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Scapin E, Sarri DRA, Augusco MAC, Rodrigues MAM, Fernandes RMN, Silva JFM, Cardoso CAL, Rambo MKD. Phytochemical analysis, toxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves of Dipteryx alata Vogel. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e278004. [PMID: 38511776 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.278004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, our objective was to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical analysis, determine toxicity levels, and assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts derived from the leaves of Dipteryx alata Vogel, a native species of the Brazilian cerrado flora. Three distinct extracts were prepared utilizing assisted ultrasound and the Soxhlet apparatus, namely, Ultrasound Crude Extract (UCE), Soxhlet Crude Extract (SCE), and the Soxhlet Ethanol Extract (SEE). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, and saponins in all extracts. Additionally, alkaloids were specifically identified in the SCE and SEE extracts. In the analysis using LC-DAD, the compounds gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kampefrol were determined in higher concentrations in the SCE, followed by the SEE and UCE, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in all extracts, with UCE and SCE showing a higher concentration of β-sitosterol. SCE showed the highest concentration of all identified compounds. In the analysis of antioxidant activity by DPPH• and ABTS•+, SEE showed greater efficiency (IC50 = 2.98 ± 2.92 and 6.57 ± 0.89 μg/mL, respectively). In the toxicity test with Allium cepa, all extracts stimulated root growth at 50 g/mL; UCE and SEE stimulated root growth at 250 g/mL; and SEE inhibited root growth at 750 g/mL. In the Artemia salina toxicity, all extracts were non-toxic. Antibacterial activity was identified in the microorganisms S. aureus and S. mutans; however, the extracts did not show antifungal action against the strain of C. albicans. The extracts of D. alata have therapeutic potential for applicability in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scapin
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Ambiente - CIAMB, Palmas, TO, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Curso de Engenharia Ambiental, Laboratório de Química, Palmas, TO, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - BIONORTE, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - D R A Sarri
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Ambiente - CIAMB, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - M A C Augusco
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Ambiente - CIAMB, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - M A M Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Curso de Engenharia Ambiental, Laboratório de Química, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - R M N Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - BIONORTE, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - J F M Silva
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos e Ciências da Saúde, Palmas, TO, Brasil
| | - C A L Cardoso
- Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - M K D Rambo
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Ambiente - CIAMB, Palmas, TO, Brasil
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Tyler SE, Tyler LD. Pathways to healing: Plants with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:210-234. [PMID: 36880056 PMCID: PMC9984566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the greatest challenges in medicine are the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), which remain without a cure and mostly progress to death. A companion study employed a toolkit methodology to document 2001 plant species with ethnomedicinal uses for alleviating pathologies relevant to NDs, focusing on its relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to find plants with therapeutic bioactivities for a range of NDs. 1339 of the 2001 plant species were found to have a bioactivity from the literature of therapeutic relevance to NDs such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, AD, motor neurone diseases, multiple sclerosis, prion diseases, Neimann-Pick disease, glaucoma, Friedreich's ataxia and Batten disease. 43 types of bioactivities were found, such as reducing protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and cell death, and promoting neurogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, longevity, and anti-microbial activity. Ethno-led plant selection was more effective than random selection of plant species. Our findings indicate that ethnomedicinal plants provide a large resource of ND therapeutic potential. The extensive range of bioactivities validate the usefulness of the toolkit methodology in the mining of this data. We found that a number of the documented plants are able to modulate molecular mechanisms underlying various key ND pathologies, revealing a promising and even profound capacity to halt and reverse the processes of neurodegeneration.
