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Domínguez-Rodríguez G, Amador-Luna VM, Benešová K, Pernica M, Parada-Alfonso F, Ibáñez E. Biorefinery approach with green solvents for the valorization of Citrus reticulata leaves to obtain antioxidant and anticholinergic extracts. Food Chem 2024; 456:140034. [PMID: 38870823 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Citrus reticulata L leaves are one of the main post-harvest byproduct, containing bioactive compounds, that are usually undervalued. This work describes the development of a biorefinery process based on the application of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) followed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) to extract bioactive terpenoids and phenolic compounds from these leaves. Extraction temperature and pressure of SC-CO2 were optimized, obtaining the highest bioactive terpenoids content using 200 bar at 60 °C. A Box-Behnken experimental design showed that 57% of water in NaDES composed of Choline Chloride and Glycerol (1:2) as extraction solvent at 25 °C for 50 min were the optimal UAE-NaDES extraction conditions to obtain the highest bioactive phenolic content from the residue of the optimal SC-CO2 extraction. The optimum extract presented the highest bioactivity and polyphenol content determined by LC-DAD-MS compared with extracts obtained using only water or NaDES as solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victor M Amador-Luna
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karolína Benešová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Mostecká 7, 614 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pernica
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Mostecká 7, 614 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabián Parada-Alfonso
- High Pressure Laboratory, Food Chemistry Research Group, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Xie X, Xue H, Ma B, Guo X, Xia Y, Yang Y, Xu K, Li T, Luo X. Comparative Analysis of Hydrosol Volatile Components of Citrus × Aurantium 'Daidai' and Citrus × Aurantium L. Dried Buds with Different Extraction Processes Using Headspace-Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:3498. [PMID: 39124903 PMCID: PMC11314536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work used headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to analyze the volatile components of hydrosols of Citrus × aurantium 'Daidai' and Citrus × aurantium L. dried buds (CAVAs and CADBs) by immersion and ultrasound-microwave synergistic-assisted steam distillation. The results show that a total of 106 volatiles were detected in hydrosols, mainly alcohols, alkenes, and esters, and the high content components of hydrosols were linalool, α-terpineol, and trans-geraniol. In terms of variety, the total and unique components of CAVA hydrosols were much higher than those of CADB hydrosols; the relative contents of 13 components of CAVA hydrosols were greater than those of CADB hydrosols, with geranyl acetate up to 15-fold; all hydrosols had a citrus, floral, and woody aroma. From the pretreatment, more volatile components were retained in the immersion; the relative contents of linalool and α-terpineol were increased by the ultrasound-microwave procedure; and the ultrasound-microwave procedure was favorable for the stimulation of the aroma of CAVA hydrosols, but it diminished the aroma of the CADB hydrosols. This study provides theoretical support for in-depth exploration based on the medicine food homology properties of CAVA and for improving the utilization rate of waste resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xie
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Huiling Xue
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Baoshan Ma
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiaoqian Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Yanli Xia
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Ke Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Horticultural Crop Technology Extension Station, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Ting Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (X.X.); (H.X.); (B.M.); (X.G.); (T.L.)
| | - Xia Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;
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Ashmawy NS, Nilofar N, Zengin G, Eldahshan OA. Metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oil of citrus aurantium fruit peel. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:262. [PMID: 38987702 PMCID: PMC11238441 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is a fruiting shrub native to tropical and subtropical countries around the world and cultivated in many regions due to its nutraceutical value. The current study investigated the metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activities of volatile constituents derived from the C. aurantium peel cultivated in Egypt by three different extraction methods. METHODS The volatile chemical constituents of the peel of C. aurantium were isolated using three methods; steam distillation (SD), hydrodistillation (HD), and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and then were investigated by GC-MS. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by different assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating potential. Moreover, the effect of enzyme inhibition of the three essential oils was tested using BChE, AChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, as well as amylase assays. RESULTS A total of six compounds were detected by GC/MS analysis. The major constituent obtained by all three extraction methods was limonene (98.86% by SD, 98.68% by HD, and 99.23% by MAHD). Differences in the composition of the compounds of the three oils were observed. The hydrodistillation technique has yielded the highest number of compounds, notably two oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool (0.12%) and α-terpineol acetate (0.1%). CONCLUSION In our study differences in the extraction methods of C. aurantium peel oils resulted in differences in the oils' chemical composition. Citrus essential oils and their components showed potential antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimelanogenesis, and antidiabetic activities. The presence of linalool and α-terpineol acetate may explain the superior activity observed for the oil isolated by HD in both radical scavenging and AChE inhibition assays, as well as in the enzyme inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa S Ashmawy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, P.O. Box 4184, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilofar Nilofar
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Prosche S, Stappen I. Flower Power: An Overview on Chemistry and Biological Impact of Selected Essential Oils from Blossoms. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:595-626. [PMID: 38843799 DOI: 10.1055/a-2215-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Natural raw materials such as essential oils have received more and more attention in recent decades, whether in the food industry, as flavorings and preservatives, or as insecticides and insect repellents. They are, furthermore, very popular as fragrances in perfumes, cosmetics, and household products. In addition, aromatherapy is widely used to complement conventional medicine. This review summarizes investigations on the chemical composition and the most important biological impacts of essential oils and volatile compounds extracted from selected aromatic blossoms, including Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, Rosa x damascena, Jasminum grandiflorum, Citrus x aurantium, Cananga odorata, and Michelia alba. The literature was collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Blossom essential oils discussed in this work are used in a wide variety of clinical issues. The application is consistently described as safe in studies and meta-analyses, although there are notes that using essential oils can also have side effects, especially dermatologically. However, it can be considered as confirmed that essential oils have positive influences on humans and can improve quality of life in patients with psychiatric disorders, critically ill patients, and patients in other exceptional situations. Although the positive effect of essential oils from blossoms has repeatedly been reported, evidence-based clinical investigations are still underrepresented, and the need for research is demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinah Prosche
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Stappen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
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5
