carotenoids can also act as chemical quenchers undergoing irreversible oxygenation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these reactions are still not fully understood, especially in the context of the anti- and pro-oxidant activity of carotenoids, which, although not synthesized by humans and animals, are also present in their blood and tissues, contributing to a number of biochemical processes. The antioxidant potential of carotenoids is of particular significance to human health, due to the fact that losing antioxidant-reactive oxygen species balance results in “oxidative stress”, a critical factor of the pathogenic processes of various chronic disorders. Data coming from epidemiological studies and clinical trials strongly support the observation that adequate carotenoid supplementation may significantly reduce the risk of several disorders mediated by reactive oxygen species. Here, we would like to highlight the beneficial (protective) effects of dietary carotenoid intake in exemplary widespread modern civilization diseases, i.e., cancer, cardiovascular or photosensitivity disorders, in the context of carotenoids’ unique antioxidative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fiedor
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
| | - Květoslava Burda
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland.
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26
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Effects of lutein and lycopene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:474-80. [PMID: 24047757 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of lutein and lycopene supplementation on carotid artery intima-media thickness (CAIMT) in subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis. A total of 144 subjects aged 45-68 years were recruited from local communities. All the subjects were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg lutein/d (n 48), 20 mg lutein/d+20 mg lycopene/d (n 48) or placebo (n 48) for 12 months. CAIMT was measured using Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and after 12 months, and serum lutein and lycopene concentrations were determined using HPLC. Serum lutein concentrations increased significantly from 0·34 to 1·96 μmol/l in the lutein group (P< 0·001) and from 0·35 to 1·66 μmol/l in the combination group (P< 0·001). Similarly, serum lycopene concentrations increased significantly from 0·18 to 0·71 μmol/l in the combination group at month 12 (P< 0·001), whereas no significant change was observed in the placebo group. The mean values of CAIMT decreased significantly by 0·035 mm (P= 0·042) and 0·073 mm (P< 0·001) in the lutein and combination groups at month 12, respectively. The change in CAIMT was inversely associated with the increase in serum lutein concentrations (P< 0·05) in both the active treatment groups and with that in serum lycopene concentrations (β = - 0·342, P= 0·031) in the combination group. Lutein and lycopene supplementation significantly increased the serum concentrations of lutein and lycopene with a decrease in CAIMT being associated with both concentrations. In addition, the combination of lutein and lycopene supplementation was more effective than lutein alone for protection against the development of CAIMT in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis, and further studies are needed to confirm whether synergistic effects of lutein and lycopene exist.
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27
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Bijttebier SKA, D'Hondt E, Hermans N, Apers S, Voorspoels S. Unravelling ionization and fragmentation pathways of carotenoids using orbitrap technology: a first step towards identification of unknowns. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:740-754. [PMID: 23722965 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables are a major source of carotenoids and carotenoids are identified as potentially important natural antioxidants that may aid in the prevention of several human chronic degenerative diseases. Characterization of carotenoids in organic biological matrices is a crucial step in any research valorization trajectory. This study reports for the first time the use of high mass resolution and exact mass orbitrap technology for the elucidation of carotenoid fragmentation pathways. This contributes to the generation of new tools for identifying unknown carotenoids based on fragmentation patterns. Two different chromatographic methods making use of different mobile phases resulted in the generation of different ion species because of the large influence of the mobile phase solvent composition on ionization. It was shown that depending on the molecular ion species that are generated (protonated ions or radical molecular ions), different fragments are formed when applying higher energy collisional dissociation. Fragmentation and the abundance of fragments provide valuable structural information on the type of functional groups, the polyene backbone and the location of double bonds in ring structures of carotenoids. Furthermore, coherence between specific substructures in the molecules and characteristic fragmentation patterns was observed allowing the assignment of fragmentation patterns for carotenoid substructures that can theoretically be extrapolated to carotenoids with similar (sub)structures. Differentiation between isomeric carotenoids by compound specific fragments could however not be made for all the isomeric groups under study. As a wide variety of isomeric forms of carotenoids exist in nature, the combination of good chromatographic separation with high resolution mass spectrometry and other complementary qualitative structure elucidation techniques such as a photo diode array detector and/or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are indispensable for unambiguous identification of unknown carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan K A Bijttebier
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Business Unit Environmental Analysis and Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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28
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Savini I, Catani MV, Evangelista D, Gasperi V, Avigliano L. Obesity-associated oxidative stress: strategies finalized to improve redox state. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10497-538. [PMID: 23698776 PMCID: PMC3676851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a major risk factor for a plethora of severe diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. It is often accompanied by an increased risk of mortality and, in the case of non-fatal health problems, the quality of life is impaired because of associated conditions, including sleep apnea, respiratory problems, osteoarthritis, and infertility. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress may be the mechanistic link between obesity and related complications. In obese patients, antioxidant defenses are lower than normal weight counterparts and their levels inversely correlate with central adiposity; obesity is also characterized by enhanced levels of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Inadequacy of antioxidant defenses probably relies on different factors: obese individuals may have a lower intake of antioxidant- and phytochemical-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes; otherwise, consumption of antioxidant nutrients is normal, but obese individuals may have an increased utilization of these molecules, likewise to that reported in diabetic patients and smokers. Also inadequate physical activity may account for a decreased antioxidant state. In this review, we describe current concepts in the meaning of obesity as a state of chronic oxidative stress and the potential interventions to improve redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of deaths in North America. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables has been suggested to have protective effects against such chronic diseases. Carotenoids are important plant pigments which are thought to contribute towards the beneficial effects of fruit and vegetable consumption. This review focuses on the role of carotenoids and particularly lycopene in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agarwal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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