1
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Francis F, Wuest M, Woodfield JD, Wuest F. Palladium-Mediated S-Arylation of Cysteine Residues with 4-[ 18F]Fluoroiodobenzene ([ 18F]FIB). Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:232-244. [PMID: 38215469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-mediated bioconjugation chemistry has been used extensively to design and synthesize molecular probes to visualize, characterize, and quantify biological processes within intact living organisms at the cellular and subcellular levels. We demonstrate the development and validation of chemoselective [18F]fluoro-arylation chemistry of cysteine residues using Pd-mediated S-arylation chemistry with 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene ([18F]FIB) as an aryl electrophile. The novel bioconjugation technique proceeded in excellent radiochemical yields of 73-96% within 15 min under ambient and aqueous reaction mixture conditions, representing a versatile novel tool for decorating peptides and peptidomimetics with short-lived positron emitter 18F. The chemoselective S-arylation of several peptides and peptidomimetics containing multiple reactive functional groups confirmed the versatility and functional group compatibility. The synthesis and radiolabeling of a novel prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding radioligand [18F]6 was accomplished using the novel labeling protocol. The validation of radioligand [18F]6 in a preclinical prostate cancer model with PET resulted in favorable accumulation and retention in PSMA-expressing LNCaP tumors. At the same time, a significantly lower salivary gland uptake was observed compared to clinical PSMA radioligand [18F]PSMA-1007. This finding coincides with ongoing discussions about the molecular basis of the off-target accumulation of PSMA radioligands currently used for clinical imaging and therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Jenilee D Woodfield
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
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2
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Chassé M, Pees A, Lindberg A, Liang SH, Vasdev N. Spirocyclic Iodonium Ylides for Fluorine-18 Radiolabeling of Non-Activated Arenes: From Concept to Clinical Research. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300072. [PMID: 37183954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging tool for drug discovery, clinical diagnosis, and monitoring of disease progression. Fluorine-18 is the most common radionuclide used for PET, but advances in radiotracer development have been limited by the historical lack of methodologies and precursors amenable to radiolabeling with fluorine-18. Radiolabeling of electron-rich (hetero)aromatic rings remains a long-standing challenge in the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals. In this personal account, we discuss the history of spirocyclic iodonium ylide precursors, from inception to applications in clinical research, for the incorporation of fluorine-18 into complex non-activated (hetero)aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chassé
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anna Pees
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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3
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Humpert S, Omrane MA, Urusova EA, Gremer L, Willbold D, Endepols H, Krasikova RN, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. Rapid 18F-labeling via Pd-catalyzed S-arylation in aqueous medium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3547-3550. [PMID: 33870341 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report radiolabeling of thiol-containing substrates via Pd-catalyzed S-arylation with 2-[18F]fluoro-5-iodopyridine, which is readily accessible using the "minimalist" radiofluorination method. The practicality of the procedure was confirmed by preparation of a novel PSMA-specific PET-tracer as well as labeling of glutathione, Aβ oligomer-binding RD2 peptide, bovine serum albumin and PSMA I&S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Humpert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany.
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4
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Interaction of Ligands for PET with the Dopamine D3 Receptor: In Silico and In Vitro Methods. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040529. [PMID: 33918451 PMCID: PMC8065765 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
[18F]Fallypride and [18F]Fluortriopride (FTP) are two different PET radiotracers that bind with sub-nanomolar affinity to the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R). In spite of their similar D3 affinities, the two PET ligands display very different properties for labeling the D3R in vivo: [18F]Fallypride is capable of binding to D3R under "baseline" conditions, whereas [18F]FTP requires the depletion of synaptic dopamine in order to image the receptor in vivo. These data suggest that [18F]Fallypride is able to compete with synaptic dopamine for binding to the D3R, whereas [18F]FTP is not. The goal of this study was to conduct a series of docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies to identify differences in the ability of each molecule to interact with the D3R that could explain these differences with respect to competition with synaptic dopamine. Competition studies measuring the ability of each ligand to compete with dopamine in the β-arrestin assay were also conducted. The results of the in silico studies indicate that FTP has a weaker interaction with the orthosteric binding site of the D3R versus that of Fallypride. The results of the in silico studies were also consistent with the IC50 values of each compound in the dopamine β-arrestin competition assays. The results of this study indicate that in silico methods may be able to predict the ability of a small molecule to compete with synaptic dopamine for binding to the D3R.
