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Lin Y, Qiao J, Sun Y, Dong H. The profound review of Fenton process: What's the next step? J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:114-130. [PMID: 39003034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Fenton and Fenton-like processes, which could produce highly reactive species to degrade organic contaminants, have been widely used in the field of wastewater treatment. Therein, the chemistry of Fenton process including the nature of active oxidants, the complicated reactions involved, and the behind reason for its strongly pH-dependent performance, is the basis for the application of Fenton and Fenton-like processes in wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, the conflicting views still exist about the mechanism of the Fenton process. For instance, reaching a unanimous consensus on the nature of active oxidants (hydroxyl radical or tetravalent iron) in this process remains challenging. This review comprehensively examined the mechanism of the Fenton process including the debate on the nature of active oxidants, reactions involved in the Fenton process, and the behind reason for the pH-dependent degradation of contaminants in the Fenton process. Then, we summarized several strategies that promote the Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle, reduce the competitive consumption of active oxidants by side reactions, and replace the Fenton reagent, thus improving the performance of the Fenton process. Furthermore, advances for the future were proposed including the demand for the high-accuracy identification of active oxidants and taking advantages of the characteristic of target contaminants during the degradation of contaminants by the Fenton process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junlian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuankui Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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2
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Yu C, Peng M, Wang X, Pan X. Photochemical demethylation of methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic systems: A review of MeHg species, mechanisms, and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123297. [PMID: 38195023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Photodemethylation is the major pathway of methylmercury (MeHg) demethylation in surface water before uptake by the food chain, whose mechanisms and influence factors are still not completely understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on photodemethylation of MeHg and divide MeHg photolysis into three pathways: (1) direct photodemethylation, (2) free radical attack, and (3) intramolecular electron or energy transfer. In aquatic environments, dissolved organic matter is involved into all above pathways, and due to its complex compositions, properties and concentrations, DOM poses multiple functions during the PD of MeHg. DOM-MeHg complex (mainly by sulfur-containing molecules) might weaken the C-Hg bond and enhance PD through both direct and indirect pathways. In special, synergistic effects of both strong binding sites and chromophoric moieties in DOM might lead to intramolecular electron or energy transfer. Moreover, DOM might play a role of radical scavenger; while triplet state DOM, which is generated by chromophoric DOM under light, might become a source of free radicals. Apart from DOMs, transition metals, halides, NO3-, NO2-, and carbonates also act as radical initialaters or scavengers, and significantly pose effects on radical demethylation, which is generally mediated by hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen. Environmental factors such as pH, light wavelength, light intensity, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and suspended particles also affect the PD of MeHg. This study assessed previously published works on three major mechanisms, with the goal of providing general estimates for photodemethylation under various environment factors according to know effects, and highlighting the current uncertainties for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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3
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Powers LC, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gonsior M. Evaluating the photochemical reactivity of disinfection byproducts formed during seawater desalination processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169292. [PMID: 38104835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for seawater desalination but pre-chlorination of intake water produces halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The fate and environmental impacts associated with the discharge of DBP-containing RO brine wastewater are unknown. Therefore, to evaluate if photochemistry plays a role in DBP degradation in seawater, we collected samples at a desalination plant, which were desalted and concentrated using two-inline solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques combining reverse-phase polymeric (PPL) and weak anion exchange (WAX) resins. Both filtered water samples and SPE samples (extracts reconstituted in open ocean seawater) were exposed to simulated sunlight in a custom-built flow-through system. Optical property analysis during irradiation experiments did not provide distinguishing features between intake water and RO reject water (brine). Extractable organic bromine (organoBr) concentrations were low in intake water samples (7.8 μg Br L-1) and did not change significantly due to irradiation. OrganoBr concentrations in laboratory-chlorinated raw water were much higher (135 μg Br L-1) and on average decreased by 42 % after 24 h irradiation. However, while organoBr concentrations were highest in RO reject water (473 μg Br L-1), changes in organoBr concentrations in PPL SPE samples after 24 h irradiation were variable, ranging from a 1-46 % loss. Furthermore, most bromine-containing molecular ions identified by high resolution mass spectrometry that were present in RO reject water before irradiation were also found after both 24 h and 50 h exposures. Although only one RO reject water sample was tested in this study, results highlight that hundreds of yet to be identified brominated DBPs in RO reject water could be resistant to photodegradation or phototransform into existing DBPs in the environment. Future work examining the biolability of DBPs in RO reject water, as well as the interplay between photochemical and biological DBP cycling, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Munich, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University München, Munich, Germany; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States
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4
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Tu Z, Qi Y, Tang X, Wang Z, Qu R. Photochemical transformation of anthracene (ANT) in surface soil: Chlorination and hydroxylation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131252. [PMID: 36963191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the fate of anthracene (ANT) in soil, the photodegradation behavior of ANT was systematically studied using SiO2 to simulate a soil environment. Under xenon lamp irradiation, more than 90% of ANT loaded on SiO2 could be removed after 240 min. Moreover, the effects of water content, chloride ions (Cl-) and humic acid (HA) were examined. It was found that the presence of water and HA can significantly inhibit the photolysis of ANT on SiO2, while the addition of chloride alone has no obvious effect. However, when water is present, the inhibition effect of chloride became more obvious. According to radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) were formed in the system. Possible reaction pathways were speculated based on products identified by mass spectrometry. ANT was attacked by •OH to form hydroxylated products, which can be further hydroxylated and oxidized with the final formation of ring-opening products. ANT directly excited by light may also react with Cl• to produce chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs). Finally, the experimental results were verified on real soil. This study provides important information for understanding the photochemical transformation mechanism of ANT at the soil/air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Tang