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Key Words
- A-H, Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- C. elegans,, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- CMT, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
- CS, Cockayne syndrome
- Ech A, Echinochrome A
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FRDA, Friedreich’s ataxia
- FTD, Frontotemporal dementia
- HD, Huntington’s disease
- Hsp, Heat shock protein
- LSD, Lysosomal storage diseases
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- MSA, Multiple system atrophy
- MSP, Multisystem proteinopathy
- Medicinal plant
- ND, neurodegenerative disease
- NPC, Neimann-Pick disease type C
- NSC, neural stem cells
- Neuro-inflammation
- Neurodegeneration
- Neurogenesis
- PC, pharmacological chaperone
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- Protein misfolding
- SMA, Spinal muscular atrophy
- VD, Vascular dementia
- prion dis, prion diseases
- α-syn, alpha-synuclein
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E.B. Tyler
- John Ray Research Field Station, Cheshire, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
| | - Luke D.K. Tyler
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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Konrath EL, Strauch I, Boeff DD, Arbo MD. The potential of Brazilian native plant species used in the therapy for snakebites: A literature review. Toxicon 2022; 217:17-40. [PMID: 35952835 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a potentially fatal disease categorized as a neglected public health issue for not receiving the appropriate attention from national and international health authorities. The most affected people by this problem usually live in poor rural communities, where medical resources are often sparse and, in some instances, there is even a scarcity of serum therapy. The administration of the appropriate antivenom is the only specific treatment available, however it has limited efficacy against venom-induced local effects. In this scenario, various plant species are used as local first aid for the treatment of snakebite accidents in Brazil, and some of them can effectively inhibit lethality, neurotoxicity, hemorrhage, and venom enzymes activities. This review compiles a list of plants used in the treatment of snakebites in Brazil, focusing on the native Brazilian species registered in the databases Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and Google Scholar. All these searches were limited to peer-reviewed journals written in English, with the exception of a few articles written in Portuguese. The most cited native plant species were Casearia sylvestris Sw., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mikania glomerata Spreng., Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake and Dipteryx alata Vogel, all used to decrease the severity of toxic signs, inhibit proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities, thus increasing survival time and neutralizing myotoxicity effects. Different active compounds showing important activity against the snake venoms and their toxins include flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Although some limitations to the experimental studies with medicinal plants were observed, including lack of comparison with control drugs and unknown active extracts compounds, species with anti-venom characteristics are effective and considered as candidates for the development of adjuvants in the treatment of snake envenomation. Further studies on the chemistry and pharmacology of traditionally used plant species will help to understand the role that snakebite herbal remedies may display in local medical health systems. It might also contribute to the development of alternative or complementary treatments to reduce the number of severe disabilities and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Iara Strauch
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Daniele Boeff
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90620-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Adrião AAX, dos Santos AO, de Lima EJSP, Maciel JB, Paz WHP, da Silva FMA, Pucca MB, Moura-da-Silva AM, Monteiro WM, Sartim MA, Koolen HHF. Plant-Derived Toxin Inhibitors as Potential Candidates to Complement Antivenom Treatment in Snakebite Envenomations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842576. [PMID: 35615352 PMCID: PMC9126284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomations (SBEs) are a neglected medical condition of global importance that mainly affect the tropical and subtropical regions. Clinical manifestations include pain, edema, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, and neurotoxic signs, and may evolve to functional loss of the affected limb, acute renal and/or respiratory failure, and even death. The standard treatment for snake envenomations is antivenom, which is produced from the hyperimmunization of animals with snake toxins. The inhibition of the effects of SBEs using natural or synthetic compounds has been suggested as a complementary treatment particularly before admission to hospital for antivenom treatment, since these alternative molecules are also able to inhibit toxins. Biodiversity-derived molecules, namely those extracted from medicinal plants, are promising sources of toxin inhibitors that can minimize the deleterious consequences of SBEs. In this review, we systematically synthesize the literature on plant metabolites that can be used as toxin-inhibiting agents, as well as present the potential mechanisms of action of molecules derived from natural sources. These findings aim to further our understanding of the potential of natural products and provide new lead compounds as auxiliary therapies for SBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asenate A. X. Adrião
- Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology BIONORTE, Superior School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Aline O. dos Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology BIONORTE, Superior School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Emilly J. S. P. de Lima
- Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology BIONORTE, Superior School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jéssica B. Maciel
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Weider H. P. Paz