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5
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Pauton M, Gillet R, Aubert C, Bluet G, Gruss-Leleu F, Roy S, Perrio C. The first radiosynthesis of 2-amino-5-[ 18F]fluoropyridines via a "minimalist" radiofluorination/palladium-catalyzed amination sequence from anisyl(2-bromopyridinyl)iodonium triflate. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6359-6363. [PMID: 31218326 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01187k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-amino-5-[18F]fluoropyridines was achieved in 8-85% yields by palladium-catalyzed reaction of 2-bromo-5-[18F]fluoropyridine with piperidine, dimethylamine, butylamine, methylpiperazine, benzylamine, aniline and 3-aminopyridine. 2-Bromo-5-[18F]fluoropyridine was obtained by radiofluorination of anisyl(2-bromopyridinyl-5)iodonium triflate (88% yield). The radiofluorination step was performed under "minimalist" conditions to guarantee a successful subsequent amination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Pauton
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT-UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France. and Sanofi R&D, IDD, Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Gillet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT-UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Catherine Aubert
- Sanofi R&D, IDD, Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Bluet
- Sanofi R&D, IDD, Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Florence Gruss-Leleu
- Sanofi R&D, IDD, Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Sanofi R&D, IDD, Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT-UMR 6030, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000 Caen, France.
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6
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Facile 18F labeling of non-activated arenes via a spirocyclic iodonium(III) ylide method and its application in the synthesis of the mGluR 5 PET radiopharmaceutical [ 18F]FPEB. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1530-1545. [PMID: 30980032 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-activated (electron-rich and/or sterically hindered) arenes are prevalent chemical scaffolds in pharmaceuticals and positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostics. Despite substantial efforts to develop a general method to introduce 18F into these moieties for molecular imaging by PET, there is an urgent and unmet need for novel radiofluorination strategies that result in sufficiently labeled tracers to enable human imaging. Herein, we describe an efficient method that relies on spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) precursors for one-step and regioselective radiofluorination, as well as proof-of-concept translation to the radiosynthesis of a clinically useful PET tracer, 3-[18F]fluoro-5-[(pyridin-3-yl)ethynyl] benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB). The protocol begins with the preparation of a SCIDY precursor for FPEB, followed by radiosynthesis of [18F]FPEB, by either manual operation or an automated synthesis module. [18F]FPEB can be obtained in quantities >7.4 GBq (200 mCi), ready for injection (20 ± 5%, non-decay corrected), and has excellent chemical and radiochemical purity (>98%) as well as high molar activity (666 ± 51.8 GBq/μmol; 18 ± 1.4 Ci/μmol). The total time for the synthesis and purification of the corresponding labeling SCIDY precursor is 10 h. The subsequent radionuclide production, experimental setup, 18F labeling, and formulation of a product that is ready for injection require 2 h.
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7
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemistry for Positron Emission Tomography: Recent Advances in 11 C-, 18 F-, 13 N-, and 15 O-Labeling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2580-2605. [PMID: 30054961 PMCID: PMC6405341 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technology that provides quantitative information about function and metabolism in biological processes in vivo for disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. The broad application and rapid advances of PET has led to an increased demand for new radiochemical methods to synthesize highly specific molecules bearing positron-emitting radionuclides. This Review provides an overview of commonly used labeling reactions through examples of clinically relevant PET tracers and highlights the most recent developments and breakthroughs over the past decade, with a focus on 11 C, 18 F, 13 N, and 15 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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8
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Deng X, Rong J, Wang L, Vasdev N, Zhang L, Josephson L, Liang SH. Chemie der Positronenemissionstomographie: Aktuelle Fortschritte bei
11
C‐,
18
F‐,
13
N‐ und
15
O‐Markierungsreaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine DesignPfizer Inc. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital & Department of RadiologyHarvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
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9
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Pike VW. Hypervalent aryliodine compounds as precursors for radiofluorination. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:196-227. [PMID: 28981159 PMCID: PMC10081107 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades or so, hypervalent iodine compounds, such as diaryliodonium salts and aryliodonium ylides, have emerged as useful precursors for labeling homoarenes and heteroarenes with no-carrier-added cyclotron-produced [18 F]fluoride ion (t1/2 = 109.8 min). They permit rapid and effective radiofluorination at electron-rich as well as electron-deficient aryl rings, and often with unrestricted choice of ring position. Consequently, hypervalent aryliodine compounds have found special utility as precursors to various small-molecule 18 F-labeling synthons and to many radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography. This review summarizes this advance in radiofluorination chemistry, with emphasis on precursor synthesis, radiofluorination mechanism, method scope, and method application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Demmans KZ, Seo CSG, Lough AJ, Morris RH. From imine to amine: an unexpected left turn. Cis-β iron(ii) PNNP' precatalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6531-6541. [PMID: 28989679 PMCID: PMC5627452 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A slight change in the iron catalyst structure (amine arm with PEt2 to imine arm with PPh2) results in a complete reversal of the enantioselectivity toward ketone reduction.
