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Bueno da Silva M, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Usadel B, Genzel F. Potato Berries as a Valuable Source of Compounds Potentially Applicable in Crop Protection and Pharmaceutical Sectors: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15449-15462. [PMID: 38970497 PMCID: PMC11261637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a major agricultural crop cultivated worldwide. To meet market demand, breeding programs focus on enhancing important agricultural traits such as disease resistance and improvement of tuber palatability. However, while potato tubers get a lot of attention from research, potato berries are mostly overlooked due to their level of toxicity and lack of usefulness for the food production sector. Generally, they remain unused in the production fields after harvesting the tuber. These berries are toxic due to high levels of glycoalkaloids, which might confer some interesting bioactivities. Berries of various solanaceous species contain bioactive secondary metabolites, suggesting that potato berries might contain similarly valuable metabolites. Therefore, possible applications of potato berries, e.g., in the protection of plants against pests and pathogens, as well as the medical exploitation of their anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal properties, are plausible. The presence of valuable compounds in potato berries could also contribute to the bioeconomy by providing a novel use for otherwise discarded agricultural side streams. Here we review the potential use of these berries for the extraction of compounds that can be exploited to produce pharmaceuticals and plant protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Bueno da Silva
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CEPLAS, Institute for Biological
Data Science, Heinrich Heine University
Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Genzel
- Institute
of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science
Center (BioSC), CEPLAS, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Brahmi F, Mateos-Aparicio I, Mouhoubi K, Guemouni S, Sahki T, Dahmoune F, Belmehdi F, Bessai C, Madani K, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L. Kinetic Modeling of Convective and Microwave Drying of Potato Peels and Their Effects on Antioxidant Content and Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030638. [PMID: 36978886 PMCID: PMC10045004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study deals with drying properties and focuses on the drying kinetics of potato peels (PP) by two processes, namely convection drying (CD) at various temperatures (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 °C) and microwave drying (MD) at different powers (200, 400, 600, and 800 W). In addition, the effectiveness of the adopted processes was evaluated in terms of antioxidant contents and antioxidant capacity. A total of 22 mathematical models were undertaken to predict the drying kinetics, and the best model was selected based on the highest R2 values and the lowest χ2 and RMSE values. The Sledz model was the more appropriate for both methods with values of 0.9995 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9999, χ2 = 0.0000, and 0.0054 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.0030 for CD, and the results of MD were 0.9829 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9997, 0.0000 ≤ χ2 ≤ 0.0010, and 0.0304 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.0053. The best drying rates (DR) of PP were assigned to a temperature of 120 °C and a power of 600 W with values of 0.05 and 0.20 kg water/kg dw min, respectively. A potential explanation is that as PP’s moisture content decreased during the drying process, there was a drop in absorption, which led to a reduction in the DR. The energy consumption of both processes was assessed, and it rose with increasing temperature or power. The microwave process reduced the drying time, consumed lower energy, and presented a higher drying efficiency at a moderate power level compared to the convection process. Furthermore, MD preserved antioxidants better compared to CD and improved the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the proposed microwave process for drying PP is suggested for its expected use in various fields, including the food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Brahmi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.M.-A.); Tel.: +213-776-52-54-87 (F.B.); +34-91394-1807 (I.M.-A.)
| | - Inmaculada Mateos-Aparicio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (I.M.-A.); Tel.: +213-776-52-54-87 (F.B.); +34-91394-1807 (I.M.-A.)
| | - Khokha Mouhoubi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Agri-Food Technologies Research Center, Targua Ouzemmour Rouad, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Sara Guemouni
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Tassadit Sahki
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Farid Dahmoune
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life and Earth Sciences Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria
| | - Ferroudja Belmehdi
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Chafiaa Bessai
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Khodir Madani
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Scientometry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
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Razgonova MP, Zinchenko YN, Kozak DK, Kuznetsova VA, Zakharenko AM, Ercisli S, Golokhvast KS. Autofluorescence-Based Investigation of Spatial Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Soybeans Using Confocal Laser Microscopy and a High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238228. [PMID: 36500322 PMCID: PMC9735898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we present a detailed comparative analysis of the bioactive substances of soybean varieties k-11538 (Russia), k-11559 (Russia), k-569 (China), k-5367 (China), k-5373 (China), k-5586 (Sweden), and Primorskaya-86 (Russia) using an LSM 800 confocal laser microscope and an amaZon ion trap SL mass spectrometer. Laser microscopy made it possible to clarify in detail the spatial arrangement of the polyphenolic content of soybeans. Our results revealed that the phenolics of soybean are spatially located mainly in the seed coat and the outer layer of the cotyledon. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used in combination with an amaZon SL BRUKER DALTONIKS ion trap (tandem mass spectrometry) to identify target analytes in soybean extracts. The results of initial studies revealed the presence of 63 compounds, and 45 of the target analytes were identified as polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya P. Razgonova
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia N. Zinchenko
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Darya K. Kozak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 675000 Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Kuznetsova
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 675000 Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Zakharenko
- Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology, Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology, Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Razgonova MP, Burlyaeva MO, Zinchenko YN, Krylova EA, Chunikhina OA, Ivanova NM, Zakharenko AM, Golokhvast KS. Identification and Spatial Distribution of Bioactive Compounds in Seeds Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. by Laser Microscopy and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162147. [PMID: 36015450 PMCID: PMC9412441 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The research presents a comparative metabolomic study of extracts of Vigna unguiculata seed samples from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. Analyzed samples related to different areas of use in agricultural production, belonging to different cultivar groups sesquipedalis (vegetable accessions) and unguiculata (grain accessions). Metabolome analysis was performed by liquid chromatography combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. Substances were localized in seeds using confocal and laser microscopy. As a result, 49 bioactive compounds were identified: flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidin, phenolic acids, amino acids, monocarboxylic acids, aminobenzoic acids, fatty acids, lignans, carotenoid, sapogenins, steroids, etc. Steroidal alkaloids were identified in V. unguiculata seeds for the first time. The seed coat (palisade epidermis and parenchyma) is the richest in phenolic compounds. Comparison of seeds of varieties of different directions of use in terms of the number of bioactive substances identified revealed a significant superiority of vegetable accessions over grain ones in this indicator, 36 compounds were found in samples from cultivar group sesquipedalis, and 24 in unguiculata. The greatest variety of bioactive compounds was found in the vegetable accession k-640 from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya P. Razgonova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Life Science and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.R.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Marina O. Burlyaeva
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia N. Zinchenko
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Krylova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A. Chunikhina
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia M. Ivanova
- Department of Botany, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Zakharenko
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Life Science and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.R.); (K.S.G.)