- Post Graduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. A. da Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Support Center, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Moura-da-Silva
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology BIONORTE, Superior School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
- University Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hector H. F. Koolen
- Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology BIONORTE, Superior School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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A REVIEW ON BRAZILIAN BARU PLANT (DIPTERYX ALATA VOGEL): MORPHOLOGY, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, HEALTH EFFECTS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Gouveia M, Minto B, Sargi L, Souza R, Pazzini J, Colodel E, Silva V, Cassino P, Dias L. Evaluation of the alcoholic extract of Dipteryx alata Vogel almonds and bark in skin wound healing in C57BL6 mice. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the topical application of alcoholic extracts of Dipteryx alata Vogel almonds and bark in skin wound healing in mice. Fifty-four C57BL/6 mice were equally distributed into three groups: Control, Almond, and Bark. A 9 mm skin fragment was resected from the dorsal region of the animals’ thorax. The wounds were submitted to topical application of base cream (vehicle), 10% hydroalcoholic almond extract, or bark extract twice a day. Macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluations were conducted on the 7th, 14th, and 21st postoperative days. No significant difference was observed regarding skin wound area among groups, with the parameter presenting only a temporal effect on healing (p>0.05). The almond and control groups exhibited more intense collagenization than the bark group (p<0.05). Dipteryx alata Vogel showed to be inert in the wound healing process in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R.L. Souza
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Oliveira ICF, Yoshida EH, Dini MMJ, Paschoal ABO, Cogo JC, da Cruz-Höfling MA, Hyslop S, Oshima-Franco Y. Evaluation of Protection by Caffeic Acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Quercetin and Tannic Acid against the In Vitro Neurotoxicity and In Vivo Lethality of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American Rattlesnake) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110801. [PMID: 34822584 PMCID: PMC8623703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic envenomation by Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) can cause coagulopathy, rabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and peripheral neuromuscular blockade, the latter resulting in flaccid paralysis. Previous studies have shown that plant products such as tannic acid and theaflavin can protect against the neuromuscular blockade caused by C. d. terrificus venom in vitro. In this work, we used mouse-isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations to examine the ability of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin to protect against C. d. terrificus venom-induced neuromuscular blockade in vitro. In addition, the ability of tannic acid to protect against the systemic effects of severe envenomation was assessed in rats. Preincubation of venom with caffeic acid (0.5 mg/mL), chlorogenic acid (1 mg/mL), or quercetin (0.5 mg/mL) failed to protect against venom (10 μg/mL)-induced neuromuscular blockade. In rats, venom (6 mg kg−1, i.p.) caused death in ~8 h, which was prevented by preincubation of venom with tannic acid or the administration of antivenom 2 h post-venom, whereas tannic acid given 2 h post-venom prolonged survival (~18.5 h) but did not prevent death. Tannic acid (in preincubation protocols or given 2 h post-venom) had a variable effect on blood creatinine and urea and blood/urine protein levels and prevented venom-induced leukocytosis. Tannic acid attenuated the histological lesions associated with renal damage in a manner similar to antivenom. The protective effect of tannic acid appeared to be mediated by interaction with venom proteins, as assessed by SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that tannic acid could be a potentially useful ancillary treatment for envenomation by C. d. terrificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Caruso Fontana Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Murilo Melo Juste Dini
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Olívio Paschoal
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, Rua Carolina Fonseca, 584/235, São Paulo 08230-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil;
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pharmacology), Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, Sorocaba 18023-000, SP, Brazil; (I.C.F.O.); (E.H.Y.); (M.M.J.D.); (A.B.O.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-21010-7197; Fax: +55-15-2101-7112
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Cordia salicifolia and Lafoensia pacari plant extracts against the local effects of Bothrops jararacussu and Philodryas olfersii snake venoms. JOURNAL OF VENOM RESEARCH 2020; 10:32-37. [PMID: 33024546 PMCID: PMC7512476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Philodryas olfersii produces similar local effects to Bothrops jararacussu snakebite, which can induce misidentification and bothropic antivenom administration. Antivenom therapy is effective, but has its limitations regarding local damage. Since plants are used in folk medicine to treat snakebite victims, we evaluated the protective properties of Cordia salicifolia and Lafoensia pacari extracts against Philodryas olfersii and Bothrops jararacussu venoms. Preparations pretreated with both extracts inhibited > 90% the B. jararacussu venom-induced neuromuscular blockade, and 52% to 81% the P. olfersii venom-induced blockade. C. salicifolia inhibited the myonecrosis promoted by both venoms; however, L. pacari prevented only the myofilaments hypercontraction. Regarding haemorrhagic activity, C. salicifolia was more effective against B. jararacussu venom, while L. pacari was more effective against P. olfersii venom. On the other hand, for oedema-forming activity the results were the opposite. Considering that both extracts prevented (to different levels) the main manifestations of both snakebites (local symptoms), we endorse further studies involving these plants as coadjuvant in snakebite therapeutics.