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Martinidou E, Michailidis M, Ziogas V, Masuero D, Angeli A, Moysiadis T, Martens S, Ganopoulos I, Molassiotis A, Sarrou E. Comparative Evaluation of Secondary Metabolite Chemodiversity of Citrus Genebank Collection in Greece: Can the Peel be More than Waste? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9019-9032. [PMID: 38613500 PMCID: PMC11190985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are among the most economically important crops in the world. In the global market, the Citrus peel is often considered a byproduct but substitutes an important phenotypic characteristic of the fruit and a valuable source of essential oils, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids with variable concentrations. The Mediterranean basin is a particularly dense area of autochthonous genotypes of Citrus that are known for being a source of healthy foods, which can be repertoires of valuable genes for molecular breeding with the focus on plant resistance and quality improvement. The scope of this study was to characterize and compare the main phenotypic parameters (i.e., peel thickness, fruit volume, and area) and levels of bioactive compounds in the peel of fruits from the local germplasm of Citrus in Greece, to assess their chemodiversity regarding their polyphenolic, volatile, and carotenoid profiles. A targeted liquid chromatographic approach revealed hesperidin, tangeretin, narirutin, eriocitrin, and quercetin glycosides as the major polyphenolic compounds identified in orange, lemon, and mandarin peels. The content of tangeretin and narirutin followed the tendency mandarin > orange > lemon. Eriocitrin was a predominant metabolite of lemon peel, following its identification in lower amounts in mandarin and at least in the orange peel. For these citrus-specific metabolites, high intra- but also interspecies chemodiversity was monitored. Significant diversity was found in the essential oil content, which varied between 1.2 and 3% in orange, 0.2 and 1.4% in mandarin, and 0.9 and 1.9% in lemon peel. Limonene was the predominant compound in all Citrus species peel essential oils, ranging between 88 and 93% among the orange, 64 and 93% in mandarin, and 55 and 63% in lemon cultivars. Carotenoid analysis revealed different compositions among the Citrus species and accessions studied, with β-cryptoxanthin being the most predominant metabolite. This large-scale metabolic investigation will enhance the knowledge of Citrus peel secondary metabolite chemodiversity supported by the ample availability of Citrus genetic resources to further expand their exploitation in future breeding programs and potential applications in the global functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Martinidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic
Resources, ELGO−DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory
of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece
| | - Vasileios Ziogas
- Intsitute
of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, ELGO−DIMITRA, Chania 73134, Greece
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Fondazione
Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, 38098 San Michele
all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Fondazione
Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, 38098 San Michele
all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Theodoros Moysiadis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic
Resources, ELGO−DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
- Department
of Computer Science, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Stefan Martens
- Fondazione
Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, 38098 San Michele
all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic
Resources, ELGO−DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Laboratory
of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi 57001, Greece
| | - Eirini Sarrou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic
Resources, ELGO−DIMITRA, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
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Wang GH, Huang CT, Huang HJ, Tang CH, Chung YC. Biological Activities of Citrus aurantium Leaf Extract by Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:7251. [PMID: 37959671 PMCID: PMC10649195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored the biological activities of Citrus aurantium flowers, fruits, and seeds, but the bioactivity of C. aurantium leaves, which are treated as waste, remains unclear. Thus, this study developed a pilot-scale ultrasonic-assisted extraction process using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) for the optimized extraction of active compounds from C. aurantium leaves, and their antityrosinase, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Under optimal conditions in a 150× scaleup configuration (a 30 L ultrasonic machine) of a pilot plant, the total phenolic content was 69.09 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, which was slightly lower (3.17%) than the theoretical value. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of C. aurantium leaf extract (CALE) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-scavenging, antityrosinase, anticollagenase, antielastase and anti-matrix metalloprotein-1 activities were 123.5, 58.5, 181.3, 196.4, 216.3, and 326.4 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for bacteria and fungi were 150-350 and 500 mg/L, respectively. In total, 17 active compounds were detected in CALE-with linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and α-terpineol having the highest concentrations. Finally, the overall transdermal absorption and permeation efficiency of CALE was 95.9%. In conclusion, our CALE demonstrated potential whitening, antioxidant, antiaging, and antimicrobial activities; it was also nontoxic and easily absorbed into the skin as well as inexpensive to produce. Therefore, it has potential applications in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Horng Wang
- Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals Engineering, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Chun-Ta Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Hsiu-Ju Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Chi-Hsiang Tang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
| | - Ying-Chien Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 115311, Taiwan (C.-H.T.)
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Zhou J, Kong L, Li D, Zhang X, Fu Z, Pan T, Yu Y. Nutritional and volatile profiles of pulp and flavedo from four local pummelo cultivars grown in Fujian province of China. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3357-3372. [PMID: 37458289 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional and volatile profiles of pulp and flavedo samples from four distinct local pummelo landraces ("Siji," "Pingshan," "Wendan," and "Guanxi") cultivated in Fujian province of China were investigated. "Guanxi" pummelo exhibited relatively high contents of vitamin C (42.01 mg/100 mL) and phenols (360.61 mg/L) and displayed a robust antioxidant capacity (41.15 mg/100 mL). Conversely, the red pulp from "Pingshan" demonstrated relatively high values of carotenoids (55.96 µg/g) and flavonoids (79.79 mg/L). Considerable differences were observed in volatile compositions between the two fruit tissues and among the four genotypes. A total of 166 and 255 volatile compounds were detected in the pulp and flavedo samples, respectively. Notably, limonene and β-myrcene were identified as the principal volatile compounds in flavedo, whereas hexanal was highly abundant in the pulp of "Siji," "Pingshan," and "Guanxi." "Wendan" displayed distinct separation from the other three pummelo cultivars in principal component analysis based on the pulp volatile compositions. This distinction was attributed to the higher number and content of volatile compounds in "Wendan" pulp, particularly the remarkable enrichment of β-myrcene. The newly characterized pummelo landraces and genotype/tissue-dependent variations in volatiles provide essential information for the genetic improvement of pummelo aroma, as well as for fruit processing and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingchao Kong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Debao Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Ailli A, Handaq N, Touijer H, Gourich AA, Drioiche A, Zibouh K, Eddamsyry B, El Makhoukhi F, Mouradi A, Bin Jardan YA, Bourhia M, Elomri A, Zair T. Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Six Aromatic Medicinal Plants with Cosmetic Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040721. [PMID: 37107083 PMCID: PMC10135202 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils (EOs) of six species-Laurus nobilis, Chamaemelum nobile, Citrus aurantium, Pistacia lentiscus, Cedrus atlantica, and Rosa damascena-have been studied. Phytochemical screening of these plants revealed the presence of primary metabolites, namely, lipids, proteins, reducing sugars, and polysaccharides, and also secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, and mucilages. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The yields are between 0.06 and 4.78% (mL/100 g). The analysis of the chemical composition carried out by GC-MS showed the presence of 30 to 35 compounds and represent between 99.97% and 100% of the total composition of EOs, with a variation in the chemical composition detected at the level of the majority compounds between these species. Indeed, in the EO of Laurus nobilis, 1,8-cineole (36.58%) is the major component. In Chamaemelum nobile EO, the most abundant compound is angelylangelate (41.79%). The EO of Citrus aurantium is rich in linalool (29.01%). The EO of Pistacia lentiscus is dominated by 3-methylpentylangelate (27.83%). The main compound of Cedrus atlantica is β-himachalene (40.19%), while the EO of Rosa damascenaa flowers is rich in n-nonadecane (44.89%). The analysis of the similarity between the EOs of the plants studied by ACH and ACP showed that the chemical composition of the EOs makes it possible to separate these plants into three groups: the first represented by Chamaemelum nobile, because it is rich in oxygenated monoterpenes, the second defined Cedrus atlantica and Rosa damascena, which are rich in sesquiterpenes, and the third gathers Pistacia lentiscus, Laurus nobilis and Citrus aurantium, which are composed of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes (these three species are very close). The study of the antioxidant activity showed that all the EOs tested have a high capacity for scavenging free radicals from DPPH. The EOs of Laurus nobilis and Pistacia lentiscus showed the highest activity, 76.84% and 71.53%, respectively, followed by Cedrus atlantica EO (62.38%) and Chamaemelum nobile (47.98%) then Citrus aurantium EO (14.70%). Antimicrobial activity EO was tested against eight bacterial strains and eight fungal strains; the results showed that EOs exhibit significant bactericidal and fungicidal activities against all the microorganisms tested, of which the MICs of the bacterial strains start with 5 mg/mL, while the MICs of the fungal strains are between 0.60 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL. Thus, these EOs rich in antimicrobial and antioxidant components can serve as a natural alternative; this confirms their use as additives in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Ailli
