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Pu M, Fang C, Zhou X, Wang D, Lin Y, Lei W, Li L. Recent Advances in Environment-Friendly Polyurethanes from Polyols Recovered from the Recycling and Renewable Resources: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1889. [PMID: 39000744 PMCID: PMC11244063 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is among the most universal polymers and has been extensively applied in many fields, such as construction, machinery, furniture, clothing, textile, packaging and biomedicine. Traditionally, as the main starting materials for PU, polyols deeply depend on petroleum stock. From the perspective of recycling and environmental friendliness, advanced PU synthesis, using diversified resources as feedstocks, aims to develop versatile products with excellent properties to achieve the transformation from a fossil fuel-driven energy economy to renewable and sustainable ones. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis and modification of PU by extracting value-added monomers for polyols from waste polymers and natural bio-based polymers, such as the recycled waste polymers: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PU and polycarbonate (PC); the biomaterials: vegetable oil, lignin, cashew nut shell liquid and plant straw; and biomacromolecules: polysaccharides and protein. To design these advanced polyurethane formulations, it is essential to understand the structure-property relationships of PU from recycling polyols. In a word, this bottom-up path provides a material recycling approach to PU design for printing and packaging, as well as biomedical, building and wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Pu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Changqing Fang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yangyang Lin
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wanqing Lei
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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Rayung M, Ghani NA, Hasanudin N. A review on vegetable oil-based non isocyanate polyurethane: towards a greener and sustainable production route. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9273-9299. [PMID: 38505386 PMCID: PMC10949916 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08684d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from conventional polyurethane (PU) to non isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is driven mainly by safety concerns, environmental considerations, and sustainability issues associated with the current PU technology. NIPU has emerged as a promising alternative, addressing limitations related to traditional PU production. There has been increasing interest in bio-based NIPU aligning with the aspiration for green materials and processes. One important biomass resource for the development of bio-based NIPU is vegetable oil, an abundant, renewable, and relatively low cost feedstock. As such, this review aims to provide insight into the progression of NIPU derived from vegetable oils. This article highlights the synthetic and green approach to NIPU production, emphasizing the method involving the polyaddition reaction of cyclic carbonates and amines. The review includes case studies on vegetable oil-based NIPU and perspectives on their properties. Further, discussions on the potential applications and commercial importance of PU and NIPU are included. Finally, we offer perspectives on possible research directions and the future prospects of NIPU, contributing to the ongoing evolution of PU technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah Rayung
- School of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka 26400 Bandar Tun Razak Pahang Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abd Ghani
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar 32610 Perak Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Hasanudin
- Terra Mineral Lab Sdn Bhd Level 16, Perak Techno Trade Centre Bandar Meru Jaya, Off Jalan Jelapan Ipoh 30020 Perak Darul Ridzuan Malaysia
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3
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Mangal M, H S, Bose S, Banerjee T. Innovations in applications and prospects of non-isocyanate polyurethane bioplastics. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23568. [PMID: 37846654 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, conventional plastics are necessary for a variety of aspects of modern daily life, including applications in the fields of healthcare, technology, and construction. However, they could also contain potentially hazardous compounds like isocyanates, whose degradation has a negative impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, researchers are exploring alternatives to plastic which is sustainable and environmentally friendly without compromising its mechanical and physical features. This review study highlights the production of highly eco-friendly bioplastic as an efficient alternative to non-biodegradable conventional plastic. Bioplastics are produced from various renewable biomass sources such as plant debris, fatty acids, and oils. Poly-addition of di-isocyanates and polyols is a technique employed over decades to produce polyurethanes (PUs) bioplastics from renewable biomass feedstock. The toxicity of isocyanates is a major concern with the above-mentioned approach. Novel green synthetic approaches for polyurethanes without using isocyanates have been attracting greater interest in recent years to overcome the toxicity of isocyanate-containing raw materials. The polyaddition of cyclic carbonates (CCs) and polyfunctional amines appears to be the most promising method to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). This method results in the creation of polymeric materials with distinctive and adaptable features with the elimination of harmful compounds. Consequently, non-isocyanate polyurethanes represent a new class of green polymeric materials. In this review study, we have discussed the possibility of creating novel NIPUs from renewable feedstocks in the context of the growing demand for efficient and ecologically friendly plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Supriya H