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Jorge RJB, Martins RD, Araújo RM, da Silva MA, Monteiro HSA, Ximenes RM. Plants and Phytocompounds Active Against Bothrops Venoms. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2003-2031. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190723153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Snakebite envenomation is an important health problem in tropical countries, with severe
human and social consequences. In Latin America, the Bothrops species constitute the main threat to
humans, and the envenomation caused by these species quickly develops into severe local tissue damage,
including swelling, hemorrhaging, myonecrosis, skin ulceration, and pain. The systemic effects of
envenomation are usually neutralized by antivenom serum therapy, despite its intrinsic risks. However,
neutralization of local tissue damage remains a challenge. To improve actual therapy, two major alternatives
are proposed: the rational design of new specific antibodies for most of the tissue damaging/
poor immunogenic toxins, or the search for new synthetic or natural compounds which are able to
inhibit these toxins and complement the serum therapy. Natural compounds isolated from plants,
mainly from those used in folk medicine to treat snakebite, are a good choice for finding new lead
compounds to improve snakebite treatment and minimize its consequences for the victims. In this article,
we reviewed the most promising plants and phytocompounds active against bothropic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - René Duarte Martins
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Serra Azul Monteiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Oliveira ICF, de Paula MO, Lastra HCB, Alves BDB, Moreno DAN, Yoshida EH, Amaral Filho J, Cogo JC, Varanda EA, Rai M, Santos CAD, Oshima-Franco Y. Activity of silver nanoparticles on prokaryotic cells and Bothrops jararacussu snake venom. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:60-64. [PMID: 29961355 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1478850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-conjugated venom-toxins of venomous animals and its therapeutic efficacy against emerging or neglecting diseases is a promising strategy. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs ∼50 nm, 0.081 mg mL-1) were studied against the neuromuscular blockade, myotoxic effects induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom (60 µg mL-1) and also against prokaryotic cells. The neurotoxicity was evaluated on ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm using traditional myographic technique, able to obtain functional contractile responses and to check the neurotransmission. The myotoxicity on mammalian cells was evaluated in muscles resulting from pharmacological assays using routine histological techniques and light microscopy. The toxicity to prokaryotic cells was evaluated on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without metabolic activation. The in vitro preincubation model between AgNPs and venom was enough to abolish toxic effects of B. jararacussu venom, but mammalian cells were highly sensitive to AgNPs more than prokaryotic cells, by acting as dose-independently and dose-dependently parameters, respectively. These results allowed us to conclude that AgNPs showed promising activity as antivenom agent but for its safer use, the toxicity should be evaluated on experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno de Brito Alves
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | | | - Edson Hideaki Yoshida
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - Jorge Amaral Filho
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- d Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering Programs, Technological and Scientific Institute , Brazil University , Itaquera, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida Varanda
- e Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Araraquara , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Mahendra Rai
- f Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , India
| | - Carolina Alves Dos Santos
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- c Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
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Ragassi Fiorini AM, Barbalho SM, Guiguer ÉL, Oshiiwa M, Mendes CG, Vieites RL, Chies AB, de Oliveira PB, de Souza MDSS, Nicolau CCT. Dipteryx alata Vogel May Improve Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Wistar Rats Dipteryx alata and Atherogenic Indices. J Med Food 2017; 20:1121-1126. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Élen Landgraf Guiguer
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Marie Oshiiwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudemir Gregório Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Lopes Vieites
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University Estadual Paulista–UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- Department of Pharmacology, Marilia Faculty of Medicine, FAMEMA, Marília, SP, Brazil