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Nadia Handaq
- Laboratory of Biology, Environmental and Sustainable Development, Hight Normal School, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Hanane Touijer
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Aman Allah Gourich
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Aziz Drioiche
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Khalid Zibouh
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Brahim Eddamsyry
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Fadoua El Makhoukhi
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Aicha Mouradi
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laaoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Elomri
- University of Rouen Normandy, INSA Rouen Normandy and CNRS, Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and analysis (COBRA-UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Touriya Zair
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P.11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco
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El Kharraf S, Farah A, El-Guendouz S, Lourenço JP, Rosa Costa AM, El Hadrami EM, Machado AM, Tavares CS, Figueiredo AC, Miguel MG. β-Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of combined Moroccan Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Citrus aurantium volatile oil: production optimization and release kinetics in food models. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2023.2185309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Kharraf
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, Morocco
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El-Guendouz
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - João P. Lourenço
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre (CIQA) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Rosa Costa
- Algarve Chemistry Research Centre (CIQA) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - El Mestafa El Hadrami
- Applied Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Alexandra M. Machado
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S. Tavares
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - A. Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - M. Graça Miguel
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, C8, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Tundis R, Xiao J, Silva AS, Carreiró F, Loizzo MR. Health-Promoting Properties and Potential Application in the Food Industry of Citrus medica L. and Citrus × clementina Hort. Ex Tan. Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12050991. [PMID: 36903853 PMCID: PMC10005512 DOI: 10.3390/plants12050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is an important genus in the Rutaceae family, with high medicinal and economic value, and includes important crops such as lemons, orange, grapefruits, limes, etc. The Citrus species is rich sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals, mainly including limonoids, flavonoids, terpenes, and carotenoids. Citrus essential oils (EOs) consist of several biologically active compounds mainly belonging to the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes classes. These compounds have demonstrated several health-promoting properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Citrus EOs are obtained mainly from peels, but also from leaves and flowers, and are widely used as flavouring ingredients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. This review focused on the composition and biological properties of the EOs of Citrus medica L. and Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan and their main constituents, limonene, γ-terpinene, myrcene, linalool, and sabinene. The potential applications in the food industry have been also described. All the articles available in English or with an abstract in English were extracted from different databases such as PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493246
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, 4501-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Carreiró
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de St. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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11
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Khan N, Ahmed S, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Ahmad I. Pharmaceutical based cosmetic serums. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2023; 48:167-210. [PMID: 37061274 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth and demand for cosmeceuticals (cosmetic products that have medicinal or drug-like benefits) have been enhanced for the last few decades. Lately, the newly invented dosage form, i.e., the pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serum has been developed and widely employed in various non-invasive cosmetic procedures. Many pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums contain natural active components that claim to have a medical or drug-like effect on the skin, hair, and nails, including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, hydrating, moisturizing, repairing, brightening and lightening skin, anti-hair fall, anti-fungal, and nail growth effect, etc. In comparison with other pharmaceutical-related cosmetic products (creams, gels, foams, and lotions, etc.), pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums produce more rapid and incredible effects on the skin. This chapter provides detailed knowledge about the different marketed pharmaceutical-based cosmetic serums and their several types such as facial serums, hair serums, nail serums, under the eye serum, lip serum, hand, and foot serum, respectively. Moreover, some valuable procedures have also been discussed which provide prolong effects with desired results in the minimum duration of time after the few sessions of the serum treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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12
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The Effect of Sodium Alginate Coating Containing Citrus (Citrus aurantium) and Lemon (Citrus lemon) Extracts on Quality Properties of Chicken Meat. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6036113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium alginate-based edible coating containing 2% citrus (Citrus aurantium) and lemon (Citrus lemon) extracts was evaluated on the chemical, antimicrobial, and sensory properties of samples during storage at 4°C. The results showed that coating with sodium alginate containing citrus and lemon extracts had a significant effect on the pH, TVN, PV, and TBA values of chicken meat (
). The lowest PV and TBA values were observed in the coated sample containing sodium alginate with 2% citrus and lemon extracts (ALG + CAE + CLE), indicating the antioxidant activity of sodium alginate and extracts. Coating resulted in less growth of microorganisms in the samples. The lowest microbial counts were also observed in the sodium alginate containing 2% citrus and lemon extracts (ALG + CAE + CLE). The coated samples had good overall acceptability similar to the control treatment. In conclusion, sodium alginate containing citrus (C. aurantium) and lemon extracts (C. lemon) are suggested for coating meat products.
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13
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Synergistic effects of essential oils and phenolic extracts on antioxidant activites responses using two Artemisia species (A. campestris and A. herba alba) combined with Citrus aurantium. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Citrus Essential Oils in Aromatherapy: Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122374. [PMID: 36552586 PMCID: PMC9774566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus is one of the main fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Approximately half (40-47%) of the fruit mass is inedible and discarded as waste after processing, which causes pollution to the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic compounds found in significant quantities in oil sacs or oil glands present in the leaves, flowers, and fruit peels (mainly the flavedo part). Citrus EO is a complex mixture of ~400 compounds and has been found to be useful in aromatic infusions for personal health care, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, color enhancers in foods and beverages, and aromatherapy. The citrus EOs possess a pleasant scent, and impart relaxing, calming, mood-uplifting, and cheer-enhancing effects. In aromatherapy, it is applied either in message oils or in diffusion sprays for homes and vehicle sittings. The diffusion creates a fresh feeling and enhances relaxation from stress and anxiety and helps uplifting mood and boosting emotional and physical energy. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the composition, properties, characterization, and mechanism of action of the citrus EOs in various health-related issues, with a focus on its antioxidant properties.