A novel PNN ligand bearing an orthophenylene group and a primary amine was synthesized with the aid of a palladium-catalyzed amination and reacted with phosphonium dimers [–PR2CH2CH(OH)–]2[Br]2 R = Et, iPr, Cy, Ph, xylyl, and o-Tol, and [Fe(OH2)6]2+ to produce a new series of cis-β iron(ii) PNNP′ precatalysts cis-β-[Fe(Br)(CO)(PNNP′)]BPh4 as a pair of diastereomers. The more stable orthophenylene amido group was chosen to imitate and replace the enamido moiety of a highly active iron precatalyst for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones in an attempt to prevent its deactivation caused by reduction of the enamido group. This objective was partially achieved using the complex with a PEt2 group which catalyzed the transfer hydrogenation in isopropanol of 150 000 equivalents of acetophenone to racemic 1-phenylethanol. With a low acetophenone to catalyst ratio of 500 to 1, the catalytic activity was moderate and the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product 1-phenylethanol ranged surprisingly from 94% (R) to 95% (S) depending on the nature of PR2 and whether the precatalyst contained an imine or amine donor. The amine precatalyst with a PEt2-group produced a more stable hydride species when activated, allowing the reaction mixture to be heated to 75 °C to obtain a TON of 8821 for acetophenone while retaining the high ee of 95% (S). The activation pathway in basic isopropanol (iPrOH) was studied for three precatalysts to elucidate that the cis-β precatalysts rearrange to form trans hydride complexes. The study suggests that the enantioselectivity of these complexes is determined by from which side of the PNNP′ plane the hydride transfer occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Z Demmans
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Chris S G Seo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
| | - Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada .
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11
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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12
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Petersen IN, Kristensen JL, Herth MM. Nucleophilic 18
F-Labeling of Spirocyclic Iodonium Ylide or Boronic Pinacol Ester Precursors: Advantages and Disadvantages. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nymann Petersen
- University of Copenhagen; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Matthias Manfred Herth
- University of Copenhagen; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Jagtvej 160 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
- Rigshospitalet; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET; Blegdamsvej 9 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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13
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Drerup C, Ermert J, Coenen HH. Synthesis of a Potent Aminopyridine-Based nNOS-Inhibitor by Two Recent No-Carrier-Added (18)F-Labelling Methods. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091160. [PMID: 27598109 PMCID: PMC6274366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an important multifunctional signaling molecule, is produced by three isoforms of NO-synthase (NOS) and has been associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Selective inhibitors of the subtypes iNOS (inducible) or nNOS (neuronal) are of great interest for decoding neurodestructive key factors, and 18F-labelled analogues would allow investigating the NOS-function by molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. Especially, the highly selective nNOS inhibitor 6-((3-((3-fluorophenethylamino)methyl)phenoxy)methyl)-4-methylpyridin-2-amine (10) lends itself as suitable compound to be 18F-labelled in no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) form. For preparation of the 18F-labelled nNOS-Inhibitor [18F]10 a “build-up” radiosynthesis was developed based on a corresponding iodonium ylide as labelling precursor. The such activated phenethyl group of the compound was efficiently and regioselectively labelled with n.c.a. [18F]fluoride in 79% radiochemical yield (RCY). After conversion by reductive amination and microwave assisted displacement of the protecting groups, the desired nNOS-inhibitor was obtained in about 15% total RCY. Alternatively, for a simplified “late-stage” 18F-labelling procedure a corresponding boronic ester precursor was synthesized and successfully used in a newer, copper(II) mediated n.c.a. 18F-fluoro-deboroniation reaction, achieving the same total RCY. Thus, both methods proved comparatively suited to provide the highly selective NOS-inhibitor [18F]10 as probe for preclinical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drerup
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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14
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Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic, thermal and dielectric properties of a novel semi-organic pentachloroantimonate (III). J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Rotstein BH, Wang L, Liu RY, Patteson J, Kwan EE, Vasdev N, Liang SH. Mechanistic Studies and Radiofluorination of Structurally Diverse Pharmaceuticals with Spirocyclic Iodonium(III) Ylides. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4407-4417. [PMID: 27540460 PMCID: PMC4987086 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical studies provide insight into radiofluorination of non-activated electron-rich and sterically hindered 18F-arenes using a new class of adamantyl-based spirocyclic iodonium(iii) ylide precursors.