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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4
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Salcedo MLD, Omisol CJM, Maputi AO, Estrada DJE, Aguinid BJM, Asequia DMA, Erjeno DJD, Apostol G, Siy H, Malaluan RM, Alguno AC, Dumancas GG, Lubguban AA. Production of Bio-Based Polyol from Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD) and Crude Glycerol for Rigid Polyurethane Foam Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5453. [PMID: 37570156 PMCID: PMC10420174 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study propounds a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polyurethane (PU) foams, aiming to curtail this nonrenewable resource's continued and uncontrolled use. Coconut fatty acid distillate (CFAD) and crude glycerol (CG), both wastes generated from vegetable oil processes, were utilized for bio-based polyol production for rigid PU foam application. The raw materials were subjected to catalyzed glycerolysis with alkaline-alcohol neutralization and bleaching. The resulting polyol possessed properties suitable for rigid foam application, with an average OH number of 215 mg KOH/g, an acid number of 7.2983 mg KOH/g, and a Gardner color value of 18. The polyol was used to prepare rigid PU foam, and its properties were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric (TGA/DTA), and universal testing machine (UTM). Additionally, the cell foam morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), in which most of its structure revealed an open-celled network and quantified at 92.71% open-cell content using pycnometric testing. The PU foam thermal and mechanical analyses results showed an average compressive strength of 210.43 kPa, a thermal conductivity of 32.10 mW·m-1K-1, and a density of 44.65 kg·m-3. These properties showed its applicability as a type I structural sandwich panel core material, thus demonstrating the potential use of CFAD and CG in commercial polyol and PU foam production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Louella D. Salcedo
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Graduate School of Engineering, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
- Institute of Engineering and Computer Studies, Camiguin Polytechnic State College, Mambajao 9100, Philippines
| | - Christine Joy M. Omisol
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Anthony O. Maputi
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Dave Joseph E. Estrada
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Blessy Joy M. Aguinid
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Dan Michael A. Asequia
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Daisy Jane D. Erjeno
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Glenn Apostol
- Chemrez Technologies, Inc., Quezon City 1110, Philippines; (G.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Henry Siy
- Chemrez Technologies, Inc., Quezon City 1110, Philippines; (G.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold C. Alguno
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Physics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA 18510, USA;
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines; (M.L.D.S.); (C.J.M.O.); (A.O.M.); (D.J.E.E.); (B.J.M.A.); (D.M.A.A.); (D.J.D.E.); (R.M.M.); (A.C.A.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
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5
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Sundang M, Nurdin NS, Saalah S, Singam YJ, Al Edrus SSO, Ismail NM, Sipaut CS, Abdullah LC. Synthesis of Jatropha-Oil-Based Polyester Polyol as Sustainable Biobased Material for Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183715. [PMID: 36145855 PMCID: PMC9500860 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of vegetable oil in the production of polymeric material has gained interest due to its proven ability to replace nonrenewable petroleum sources, as it is readily modified via chemical reaction to produce polyol and subsequently for polyurethane production. Jatropha oil (JO), a second-generation feedstock, is one of the suitable candidates for polyester polyol synthesis because it contains a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, jatropha-based polyester polyols (JOLs) with different hydroxyl values were successfully synthesized via a two-step method: epoxidation followed by oxirane ring-opening reaction. Ring-opening reagents; methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used to produce polyol with hydroxyl number of 166, 180, and 189 mg/KOH, respectively. All the synthesized JOLs exhibited a Newtonian to shear thinning behavior in the measured shear rate ranges from 10 to 1000 s−1 at 25 °C. The viscosity of a JOL ring-opened with methanol, isopropanol, and ethanol was 202, 213, and 666 mPa·s, respectively, at 20 °C and 100 s−1, which is within the range of commercially available polyols. Successively, the JOLs were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to produce polyurethane prepolymer by utilizing 2,2-dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as an emulsifier. The prepolymer was then dispersed in water to produce a waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Colloidal stability of the jatropha-based polyurethane dispersions (JPUDs) were investigated by particle size analysis. A JPUD with a small particle size in the range of 6.39 to 43.83 nm was obtained, and the trend was associated with the soft segment of the polyol in the formulation. The zeta potentials of the JPUs ranged from −47.01 to −88.9 mV, indicating that all synthesized JPUs had high dispersity and stability. The efficient synthesis procedure, low cost, and excellent properties of the resulting product are thought to offer an opportunity to use jatropha oil as a sustainable resource for polyester polyol preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murni Sundang
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Nur Sjanrah Nurdin
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sariah Saalah