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15
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Visakh NU, Pathrose B, Chellappan M, Ranjith M, Sindhu P, Mathew D. Chemical characterisation, insecticidal and antioxidant activities of essential oils from four Citrus spp. fruit peel waste. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Guclu G, Polat S, Kelebek H, Capanoglu E, Selli S. Elucidation of the impact of four different drying methods on the phenolics, volatiles, and color properties of the peels of four types of citrus fruits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:6036-6046. [PMID: 35462413 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus fruit peels are considered to be process waste in the fruit juice industry but they are a valuable raw material due to their volatile and bioactive components. Drying is one of the most common methods to preserve this material. In this study, four drying processes were applied to the peels of four kinds of citrus fruits. The drying processes were convective drying (CD), microwave drying (MD), conductive hydro drying (CHD), and freeze drying (FD). The citrus fruits used were orange, bitter orange, grapefruit, and lemon. RESULTS The influence of dehydration on the aroma and phenolic composition, microstructure, and color properties were studied in detail. It was determined that drying increased the amount of both phenolics and volatiles in the dried samples. The MD and FD methods better preserved the color and phenolics of the samples, and the MD and CD processes increased the amount of aroma substances. CONCLUSION The MD method would be more suitable for drying citrus peels due to its shorter duration and its positive effects on the phenolic and aroma components. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guclu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Polat
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hasim Kelebek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Submerged fermentation with Lactobacillus brevis significantly improved the physiological activities of Citrus aurantium flower extract. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10498. [PMID: 36097484 PMCID: PMC9463378 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Effectiveness of Herbal Essential Oils as Single and Combined Repellents against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles dirus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070658. [PMID: 35886836 PMCID: PMC9322308 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito repellents reduce human-vector contact of vector-borne diseases. We compared the repellent activity of 10 undiluted essential oils (anise, basil, bergamot, coriander, patchouli, peppermint, petitgrain, rosemary, sage and vetiver) against A. aegypti, A. dirus and C. quinquefasciatus using the arm-in-cage method. Petitgrain oil was the most effective against A. aegypti (270 min). Peppermint oil was the most effective against A. dirus (180 min). Interestingly, all single oils had attributes of repellency against C. quinquefasciatus (ranged, 120−360 min). Moreover, we integrated their binary combinations of highly effective essential oils against A. aegypti and A. dirus to potentially increase the protection time. A 1:1 combination of petitgrain/basil, petitgrain/coriander, basil/coriander and basil/sage reduced the median complete-protection time of 150 min for A. aegypti; a combination of sage and patchouli oils prolonged the median complete-protection time of 270 min for A. dirus. Combining essential oils effect protection time from these two mosquito species.
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Mejri H, Khetatfa T, Aidi Wannes W, Smaoui A, Saidani Tounsi M. Histochemistry, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil during leaf development. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2067255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houda Mejri
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Takoua Khetatfa
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Aidi Wannes
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Smaoui
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal plants, Technopol, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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20
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Badalamenti N, Bruno M, Schicchi R, Geraci A, Leporini M, Gervasi L, Tundis R, Loizzo MR. Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils, and Their Combinations, Obtained from Flavedo By-Product of Seven Cultivars of Sicilian Citrus aurantium L. Molecules 2022; 27:1580. [PMID: 35268681 PMCID: PMC8911714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, seven Citrus aurantium essential oils (EOs) derived from flavedo of cultivars 'Canaliculata', 'Consolei', 'Crispifolia', 'Fasciata', 'Foetifera', 'Listata', and 'Bizzaria' were investigated. EOs were also combined in 1:1 (v/v) ratio to identify possible synergism or antagonism of actions. GC-MS analysis was done to investigate Eos' phytochemical profiles. The antioxidant activity was studied by using a multi-target approach based on FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and β-carotene bleaching tests. A great difference was observed in EOs' phytochemical profiles. d-limonene (33.35-89.17%) was the main monoterpene hydrocarbon, and α-Pinene, β-myrcene, and β-linalool were identified in almost all samples. Among EOs, only C3 showed high quantitative and qualitative variability in its chemical composition. The chemical diversity of EOs was also demonstrated by PCA and HCA statistical analysis. Samples C2, C4, C5, C6, and C7 were statistically similar to each other, while C1 and C3 were characterized as having a different amount of other compounds and oxygenated monoterpenes, respectively, with respect to the other EOs mentioned. The global antioxidant score (GAS) revealed that among the tested EOs, C. aurantium 'Fasciata' EO had the highest antioxidant potential, with a GAS value of -0.47, whereas among combinations, the EO obtained by mixing 'Canaliculata' + 'Bizzaria' was the most active. Comparison by theoretical and real data on inhibitory concentration (IC50) and FRAP values did not reveal any significant effect of synergism or antagonism of actions to be valid in all biological applied tests. These findings, considered together, represent an important starting point to understand which compounds are responsible for the activities and their future possible industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Badalamenti
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Riutilizzo Bio-Based Degli Scarti da Matrici Agroalimentari” (RIVIVE), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Schicchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (N.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Mariarosaria Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Luigia Gervasi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.L.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
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Hayasaki M, Iwakiri M, Shikata A, Oyama M, Souda N, Akakabe Y. Aroma Components of Absolute Oil from Natsudaidai (Citrus natsudaidai Hayata) Flowers. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1663-1668. [PMID: 36310053 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the aroma components of absolute oil from natsudaidai (Citrus natsudaidai Hayata) flowers. A total of 43 aroma components were detected in the absolute oil of natsudaidai flowers using a headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant components from the absolute oil was linalool (31.14%), followed by methyl anthranilate, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, (E)-β-ocimene, limonene, indole and α-terpineol. The configuration of linalool from the absolute oil was assigned as (S)-form and its optical purities were determined as 89.36±0.36% enantiomeric excess using a SPME-chiral GC. These results indicated that the composition of aroma components in the absolute oil would influence the overall aroma qualities of natsudaidai flowers and the physiological effects on human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Hayasaki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
| | - Minami Iwakiri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Akane Shikata
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Machi Oyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Noe Souda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yoshihiko Akakabe
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University
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22
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Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment on Extraction Efficiency of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds from Citrus Waste By-Products. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste or by-product use is in focus for reducing the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. The current study aim was to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of bioactive compounds and composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize higher yield extraction parameters. Pretreatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction recovered 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was economical as compared to conventional hydro-distilled process. The functional quality of essential oil was determined using FTIR and GC-MS. Antioxidants from citrus peel and pulp/pomace were extracted and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The quantification of bioactive compounds from citrus waste was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass transfer rate of antioxidants from peel and pomace were 30% increased as a result of ultrasound-assisted treatment. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC (735.54 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.26%) was recorded in Citrus sinensis Pulp and peel respectively. The bioactive compounds such as hesperidin (31.52 mg/100 g) was significantly higher in (p ≤ 0.05) in Citrus sinensis pulnd extract. Vanillin was found 1.21 mg/100 g in peel extract of citrus fruit, moreover vanillin was not detected in pulp extract. Myrecitin was not detected in both the samples. The bioactive natural compounds extracted from citrus peel can be used in food and pharma sector as natural anti-oxidantcompounds.