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Melaré R, Floriano RS, Gracia M, Rodrigues-Simioni L, Cruz-Höfling MAD, Rocha T. Ultrastructural aspects of mouse nerve-muscle preparation exposed to Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops bilineatus venoms and their toxins BthTX-I and Bbil-TX: Unknown myotoxic effects. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1082-1089. [PMID: 27535875 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bites by Bothrops snakes normally induce local pain, haemorrhage, oedema and myonecrosis. Mammalian isolated nerve-muscle preparations exposed to Bothrops venoms and their phospholipase A2 toxins (PLA2 ) can exhibit a neurotoxic pattern as increase in frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) as well as in amplitude of end-plate potentials (EPPs); neuromuscular facilitation followed by complete and irreversible blockade without morphological evidence for muscle damage. In this work, we analysed the ultrastructural damage induced by Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops bilineatus venoms and their PLA2 toxins (BthTX-I and Bbil-TX) in mouse isolated nerve-phrenic diaphragm preparations (PND). Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), PND preparations previously exposed to B. jararacussu and B. bilineatus venoms and BthTX-I and Bbil-TX toxins showed hypercontracted and loosed myofilaments; unorganized sarcomeres; clusters of edematous sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; abnormal chromatin distribution or apoptotic-like nuclei. The principal affected organelles, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, were those related to calcium buffering and, resulting in sarcomeres and myofilaments hypercontraction. Schwann cells were also damaged showing edematous axons and mitochondria as well as myelin sheath alteration. These ultrastructural changes caused by both of Bothrops venoms and toxins indicate that the neuromuscular blockade induced by them in vitro can also be associated with nerve and muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Melaré
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Stuani Floriano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Zip Code 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Gracia
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Léa Rodrigues-Simioni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Zip Code 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Av. São Francisco de Assis, 218, Zip Code 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Zip Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Coriolano de Oliveira E, Alves Soares Cruz R, de Mello Amorim N, Guerra Santos M, Carlos Simas Pereira Junior L, Flores Sanchez EO, Pinho Fernandes C, Garrett R, Machado Rocha L, Lopes Fuly A. Protective Effect of the Plant Extracts of Erythroxylum sp. against Toxic Effects Induced by the Venom of Lachesis muta Snake. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101350. [PMID: 27727185 PMCID: PMC6274453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are composed of a complex mixture of active proteins that induce toxic effects, such as edema, hemorrhage, and death. Lachesis muta has the highest lethality indices in Brazil. In most cases, antivenom fails to neutralize local effects, leading to disabilities in victims. Thus, alternative treatments are under investigation, and plant extracts are promising candidates. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of crude extracts, fractions, or isolated products of Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Erythroxylum subsessile to neutralize some toxic effects of L. muta venom. All samples were mixed with L. muta venom, then in vivo (hemorrhage and edema) and in vitro (proteolysis, coagulation, and hemolysis) assays were performed. Overall, crude extracts or fractions of Erythroxylum spp. inhibited (20%-100%) toxic effects of the venom, but products achieved an inhibition of 4%-30%. However, when venom was injected into mice before the plant extracts, hemorrhage and edema were not inhibited by the samples. On the other hand, an inhibition of 5%-40% was obtained when extracts or products were given before venom injection. These results indicate that the extracts or products of Erythroxylum spp. could be a promising source of molecules able to treat local toxic effects of envenomation by L. muta venom, aiding in the development of new strategies for antivenom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Alves Soares Cruz
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil.
| | - Nayanna de Mello Amorim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Guerra Santos
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24435-005, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Carlos Simas Pereira Junior
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Eladio Oswaldo Flores Sanchez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Caio Pinho Fernandes
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Garrett
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Machado Rocha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-346, RJ, Brazil.