Synthesis of non-activated electron-rich and sterically hindered 18F-arenes remains a major challenge due to limitations of existing radiofluorination methodologies. Herein, we report on our mechanistic investigations of spirocyclic iodonium(iii) ylide precursors for arene radiofluorination, including their reactivity, selectivity, and stability with no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride. Benchmark calculations at the G2[ECP] level indicate that pseudorotation and reductive elimination at iodine(iii) can be modeled well by appropriately selected dispersion-corrected density functional methods. Modeling of the reaction pathways show that fluoride–iodonium(iii) adduct intermediates are strongly activated and highly regioselective for reductive elimination of the desired [18F]fluoroarenes (difference in barriers, ΔΔG‡ > 25 kcal mol–1). The advantage of spirocyclic auxiliaries is further supported by NMR spectroscopy studies, which bolster evidence for underlying decomposition processes which can be overcome for radiofluorination of iodonium(iii) precursors. Using a novel adamantyl auxiliary, sterically hindered iodonium ylides have been developed to enable highly efficient radiofluorination of electron-rich arenes, including fragments of pharmaceutically relevant nitrogen-containing heterocycles and tertiary amines. Furthermore, this methodology has been applied for the syntheses of the radiopharmaceuticals 6-[18F]fluoro-meta-tyrosine ([18F]FMT, 11 ± 1% isolated radiochemical yield, non-decay-corrected (RCY, n.d.c.), n = 3), and meta-[18F]fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]mFBG, 14 ± 1% isolated RCY, n.d.c., n = 3) which cannot be directly radiolabeled using conventional nucleophilic aromatic substitution with [18F]fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America
| | - Richard Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States of America
| | - Jon Patteson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America
| | - Eugene E Kwan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States of America
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, United States of America
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16
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Chaturvedi S, Mishra AK. Small Molecule Radiopharmaceuticals - A Review of Current Approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:5. [PMID: 26942181 PMCID: PMC4763069 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are an integral component of nuclear medicine and are widely applied in diagnostics and therapy. Though widely applied, the development of an “ideal” radiopharmaceutical can be challenging. Issues such as specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, and feasible chemistry challenge the design and synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals. Over time, strategies to address the issues have evolved by making use of new technological advances in the fields of biology and chemistry. This review presents the application of few advances in design and synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals. The topics covered are bivalent ligand approach and lipidization as part of design modifications for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity and novel synthetic strategies for optimized chemistry and radiolabeling of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Chaturvedi
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation , Delhi , India
| | - Anil K Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation , Delhi , India
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17
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Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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18
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Korenaga T, Sasaki R, Shimada K. Highly electron-poor Buchwald-type ligand: application for Pd-catalysed direct arylation of thiophene derivatives and theoretical consideration of the secondary Pd0–arene interaction. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:19642-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Highly electron-poor SPhos ligands stabilised the Pd complex by secondary Pd0–arene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Iwate University
- Morioka
- Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Iwate University
- Morioka
- Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Iwate University
- Morioka
- Japan
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