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23
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Citrus Flower- and Leaf-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:53S-76S. [PMID: 34747255 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 33 Citrus flower- and leaf-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as fragrances and/or skin-conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing similar constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. With Citrus flower- and leaf-derived ingredients, the Panel was concerned about the presence of the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in cosmetics. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients. The Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
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Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E. Citrus aurantium L. Active Constituents, Biological Effects and Extraction Methods. An Updated Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195832. [PMID: 34641373 PMCID: PMC8510401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus genus is a prominent staple crop globally. Long-term breeding and much hybridization engendered a myriad of species, each characterized by a specific metabolism generating different secondary metabolites. Citrus aurantium L., commonly recognized as sour or bitter orange, can exceptionally be distinguished from other Citrus species by unique characteristics. It is a fruit with distinctive flavor, rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which possess different health benefits. This paper presents an overview of the most recent studies done on the matter. It intends to provide an in-depth understanding of the biological activities and medicinal uses of active constituents existing in C. aurantium. Every plant part is first discussed separately with regards to its content in active constituents. All extraction methods, their concepts and yields, used to recover these valuable molecules from their original plant matrix are thoroughly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawssan Maksoud
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Roula M. Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Saint-Joseph University, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, P.O. Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon;
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRA, UMR408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-544-972
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
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25
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Antioxidant Metabolites in Primitive, Wild, and Cultivated Citrus and Their Role in Stress Tolerance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195801. [PMID: 34641344 PMCID: PMC8510114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Citrus contains a vast range of antioxidant metabolites, dietary metabolites, and antioxidant polyphenols that protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhance their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and possess multiple health-promoting effects in humans. This review summarizes various antioxidant metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, terpenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are distributed in different citrus species. Among these antioxidant metabolites, flavonoids are abundantly present in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus species and possess the highest antioxidant activity. We demonstrate that the primitive and wild citrus species (e.g., Atalantia buxifolia and C. latipes) have a high level of antioxidant metabolites and are tolerant to various abiotic and biotic stresses compared with cultivated citrus species (e.g., C. sinensis and C. reticulata). Additionally, we highlight the potential usage of citrus wastes (rag, seeds, fruit peels, etc.) and the health-promoting properties of citrus metabolites. Furthermore, we summarize the genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in different citrus species. We speculate that the genome-engineering technologies should be used to confirm the functions of candidate genes that are responsible for the accumulation of antioxidant metabolites, which will serve as an alternative tool to breed citrus cultivars with increased antioxidant metabolites.
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Type and magnitude of non-compliance and adulteration in neroli, mandarin and bergamot essential oils purchased on-line: potential consumer vulnerability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11096. [PMID: 34045520 PMCID: PMC8160360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one samples of essential oils used both in perfumery and aromatherapy were purchased to business-to-consumers suppliers and submitted to standard gas chromatography-based analysis of their chemical composition. Their compliance with ISO AFNOR standards was checked and revealed, although ISO AFNOR ranges are relatively loose, that more than 45% of the samples analyzed failed to pass the test and more than 19% were diluted with solvents such as propylene and dipropylene glycol, triethyl citrate, or vegetal oil. Cases of non-compliance could be due to substitution or dilution with a cheaper essential oil, such as sweet orange oil, blending with selected compounds (linalool and linalyl acetate, maybe of synthetic origin), or issues of aging, harvest, or manufacturing that should be either deliberate or accidental. In some cases, natural variability could be invoked. These products are made available to the market without control and liability by resellers and could expose the public to safety issues, in addition to commercial prejudice, in sharp contrast with the ever-increasing regulations applying to the sector and the high demand of consumers for safe, controlled and traceable products in fragrances and cosmetic products.
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Heydari M, Rostami O, Mohammadi R, Banavi P, Farhoodi M, Sarlak Z, Rouhi M. Hydrodistillation ultrasound‐assisted green extraction of essential oil from bitter orange peel wastes: Optimization for quantitative, phenolic, and antioxidant properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Heydari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Omid Rostami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Parvaneh Banavi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoodi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences, Food Science and Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Sarlak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Milad Rouhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Razola-Díaz MDC, Guerra-Hernández EJ, García-Villanova B, Verardo V. Recent developments in extraction and encapsulation techniques of orange essential oil. Food Chem 2021; 354:129575. [PMID: 33761335 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orange production is constantly growing. The main orange by-product, the orange peel, is a usable source of essential oils with a lot of health benefits. Because of that, it is important to find the best recovery and encapsulation techniques in order to get the best bioavailability for human and to ensure the highest quality for food applications. Thus, the aim of this work is to summarize the complete process needed to obtain orange essential oil, from the pre-treatments to the encapsulation steps, carried out in the last years. This review is focused on the comparison of new and more innovative techniques in front of the most conventional ones used for extracting and encapsulating the orange essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belén García-Villanova
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Avda del Conocimiento sn, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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Phytochemical Analysis and Study of Antioxidant, Anticandidal, and Antibacterial Activities of Teucrium polium subsp. polium and Micromeria graeca (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils from Northern Morocco. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6641720. [PMID: 33790978 PMCID: PMC7984889 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The protection of agricultural crops and the preservation of the organoleptic and health qualities of food products represent a major challenge for the agricultural and agro-food industries. Essential oils have received greater attention as alternatives to replace the control strategies based on pesticides against phytopathogenic bacteria and synthetic compounds in food preservation. The aims of this work were to study the chemical composition of Teucrium polium subsp. polium and Micromeria graeca essential oils and to examine their antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. To carry out this work, the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined using gas chromatography (GC) with the detection feature of mass spectrometry (MS). Subsequently, the antioxidant activity was investigated by DPPH and FRAPS assays. The antimicrobial effect was studied against phytopathogenic and foodborne pathogenic bacteria using the disc and the microdilution methods. Our results showed that GC-MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 30 compounds in T. polium EO (TPpEO), while 5 compounds were identified in M. graeca EO (MGEO). TPpEO had as major compounds β-pinene (19.82%) and germacrene D (18.33%), while geranial (36.93%) and z-citral (18.25%) were the main components of MGEO. The most potent activity was obtained from MGEO (IC50 = 189.7 ± 2.62 µg/mL) compared to TPpEO (IC50 = 208.33 ± 3.51 µg/mL. For the FRAP test, the highest reducing power was obtained from 1.32 ± 0.1 mg AAE/g of TPpEO compared to MGEO 0.51 ± 0.13 mg AAE/g of EO. Both EOs exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial activities against all the tested strains with inhibition zones in the range of 9.33 ± 0.57 mm to >65 mm and MIC values from 0.19 to 12.5 mg/mL. However, MGEO exhibits an interesting anticandidal effect with inhibition zone 44.33 ± 0.57 mm. The findings of this research establish the riches of EOs on volatile compounds, their important antioxidant activity, and their antimicrobial effect against the bacteria tested.