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
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Presynaptic Proteins as Markers of the Neurotoxic Activity of BmjeTX-I and BmjeTX-II Toxins from Bothrops marajoensis (Marajó Lancehead) Snake Venom. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:2053459. [PMID: 27635261 PMCID: PMC5007310 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2053459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular preparations exposed to B. marajoensis venom show increases in the frequency of miniature end-plate potentials and twitch tension facilitation followed by presynaptic neuromuscular paralysis, without evidences of muscle damage. Considering that presynaptic toxins interfere into the machinery involved in neurotransmitter release (synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, and SNAP25 proteins), the main objective of this communication is to analyze, by immunofluorescence and western blotting, the expression of the synaptic proteins, synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, and SNAP25 and by myography, light, and transmission electron microscopy the pathology of motor nerve terminals and skeletal muscle fibres of chick biventer cervicis preparations (CBC) exposed in vitro to BmjeTX-I and BmjeTX-II toxins from B. marajoensis venom. CBC incubated with toxins showed irreversible twitch tension blockade and unaffected KCl- and ACh-evoked contractures, and the positive colabelling of acetylcholine receptors confirmed that their action was primarily at the motor nerve terminal. Hypercontraction and loose myofilaments and synaptic vesicle depletion and motor nerve damage indicated that the toxins displayed both myotoxic and neurotoxic effect. The blockade resulted from interference on synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, and SNAP25 proteins leading to the conclusion that BmjeTX-I and BmjeTX-II affected neurotransmitter release machinery by preventing the docking of synaptic vesicles to the axolemma of the nerve terminal.
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Giaretta VMDA, Santos LP, Barbosa AM, Hyslop S, Corrado AP, Galhardo MS, Nicolau RA, Cogo JC. Low-intensity laser therapy improves tetanic contractions in mouse anterior tibialis muscle injected with Bothrops jararaca snake venom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/2446-4740.04515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Photobiomodulation Protects and Promotes Differentiation of C2C12 Myoblast Cells Exposed to Snake Venom. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152890. [PMID: 27058357 PMCID: PMC4825984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebites is a neglected disease and in Brazil is considered a serious health problem, with the majority of the snakebites caused by the genus Bothrops. Antivenom therapy and other first-aid treatments do not reverse local myonecrose which is the main sequel caused by the envenomation. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of low level laser (LLL) therapy in reducing local myonecrosis induced by Bothropic venoms, however the mechanism involved in this effect is unknown. In this in vitro study, we aimed to analyze the effect of LLL irradiation against cytotoxicity induced by Bothrops jararacussu venom on myoblast C2C12 cells. METHODOLOGY C2C12 were utilized as a model target and were incubated with B. jararacussu venom (12.5 μg/mL) and immediately irradiated with LLL at wavelength of red 685 nm or infrared 830 nm with energy density of 2.0, 4.6 and 7.0 J/cm2. Effects of LLL on cellular responses of venom-induced cytotoxicity were examined, including cell viability, measurement of cell damage and intra and extracellular ATP levels, expression of myogenic regulatory factors, as well as cellular differentiation. RESULTS In non-irradiated cells, the venom caused a decrease in cell viability and a massive release of LDH and CK levels indicating myonecrosis. Infrared and red laser at all energy densities were able to considerably decrease venom-induced cytotoxicity. Laser irradiation induced myoblasts to differentiate into myotubes and this effect was accompanied by up regulation of MyoD and specially myogenin. Moreover, LLL was able to reduce the extracellular while increased the intracellular ATP content after venom exposure. In addition, no difference in the intensity of cytotoxicity was shown by non-irradiated and irradiated venom. CONCLUSION LLL irradiation caused a protective effect on C2C12 cells against the cytotoxicity caused by B. jararacussu venom and promotes differentiation of these cells by up regulation of myogenic factors. A modulatory effect of ATP synthesis may be suggested as a possible mechanism mediating cytoprotection observed under laser irradiation.