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Ostreikova TO, Kalinkina OV, Bogomolov NG, Chernykh IV. Glycoalkaloids of Plants in the Family Solanaceae (Nightshade) as Potential Drugs. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:948-957. [PMID: 36277854 PMCID: PMC9579588 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide interest in medicinal plants and related drugs is growing because of the increased spectrum of new synthetic drugs. In this context, secondary plant metabolites are most significant. This review analyzes data on the structures and biosyntheses of metabolites such as glycoalkaloids; methods for their extraction from plants of the family Solanaceae, particularly potato S. tuberosum; their qualitative and quantitative analysis; biological activity; and toxicity. This information could be useful in the selection of methods for sample preparation and extraction of glycoalkaloids during the search for new plant sources with prospects of creating effective and safe pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. O. Ostreikova
- grid.445664.10000 0004 0562 7304I. P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8 Vysokovol’tnaya St, Ryazan, 390026 Russia
| | - O. V. Kalinkina
- grid.445664.10000 0004 0562 7304I. P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8 Vysokovol’tnaya St, Ryazan, 390026 Russia
| | - N. G. Bogomolov
- grid.445664.10000 0004 0562 7304I. P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8 Vysokovol’tnaya St, Ryazan, 390026 Russia
| | - I. V. Chernykh
- grid.445664.10000 0004 0562 7304I. P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8 Vysokovol’tnaya St, Ryazan, 390026 Russia
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Ma B, Ma J, Li B, Tao Q, Gan J, Yan Z. Effects of different harvesting times and processing methods on the quality of cultivated Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2853-2861. [PMID: 34136153 PMCID: PMC8194732 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don is the major source plants of traditional Chinese medicine Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus (FCB). Domestication, introduction, and cultivation is an important strategy to alleviate the shortage of endangered medicinal plants of F. cirrhosa. However, until now, the yield and quality changes of FCB in different harvest periods and drying treatments after harvest were not well understood. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the yield and quality of cultivated F. cirrhosa at different harvest periods and postharvest processing methods. The results showed that dry weight per bulb ranged from 0.8913 to 1.4681 g and reached the highest at the wilting stage. The soluble sugar content ranged from 0.075% to 0.127% and reached the highest at the wilting stage. The content of total alkaloids ranged from 0.088% to 0.218% and reached the highest at the late-flowering stage. The contents of peimisine, sipeimine, peimine, and peiminine were 0.01178%-0.02615%, 0%-0.01713%, 0%-0.00745%, and 0%-0.00621% and reached the highest at the late-flowering period, wilting period, young fruit period, and initial flowering period, respectively. For the two different postharvest processing methods, the contents of total alkaloids and the 16 main characteristic peaks did not exhibit significant differences. Still, the alkaloid contents of the oven drying after washing were slightly higher than the sun drying. In conclusion, the best harvest period is the wilting period of F. cirrhosa, and oven drying after washing is more beneficial to ensure the quality of FCB and improve productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bujin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Qian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Jiaxia Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Zhuyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest ChinaSchool of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Nantongo JS, Odoi JB, Abigaba G, Gwali S. Variability of phenolic and alkaloid content in different plant parts of Carissa edulis Vahl and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:125. [PMID: 29439737 PMCID: PMC5811969 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the relative abundance and effect of post-harvest treatment on total phenolics (TP) and total alkaloids in the leaves and bark of Carissa edulis and Zanthoxylum chalybeum, which would give an indication of the suitability of leaves as alternative sources of medicine in these plant species. RESULTS Results indicated higher levels of total phenolics than total alkaloids in both of the species under both freezing and air drying conditions. While more alkaloids were found in leaves compared to bark, there was no difference in abundance of phenols between the plant parts of both species. Air drying preserved more TPs than freezing and the opposite was true for alkaloids. For sustainability, leaves are recommended as an alternative source of medicine instead of the preferred root or stem bark. However, the choice of whether to dry or freeze will depend on the specific compound of interest. Assessment of spatial variability of medicinal properties is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juventine Boaz Odoi
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Abigaba
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samson Gwali
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
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