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Liang Z, Shang XB, Su J, Li GY, Fu FH, Guo JJ, Shan Y. Alternative Extraction Methods of Essential Oil From the Flowers of Citrus aurantium L. Var Daidai Tanaka: Evaluation of Oil Quality and Sedative-Hypnotic Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211004061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the content of hypnotic components in the essential oil from Citrus aurantium flowers (EDD), extracted by different methods, and to characterize its sedative-hypnotic effects. The sedative-hypnotic capacity of EDD was evaluated using pentobarbital-induced sleeping assays, locomotor activity tests and GABAA receptor antagonists. The results showed that EDD extracted by steam and water distillation (SWD), hydrodistillation (HD), and ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UHD) had as their main components linalool, linalyl acetate, and limonene, comprising more than 55% of the total peak area. Compared with EDD extracted by HD and UHD, the total content of linalool and linalyl acetate in EDD obtained by SWD was highest, whereas the content of limonene in EDD extracted by the 3 different methods was not different. Oral and intraperitoneal administration of EDD resulted in reduced sleep latency and increased sleep duration of mice, as well as reduced locomotor activity, which was proven by decreases in the total distance travelled, average velocity, number of activities, and central distance. Interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of EDD had better sedative and hypnotic effects than oral ingestion. In vitro assays using SH-SY5Y cells showed that EDD dose-dependently increased Cl− influx, which could be blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonists, picrotoxin, bicuculline, and flumazenil, suggesting that EDD promoted sedative-hypnotic activity by potentiating GABAA receptor-mediated Cl− current responses. Altogether, these results suggest that the important hypnotic-sedative activity of EDD appears to be due to the effects of limonene, and particularly the high contents of linalool and linalyl acetate, which were effectively extracted by SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengenni Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xue-bo Shang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Su
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Gao-yang Li
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-hua Fu
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-jing Guo
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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Application of argun fruit polysaccharide in microencapsulation of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil: preparation, characterization, and evaluating the storage stability and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Kačániová M, Terentjeva M, Galovičová L, Ivanišová E, Štefániková J, Valková V, Borotová P, Kowalczewski PŁ, Kunová S, Felšöciová S, Tvrdá E, Žiarovská J, Benda Prokeinová R, Vukovic N. Biological Activity and Antibiofilm Molecular Profile of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Its Application in a Food Model. Molecules 2020; 25:E3956. [PMID: 32872611 PMCID: PMC7504819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO). The biofilm profile of Stenotrophonomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were assessed using the mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper and the antibiofilm activity of Citrus aurantium (CAEO) was studied on wood and glass surfaces. A semi-quantitative composition using a modified version was applied for the CAEO characterization. The antioxidant activity of CAEO was determined using the DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed by disc diffusion for two biofilm producing bacteria, while the vapor phase was used for three penicillia. The antibiofilm activity was observed with the agar microdilution method. The molecular differences of biofilm formation on different days were analyzed, and the genetic similarity was studied with dendrograms constructed from MSP spectra to illustrate the grouping profiles of S. maltophilia and B. subtilis. A differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia for planktonic cells and all experimental groups. The time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory doses of the CAEO were investigated against microscopic fungi. The results showed that CAEO was most active against Penicillium crustosum, in the vapor phase, on bread and carrot in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.K.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmaņaiela 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia;
| | - Lucia Galovičová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.K.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Eva Ivanišová
- Department of Technology and Quality of Plant Products, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Štefániková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (P.B.)
| | - Veronika Valková
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.K.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (P.B.)
| | - Petra Borotová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (J.Š.); (P.B.)
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Simona Kunová
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Soňa Felšöciová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Tvrdá
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Žiarovská
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Renáta Benda Prokeinová
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Economic and Management, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Nenad Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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33
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Degirmenci H, Erkurt H. Chemical profile and antioxidant potency of Citrus aurantium L. flower extracts with antibacterial effect against foodborne pathogens in rice pudding. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Gaff M, Esteban‐Decloux M, Giampaoli P. Bitter orange peel essential oil: A review of the different factors and chemical reactions influencing its composition. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gaff
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
| | - Martine Esteban‐Decloux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
| | - Pierre Giampaoli
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie Procédés AlimentsAgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris‐Saclay Massy France
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35
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Karn A, Zhao C, Yang F, Cui J, Gao Z, Wang M, Wang F, Xiao H, Zheng J. In-vivo biotransformation of citrus functional components and their effects on health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:756-776. [PMID: 32255367 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrus, one of the most popular fruits worldwide, contains various functional components, including flavonoids, dietary fibers (DFs), essential oils (EOs), synephrines, limonoids, and carotenoids. The functional components of citrus attract special attention due to their health-promoting effects. Food components undergo complex biotransformation by host itself and the gut microbiota after oral intake, which alters their bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity in the host body. To better understand the health effects of citrus fruits, it is important to understand the in-vivo biotransformation of citrus functional components. We reviewed the biotransformation of citrus functional components (flavonoids, DFs, EOs, synephrines, limonoids, and carotenoids) in the body from their intake to excretion. In addition, we described the importance of biotransformation in terms of health effects. This review would facilitate mechanistic understanding of the health-promoting effect of citrus and its functional components, and also provide guidance for the development of health-promoting foods based on citrus and its functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Karn
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengying Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feilong Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiefen Cui
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zili Gao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minqi Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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36
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Burnett CL, Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Citrus-Derived Peel Oils as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2020; 38:33S-59S. [PMID: 31522650 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819862504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of 14 citrus-derived peel oil ingredients and concluded that these ingredients are safe for use in cosmetic products when finished products, excluding rinse-off products, do not contain more than 0.0015% (15 ppm) 5-methoxypsoralen, and when formulated to be nonsensitizing and nonirritating. The citrus-derived peel oil ingredients are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as fragrances and/or skin conditioning agents. The Panel reviewed the available animal and clinical data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities that could be present in botanical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monice M Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Director, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillian J Gill
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Washington, DC, USA
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Bora H, Kamle M, Mahato DK, Tiwari P, Kumar P. Citrus Essential Oils (CEOs) and Their Applications in Food: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E357. [PMID: 32168877 PMCID: PMC7154898 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is a genus belonging to the Rutaceae family and includes important crops like orange, lemons, pummelos, grapefruits, limes, etc. Citrus essential oils (CEOs) consist of some major biologically active compounds like α-/β-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, d-limonene, linalool, α-humulene, and α-terpineol belonging to the monoterpenes, monoterpene aldehyde/alcohol, and sesquiterpenes group, respectively. These compounds possess several health beneficial properties like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc., in addition to antimicrobial properties, which have immense potential for food applications. Therefore, this review focused on the extraction, purification, and detection methods of CEOs along with their applications for food safety, packaging, and preservation. Further, the concerns of optimum dose and safe limits, their interaction effects with various food matrices and packaging materials, and possible allergic reactions associated with the use of CEOs in food applications were briefly discussed, which needs to be addressed in future research along with efficient, affordable, and "green" extraction methods to ensure CEOs as an ecofriendly, cost-effective, and natural alternative to synthetic chemical preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himashree Bora
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; (H.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; (H.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| | - Pragya Tiwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; (H.B.); (M.K.)