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Ferraz MC, de Oliveira JL, de Oliveira Junior JR, Cogo JC, dos Santos MG, Franco LM, Puebla P, Ferraz HO, Ferraz HG, da Rocha MMT, Hyslop S, San Feliciano A, Oshima-Franco Y. The Triterpenoid Betulin Protects against the Neuromuscular Effects of Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:939523. [PMID: 26633987 PMCID: PMC4655057 DOI: 10.1155/2015/939523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We confirmed the ability of the triterpenoid betulin to protect against neurotoxicity caused by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in vitro in mouse isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations and examined its capability of in vivo protection using the rat external popliteal/sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior (EPSTA) preparation. Venom caused complete, irreversible blockade in PND (40 μg/mL), but only partial blockade (~30%) in EPSTA (3.6 mg/kg, i.m.) after 120 min. In PND, preincubation of venom with commercial bothropic antivenom (CBA) attenuated the venom-induced blockade, and, in EPSTA, CBA given i.v. 15 min after venom also attenuated the blockade (by ~70% in both preparations). Preincubation of venom with betulin (200 μg/mL) markedly attenuated the venom-induced blockade in PND; similarly, a single dose of betulin (20 mg, i.p., 15 min after venom) virtually abolished the venom-induced decrease in contractility. Plasma creatine kinase activity was significantly elevated 120 min after venom injection in the EPSTA but was attenuated by CBA and betulin. These results indicate that betulin given i.p. has a similar efficacy as CBA given i.v. in attenuating the neuromuscular effects of B. jararacussu venom in vivo and could be a useful complementary measure to antivenom therapy for treating snakebite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriéle Cristina Ferraz
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 92,5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jhones Luiz de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 92,5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Joel Reis de Oliveira Junior
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 92,5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Serpentarium of the Center for Nature Studies and Institute for Research and Development (IP&D), Vale do Paraíba University (UNIVAP), Avenida Shishima Hifumi 291, 12244-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Galdino dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Tocantins Federal University, Avenida NS15, ALC NO14, 109 Norte, 77001-090 Palmas, TO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Madaleno Franco
- Pharmacy Course, Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Rodovia do Açúcar, Km 156, 13423-170 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Pilar Puebla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Salamanca University, Campus “Miguel de Unamuno”, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Helena Onishi Ferraz
- Pharmacy Course, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Prof. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto Gomes Ferraz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05434-070 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-870 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Salamanca University, Campus “Miguel de Unamuno”, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 92,5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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de Campos EP, Trombini LN, Rodrigues R, Portella DL, Werner AC, Ferraz MC, de Oliveira RVM, Cogo JC, Oshima-Franco Y, Aranha N, Gerenutti M. Healing activity of Casearia sylvestris Sw. in second-degree scald burns in rodents. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:269. [PMID: 26111930 PMCID: PMC4482163 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every year thousands of people are victims of burns, mainly scald burns. Many of these victims have small size wounds and superficial partial thickness and do not seek specialized medical care. As in Brazil Casearia sylvestris Sw., popularly known as guaçatonga is widely used for its analgesic, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory activities, this study sought to evaluate the effects of its hydroalcoholic extract in healing process of burns injuries. METHODS The obtained extract was validated applying a thin layer chromatography and sophisticated validation method using Bothrops jararacussu snake venom that is necrotic and inflammatory, and by which guaçatonga extract was able to neutralize the irreversible neuromuscular blockade induced by the venom. After induction of the scald injury, the animals were treated daily with saline solution spray; spray containing extract; biofilm; or biofilm impregnated with extract. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the four groups studied considering: extension of the healing area, neovascularization, fibroblast proliferation, and epithelialization. CONCLUSION The anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects of C. sylvestris Sw. suggests a potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in second-degree scald burn injuries, as well as, counteracting against the in vitro paralysis induced by B. jararacussu venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Pedro de Campos
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Nava Trombini
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Rodrigues
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Décio Luis Portella
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Carolina Werner
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Miriele Cristina Ferraz
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Robson Vicente Machado de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Carlos Cogo
- Serpentarium of the Vale do Paraíba University (CEN-UNIVAP), Av Shishima Hifumi 2911, 12244-000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Norberto Aranha
- Department of Technological and Environmental Process, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marli Gerenutti
- Laboratory for the Toxicological Research (Lapetox), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Cidade Universitária, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, 18023-000, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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