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yamunah Jaibalah Singam
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Wood and Tropical Fibre (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Maizura Ismail
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Coswald Stephen Sipaut
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Wood and Tropical Fibre (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Agu CM, Agulanna AC, Kadurumba CH, Nnaji PC, Udokporo EL, Menkiti MC. Characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics of epoxidation-esterification of Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil methyl ester. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09520. [PMID: 35663735 PMCID: PMC9156871 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxidation-esterification of fatty acid methyl ester obtained from Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil (IGKO), as well as its characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics were the main focus of this study. The methyl ester obtained via base catalyzed transesterification was used for epoxidation-esterification modification process. Epoxidation kinetics and thermodynamics parameters were also investigated. The properties of the IGKO and epoxidized-esterified Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil (IGKO) methyl ester (MIGKOe) were determined using standard methods. Rate constant K and activation energy Ea for the epoxidation process was found to be of the order 10−5 Lmol−1s−1 and 46.02 kJ/mol, respectively. ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS values for the epoxidation process were (94.74–101.42 kJ mol−1), 43.30 kJ mol−1, and – 167.20 J mol−1 K−1, respectively, indicating the non-spontaneous, endothermic, and endergonic nature of the process. The physicochemical characteristics of MIGKOe were: 9 °C, 298 °C, 840 kg/dm3, 13.84 mm2/s, 1.351 mg KOH/g oil, 1.01 mg/kg and 39.78 kV, for pour point, flash point, density, viscosity, acid value, moisture content and dielectric strength, respectively. The MIGKOe properties indicated its potential for use as a bio-transformer fluid, upon further treatment with pour point depressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Agu
- Chemical Engineering Department, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - A C Agulanna
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Area, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - C H Kadurumba
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - P C Nnaji
- Chemical Engineering Department, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - E L Udokporo
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - M C Menkiti
- Chemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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Xie W, Yan Q, Fu H. Study on novel rosin‐based polyurethane reactive hot melt adhesive. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Qiming Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Heqing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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8
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Zhou X, Zhang X, Mengyuan P, He X, Zhang C. Bio-based polyurethane aqueous dispersions. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the advances of green chemistry and nanoscience, the synthesis of green, homogenous bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersions with high performance have gained great attention. The presented chapter deals with the recent synthesis of waterborne polyurethane with the biomass, especially the vegetable oils including castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, jatropha oil, and palm oil, etc. Meanwhile, the other biomasses, such as cellulose, starch, lignin, chitosan, etc., have also been illustrated with the significant application in preparing polyurethane dispersions. The idea was to highlight the main vegetable oil-based polyols, and the isocyanate, diols as chain extenders, which have supplied a class of raw materials in WPU. The conversion of biomasses into active chemical agents, which can be used in synthesis of WPU, has been discussed in detail. The main mechanisms and methods are also presented. It is suggested that the epoxide ring opening method is still the main route to transform vegetable oils to polyols. Furthermore, the nonisocyanate WPU may be one of the main trends for development of WPU using biomasses, especially the abundant vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Pu Mengyuan
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyu He
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , P. R. China
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Chemical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion Derived from Jatropha Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050795. [PMID: 33807622 PMCID: PMC7961895 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a significant trend away from solvent-based polyurethane systems towards waterborne polyurethane dispersions due to government regulations requiring manufacturers to lower total volatile organic compounds, as well as consumer preference for more environmentally friendly products. In this work, a renewable vegetable oil-based polyol derived from jatropha oil was polymerized with isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylol propionic acid to produce anionic waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Free standing films with up to 62 wt.% bio-based content were successfully produced after evaporation of water from the jatropha oil-based waterborne polyurethane (JPU) dispersion, which indicated good film formation. The chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of the JPU films were characterized. By increasing the OH numbers of polyol from 161 mgKOH/g to 217 mgKOH/g, the crosslinking density of the JPU was significantly increased, which lead to a better storage modulus and improved hydrophobicity. Overall, JPU produced from polyol having OH number of 217 mgKOH/g appears to be a promising product for application as a binder for wood and decorative coatings.