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Santos JL, Malvar JL, Abril C, Martín J, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Selective pressurized extraction as single-step extraction and clean-up for the determination of organophosphate ester flame retardant in Citrus aurantium leaves by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2665-2674. [PMID: 32072209 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in urban ornamental tree leaves. OPEs are flame retardants and plasticizers which are classified as health and environmental hazards substances. Their presence in urban air has been previously described. The method proposed in this work would allow the use of urban tree leaves as simple, cheap, and widely distributed in urban areas alternative to the existing active and passive sampler for sample collection. The method was based on sample treatment by selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) and determination by gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector. After the optimization of the extraction solvent, the key parameters applied to SPLE (clean sorbent and sorbent amount applied for the sample clean-up, temperature, extraction cycles, and time) were optimized using a Box-Behnken response surface design. The method achieves high recoveries (higher than 60% for most of the target compounds), accuracies between 70 and 109%, and method detection and quantification limits ranged 0.05-4.96 ng/g dw (dry weight) and 0.15-14.4 ng/g dw, respectively. The method allowed the proper biomonitoring of OPE in tree leaves. Concentrations measured in analyzed samples were from 47.5 to 5477 ng/g dw (TEP). The most frequently detected compounds were triethyl phosphate tri-n-butyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate, while tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate was not detected in the analyzed samples. The proposed analytical method constitutes a starting point for the use of ornamental urban trees as passive sampler for the evaluation of OPE as air pollutants. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain.
| | - José Luis Malvar
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción Abril
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, 41011, Seville, Spain
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Barroso PJ, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Evaluation of the airborne pollution by emerging contaminants using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves as biosamplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:484-492. [PMID: 31063891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical method has been applied to biomonitor airborne emerging pollutants in urban areas using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves, which is an evergreen species widely extended in the Mediterranean region, as biosampler. Leaves, from trees located in 20 different locations from Seville City (South of Spain) were sampled during one year period. Sampling sites were located in six highly populated areas, in seven lowly populated areas, in six urban parks and in one industrial area. Fifteen of the target compounds were detected in the analysed samples. The highest concentrations corresponded to plasticizers (up to 852ng/g dry matter (dm)) and surfactants (up to 752ng/gdm), especially di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and nonylphenol. Spatial distribution allowed assessing the influence of populated areas in the concentration of some of the studied compounds, such as plasticizers and perfluorinated compounds, and the influence of industrial areas, in the concentration of surfactants. No clear influence of the climatic conditions (temperature, solar radiation and rainfall) on the concentrations of studied compounds was observed. This fact could be due to the presence of diffuse sources of these compounds. In the case of the brominated flame retardant, the measured concentrations could be related with two fire episodes in the vicinity, but until now it has not been possible to rigorously demonstrate a causal relationship. This fact could reveal the suitability and valuable use of Citrus aurantium tree leaves for biomonitoring atmospheric pollutants, especially from unexpected emissions in atmospheric pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Barroso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
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Moslemi F, Alijaniha F, Naseri M, Kazemnejad A, Charkhkar M, Heidari MR. Citrus aurantiumAroma for Anxiety in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:833-839. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Moslemi
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alijaniha
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Charkhkar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Heidari
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Cold-Pressing Olive Oil in the Presence of Cryomacerated Leaves of Olea or Citrus: Nutraceutical and Sensorial Features. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142625. [PMID: 31330951 PMCID: PMC6680596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutraceutical properties of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) can be further improved by the addition of olive leaves during olive pressing. However, while Citrus leaves are rich sources of bioactive substances, no data are available in the literature about the effect of Citrus leaf addition on the nutraceutical and sensorial profiles of olive oil. This study aimed at comparing the chemical and sensorial qualities of olive oils obtained from ripe olives pressed together with either Olea or Citrus spp. (lemon or orange) cryomacerated leaves. General composition parameters as well as major antioxidants and antioxidant activity were measured. A panel test evaluation, as well as headspace volatile characterization (headspace solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME), were also performed. All data were compared with an EVOO extracted from the same olive batch used as control. It was possible to obtain Leaf Olive Oils (LOOs) characterized by a higher (p < 0.05) content of antioxidants, compared to the control sample, and the highest oleuropein concentration was detected in the olive oil extracted in presence of olive leaf (+50% in comparison with the control). All the LOOs showed a higher smell complexity and the scent of ripe fruit was generally mitigated. Lemon and olive LOOs showed the best smell profile.
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Değirmenci H, Erkurt H. Relationship between volatile components, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oil, hydrosol and extracts of Citrus aurantium L. flowers. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:58-67. [PMID: 31296479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the Mediterranean Region, essential oil, hydrosol, and ethanol extract of C. aurantium flowers have a long history of usage in different products such as a flavoring agent and an ingredient of many traditional anti-infectious and skin care products. The present study was undertaken to compare the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of essential oil (EO), hydrosol and ethanol extract of Cyprus Citrus aurantium L. flowers. METHOD The chemical composition of samples was determined by GC/MS. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The antimicrobial activity of the samples was determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria. RESULT The EO and ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens which were attributed to the presence of important phytochemical classes such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes. The EO showed higher antimicrobial activity followed by ethanol extract with minimum inhibitory concentrations ≤1562mg/l and ≤6250mg/l, respectively, against Amoxycillin resistant Bacillus cereus and other test organisms. Significantly (p≤0.05) the higher total phenolic (81.37mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (20.34mg QE/g) were obtained in the ethanol extract with the higher antioxidant activity as compared to EO and hydrosol with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 96.07μg/ml in the DPPH and 66.50μg/ml in the H2O2 assay. A significant correlation (R2≥0.94) was found between phenolic content and IC50 values for DPPH and H2O2 assays. β-Cholesta-5,22-dien-3-ol, herboxide isomer and isochiapin-B are reported for the first time for essential oil. CONCLUSION Citrus aurantium L. flowers have strong potential for the isolation of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for further use in food and medicine industries as natural preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Değirmenci
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Nicosia, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Erkurt
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Nicosia, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey.
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Sarmast E, Fallah AA, Habibian Dehkordi S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Impact of glazing based on chitosan-gelatin incorporated with Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) peel essential oil on quality of rainbow trout fillets stored at superchilled condition. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:316-323. [PMID: 31202847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a new ice-glazing based on chitosan-gelatin (Ch-Gl) incorporated with Persian lime peel essential oil (LEO), and superchilled storage was established to assess the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory quality of rainbow trout fillets. The fillets were immersed in distilled water (control), Ch-Gl, Ch-Gl + 1% LEO, and Ch-Gl + 2% LEO to form glazing layer on the surface, then stored at -1.4 °C for 30 days. All treatments delayed the growth of total mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria compared to control during the storage period. The treatments also retarded the increase in the contents of total volatile nitrogen, conjugated dienes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, pH, and electric conductivity during storage. The freshness indexes i.e. K and Fr values were improved in treated groups compared to control group. The combined treatments (Ch-Gl + 1% or 2% LEO) were more effective than Ch-Gl alone to inhibit the microbial growth, retard the physicochemical deterioration, and improve freshness indexes in the fillets. It can be concluded that ice-glazing based on Ch-Gl incorporated with LEO, and superchilled storage is effective to enhance the quality and shelf-life of rainbow trout fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sarmast
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 34141, Iran
| | - Aziz A Fallah
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 34141, Iran.
| | - Saied Habibian Dehkordi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 34141, Iran
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Yield, Phytochemical Constituents, and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from the Leaves/Twigs, Branches, Branch Wood, and Branch Bark of Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, essential oils (EOs) extracted from different parts of sour orange Citrus aurantium (green leaves/twigs, small branches, wooden branches, and branch bark) were studied through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Furthermore, the EOs in the amounts of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 µL were studied for their antibacterial activity against three pathogenic bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Dickeya solani, and Erwinia amylovora. The main EO compounds in the leaves/twigs were 4-terpineol (22.59%), D-limonene (16.67%), 4-carvomenthenol (12.84%), and linalool (7.82%). In small green branches, they were D-limonene (71.57%), dodecane (4.80%), oleic acid (2.72%), and trans-palmitoleic acid (2.62%), while in branch bark were D-limonene (54.61%), γ-terpinene (6.68%), dodecane (5.73%), and dimethyl anthranilate (3.13%), and in branch wood were D-limonene (38.13%), dimethyl anthranilate (8.13%), (-)-β-fenchol (6.83%), and dodecane (5.31%). At 25 µL, the EO from branches showed the highest activity against A. tumefaciens (IZ value of 17.66 mm), and leaves/twigs EO against D. solani and E. amylovora had an IZ value of 17.33 mm. It could be concluded for the first time that the wood and branch bark of C. aurantium are a source of phytochemicals, with D-limonene being the predominant compound in the EO, with potential antibacterial activities. The compounds identified in all the studied parts might be appropriate for many applications, such as antimicrobial agents, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
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González-Mas MC, Rambla JL, López-Gresa MP, Blázquez MA, Granell A. Volatile Compounds in Citrus Essential Oils: A Comprehensive Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:12. [PMID: 30804951 PMCID: PMC6370709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The essential oil fraction obtained from the rind of Citrus spp. is rich in chemical compounds of interest for the food and perfume industries, and therefore has been extensively studied during the last decades. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the volatile composition of this oil fraction and rind extracts for the 10 most studied Citrus species: C. sinensis (sweet orange), C. reticulata (mandarin), C. paradisi (grapefruit), C. grandis (pummelo), C. limon (lemon), C. medica (citron), C. aurantifolia (lime), C. aurantium (bitter orange), C. bergamia (bergamot orange), and C. junos (yuzu). Forty-nine volatile organic compounds have been reported in all 10 species, most of them terpenoid (90%), although about half of the volatile compounds identified in Citrus peel are non-terpenoid. Over 400 volatiles of different chemical nature have been exclusively described in only one of these species and some of them could be useful as species biomarkers. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on volatile composition arranges these Citrus species in three clusters which essentially mirrors those obtained with genetic information. The first cluster is comprised by C. reticulata, C. grandis, C. sinensis, C. paradisi and C. aurantium, and is mainly characterized by the presence of a larger abundance of non-terpenoid ester and aldehyde compounds than in the other species reviewed. The second cluster is comprised by C. junos, C. medica, C. aurantifolia, and C. bergamia, and is characterized by the prevalence of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Finally, C. limon shows a particular volatile profile with some sulfur monoterpenoids and non-terpenoid esters and aldehydes as part of its main differential peculiarities. A systematic description of the rind volatile composition in each of the species is provided together with a general comparison with those in leaves and blossoms. Additionally, the most widely used techniques for the extraction and analysis of volatile Citrus compounds are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen González-Mas
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L. Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Bier MCJ, Medeiros ABP, De Kimpe N, Soccol CR. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the fermented product from the biotransformation of R-(+)-limonene in solid-state fermentation of orange waste by Diaporthe sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Multivariate curve resolution-correlation optimized warping applied to the complex GC-MS signals; toward comparative study of peel chemical variability of Citrus aurantium L. varieties. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dosoky NS, Setzer WN. Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1966. [PMID: 29976894 PMCID: PMC6073409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura S Dosoky
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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Taghadomi-Saberi S, Mas Garcia S, Allah Masoumi A, Sadeghi M, Marco S. Classification of Bitter Orange Essential Oils According to Fruit Ripening Stage by Untargeted Chemical Profiling and Machine Learning. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18061922. [PMID: 29899257 PMCID: PMC6021931 DOI: 10.3390/s18061922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality and composition of bitter orange essential oils (EOs) strongly depend on the ripening stage of the citrus fruit. The concentration of volatile compounds and consequently its organoleptic perception varies. While this can be detected by trained humans, we propose an objective approach for assessing the bitter orange from the volatile composition of their EO. The method is based on the combined use of headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for predictive modeling. Data obtained from the analysis of HS-GC-MS were preprocessed to select relevant peaks in the total ion chromatogram as input features for ANN. Results showed that key volatile compounds have enough predictive power to accurately classify the EO, according to their ripening stage for different applications. A sensitivity analysis detected the key compounds to identify the ripening stage. This study provides a novel strategy for the quality control of bitter orange EO without subjective methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Taghadomi-Saberi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sílvia Mas Garcia
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Amin Allah Masoumi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Morteza Sadeghi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan P.O. Box 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Santiago Marco
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4-8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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An Overview on Citrus aurantium L.: Its Functions as Food Ingredient and Therapeutic Agent. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:7864269. [PMID: 29854097 PMCID: PMC5954905 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7864269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bitter orange, possesses multiple therapeutic potentials. These biological credentials include anticancer, antianxiety, antiobesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and antidiabetic activities. The essential oil of C. aurantium was reported to display marked pharmacological effects and great variation in chemical composition depending on growing locations but mostly contained limonene, linalool, and β-myrcene. Phytochemically, C. aurantium is rich in p-synephrine, an alkaloid, and many health-giving secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. Animal studies have demonstrated a low affinity of p-synephrine for adrenergic receptors and an even lower affinity in human models. The present review focuses on the different biological activities of the C. aurantium in animal and human models in the form of extract and its pure secondary metabolites. Finally, it is concluded that both the extract and isolated compounds have no unwanted effects in human at therapeutic doses and, therefore, can confidently be used in various dietary formulations.
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