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Mustapa SR, Aung MM, Rayung M. Physico-Chemical, Thermal, and Electrochemical Analysis of Solid Polymer Electrolyte from Vegetable Oil-Based Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010132. [PMID: 33396925 PMCID: PMC7795993 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the preparation of bio-based polyurethane (PU) from renewable vegetable oil. The PU was synthesized through the reaction between jatropha oil-based polyol and isocyanate in a one-shot method. Then, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt was added to the polyurethane system to form an electrolyte film via a solution casting technique. The solid polymer electrolyte was characterized through several techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), electrochemical studies, thermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The NMR analysis confirmed that the polyurethane was successfully synthesized and the intermolecular reaction had occurred in the electrolytes system. The FTIR results show the shifting of the carbonyl group (C=O), ether and ester group (C–O–C), and amine functional groups (N–H) in PU–LiClO4 electrolytes compared to the blank polyurethane, which suggests that interaction occurred between the oxygen and nitrogen atom and the Li+ ion as they acted as electron donors in the electrolytes system. DSC analysis shows a decreasing trend in glass transition temperature, Tg and melting point, Tm of the polymer electrolyte as the salt content increases. Further, DMA analysis shows similar behavior in terms of Tg. The ionic conductivity increased with increasing salt content until the optimum value. The dielectric analysis reveals that the highest conducting electrolyte has the lowest relaxation time. The electrochemical behavior of the PU electrolytes is in line with the Tg result from the thermal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Rosnah Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Min Min Aung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Unit of Chemistry, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agriculture Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Forestry and Forest Products, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marwah Rayung
- Institute of Forestry and Forest Products, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Towards Thermally Reversible Networks Based on Furan-Functionalization of Jatropha Oil. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163641. [PMID: 32785147 PMCID: PMC7465891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel biobased monomer for the preparation of thermally reversible networks based on the Diels-Alder reaction was synthesized from jatropha oil. The oil was epoxidized and subsequently reacted with furfurylamine to attach furan groups via an epoxide ring opening reaction. However, furfurylamine also reacted with the ester groups of the triglycerides via aminolysis, thus resulting in short-chain molecules that ultimately yielded brittle thermally reversible polymers upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction. A full-factorial experimental design was used in finding the optimum conditions to minimize ester aminolysis and to maximize the epoxide ring opening reaction as well as the number of furans attached to the modified oil. The optimum conditions were determined experimentally and were found to be 80 °C, 24 h, 1:1 molar ratio, with 50 mol % of LiBr with respect to the modified oil, resulting in 35% of ester conversion, 99% of epoxide conversion, and an average of 1.32 furans/triglyceride. Ultimately, further optimization by a statistical approach led to an average of 2.19 furans per triglyceride, which eventually yielded a flexible network upon cross-linking via a Diels-Alder reaction instead of the brittle one obtained when the furan-functionalization reaction was not optimized.
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12
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Mudri NH, Abdullah LC, Aung MM, Salleh MZ, Awang Biak DR, Rayung M. Comparative Study of Aromatic and Cycloaliphatic Isocyanate Effects on Physico-Chemical Properties of Bio-Based Polyurethane Acrylate Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071494. [PMID: 32635384 PMCID: PMC7407579 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude jatropha oil (JO) was modified to form jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) via two steps in a chemical reaction known as epoxidation and hydroxylation. JOL was then reacted with isocyanates to produce JO-based polyurethane resin. In this study, two types of isocyanates, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were introduced to produce JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI respectively. 2,4-TDI is categorised as an aromatic isocyanate whilst IPDI is known as a cycloaliphatic isocyanate. Both JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI were then end-capped by the acrylate functional group of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The effects of that isocyanate structure were investigated for their physico, chemical and thermal properties. The changes of the functional groups during each synthesis step were monitored by FTIR analysis. The appearance of urethane peaks was observed at 1532 cm−1, 1718 cm−1 and 3369 cm−1 while acrylate peaks were detected at 815 cm−1 and 1663 cm−1 indicating that JPUA was successfully synthesised. It was found that the molar mass of JPUA-TDI was doubled compared to JPUA-IPDI. Each resin showed a similar degradation pattern analysed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). For the mechanical properties, the JPUA-IPDI-based coating formulation exhibited a higher hardness value but poor adhesion compared to the JPUA-TDI-based coating formulation. Both types of jatropha-based polyurethane acrylate may potentially be used in an ultraviolet (UV) curing system specifically for clear coat surface applications to replace dependency on petroleum-based chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Huda Mudri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (N.H.M); (L.C.A.); Tel.: +60-3-8946-6288 (L.C.A.)
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.M); (L.C.A.); Tel.: +60-3-8946-6288 (L.C.A.)
| | - Min Min Aung
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mek Zah Salleh
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marwah Rayung
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (M.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zong H, Fang C, Lin Z, Yan Q, Lin X. A novel polyether polyol contains repeating cyclohexane units and its application on reactive polyurethane adhesive. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zong
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxiang Lin
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Yan
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Lin
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China
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14
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High Functionality Bio-Polyols from Tall Oil and Rigid Polyurethane Foams Formulated Solely Using Bio-Polyols. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13081985. [PMID: 32344553 PMCID: PMC7215456 DOI: 10.3390/ma13081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-quality rigid polyurethane (PU) foam thermal insulation material has been developed solely using bio-polyols synthesized from second-generation bio-based feedstock. High functionality bio-polyols were synthesized from cellulose production side stream—tall oil fatty acids by oxirane ring-opening as well as esterification reactions with different polyfunctional alcohols, such as diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, triethanolamine, and diethanolamine. Four different high functionality bio-polyols were combined with bio-polyol obtained from tall oil esterification with triethanolamine to develop rigid PU foam formulations applicable as thermal insulation material. The developed formulations were optimized using response surface modeling to find optimal bio-polyol and physical blowing agent: c-pentane content. The optimized bio-based rigid PU foam formulations delivered comparable thermal insulation properties to the petro-chemical alternative.
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15
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Sustainable Jatropha Oil-Based Membrane with Graphene Oxide for Potential Application in Cu(II) Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More recent attention has been focused on the utilization of Jatropha curcas in the field of water treatment. The potential of Jatropha oil in the synthesis of membrane for water filtration had been explored, its performance compared to the addition of graphene oxide (GO) in the polymer matrix. Jatropha oil was modified in a two-step method to produce Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) and was blended with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) to produce Jatropha polyurethane membrane (JPU). JPU was synthesized in different conditions to obtain the optimized membrane and was blended with different GO loading to form Jatropha/graphene oxide composite membrane (JPU/GO) for performance improvement. The synthesized pristine JPU and JPU/GO were evaluated and the materials were analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle, water flux, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Results showed that the ratio of HDI to JOL for optimized JPU was obtained at 5:5 (v/v) with the cross-linking temperature at 90 °C and curing temperature at 150 °C. As GO was added into JPU, several changes were observed. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and onset temperature (To) increased from 58 °C to 69 °C and from 170 °C to 202 °C, respectively. The contact angle, however, decreased from 88.8° to 52.1° while the water flux improved from 223.33 L/m2·h to 523.33 L/m2·h, and the pore distribution in JPU/GO became more orderly. Filtration of copper ions using the synthesized membrane was performed to give rejection percentages between 33.51% and 71.60%. The results indicated that GO had a significant impact on JPU. Taken together, these results have suggested that JPU/GO has the potential for use in water filtration.
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Jalil MJ. Optimization of Palm Oleic Acid Epoxidation via in Situ Generated Performic Acid Using Taguchi Orthogonal Array Design and the Study of Reaction Kinetics. SMART SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23080477.2019.1663392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Jumain Jalil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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