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Delta Environmental Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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5
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Zhang T, Dong J, Zhang C, Kong D, Ji Y, Zhou Q, Lu J. Photo-transformation of acetaminophen sensitized by fluoroquinolones in the presence of bromide. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138525. [PMID: 36990358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a class of antibiotics with emerging concern. This study investigated the photochemical properties of two representative FQs, i.e., norfloxacin (NORF) and ofloxacin (OFLO). Results showed that both FQs could sensitize the photo-transformation of acetaminophen under UV-A irradiation, during which excited triplet state (3FQ*) was the main active species. In the presence of 3 mM Br‾, the photolysis rate of acetaminophen increased by 56.3% and 113.5% in the solutions with 10 μM NORF and OFLO, respectively. Such an effect was ascribed to the generation of reactive bromine species (RBS), which was verified by 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole (DMPZ) probing approach. 3FQ* reacts with acetaminophen through one-electron transfer, producing radical intermediates which then couple to each other. Presence of Br‾ did not lead to the formation of brominated products but the same coupling products, which suggests that radical bromine species, rather than free bromine, were responsible for the accelerated acetaminophen transformation. According to the identified reaction products and assisted with the theoretical computation, the transformation pathways of acetaminophen under UV-A irradiation were proposed. The results reported herein suggest that sunlight-driven reactions of FQs and Br‾ may influence the transformation of coexisting pollutants in surface water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cunliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Eco-Environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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6
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Yang F, Zhao Y, He L, Wang Z. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by base for degradation of methylene blue: role of bromide ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27306-5. [PMID: 37195600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bromide ions are inevitable in aquatic environment and influence the degradation of contaminants in non-radical based advanced oxidation processes, but the role of reactive bromine species (RBS) remain obscure. This study investigated the role of bromide ions in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) during the base/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process. The formation of RBS as a function of bromide ions were evaluated using a kinetic modelling. Bromide ions were shown to play crucial roles in MB degradation. Increasing the dosage of NaOH and Br- increased the transformation kinetics of MB. However, brominated intermediates which are more toxic than precursor MB were generated in the presence of Br-. The formation of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) was enhanced by elevating the dosage of Br-. The formation of AOX was even more significant in the absence of NaOH, and the AOX values decreased with the increasing alkalinity. The kinetic model indicated that the dominant reactive species formed in the base/PMS/Br- process are 1O2 and HOBr, and Br2 in the Br-/PMS process. Therefore, the influence of bromide ions should be taken into consideration in the application of the base/PMS process for organic matters in bromide-containing natural water. Strategies should be developed to make full use of RBS for the abatement of organic pollutants and to reduce the formation of AOX. This study reveals that in the treatment of saline wastewater by PMS-based processes, increasing the amount of NaOH may be an effective strategy to inhibit the accumulation of AOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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7
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Karre AV, Valsaraj KT, Vasagar V. Review of air-water interface adsorption and reactions between trace gaseous organic and oxidant compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162367. [PMID: 36822420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of the atmospheric aerosol through homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the bulk water and the air-water surface is reviewed. Water plays a critical role as a substrate or an actual reactant in atmospheric reactions. The atmospheric aerosol differs in shape and surface area. Many gaseous reactive species and oxidants react at the air-water surface. Different thermodynamic methods to estimate partitioning coefficients are explored. The Gibbs free energy is reduced when reactant gaseous species react with oxidant at the air-water surface; this phenomenon is explained using examples. Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism to quantify the heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water interface is discussed. Critical comparisons of various sampling techniques used to analyze adsorption and reaction at the water surface are presented. The heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water surface is significantly higher than in the bulk water phase due to a cage effect, higher rate of reactions, and lower Gibbs free energy of adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalliat T Valsaraj
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, United States
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8
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Guo Z, Kodikara D, Albi LS, Hatano Y, Chen G, Yoshimura C, Wang J. Photodegradation of organic micropollutants in aquatic environment: Importance, factors and processes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:118236. [PMID: 36682233 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions widely occur in the aquatic environment and play fundamental roles in aquatic ecosystems. In particular, solar-induced photodegradation is efficient for many organic micropollutants (OMPs), especially those that cannot undergo hydrolysis or biodegradation, and thus can mitigate chemical pollution. Recent reports indicate that photodegradation may play a more important role than biodegradation in many OMP transformations in the aquatic environment. Photodegradation can be influenced by the water matrix such as pH, inorganic ions, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The effect of the water matrix such as DOM on photodegradation is complex, and new insights concerning the disparate effects of DOM have recently been reported. In addition, the photodegradation process is also influenced by physical factors such as latitude, water depth, and temporal variations in sunlight as these factors determine the light conditions. However, it remains challenging to gain an overview of the importance of photodegradation in the aquatic environment because the reactions involved are diverse and complex. Therefore, this review provides a concise summary of the importance of photodegradation and the major processes related to the photodegradation of OMPs, with particular attention given to recent progress on the major reactions of DOM. In addition, major knowledge gaps in this field of environmental photochemistry are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Dilini Kodikara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Luthfia Shofi Albi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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9
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Li M, Durkin DP, Waller G, Yu Y, Men Y, Ye T, Chen H, Shuai D. Transformation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride by Reactive Chlorine Species: "Weak" Oxidants Are the Main Players. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2749-2757. [PMID: 36745632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials hold great promise in diverse applications; however, their stability in engineering systems and transformation in nature are largely underexplored. We evaluated the stability, aging, and environmental impact of g-C3N4 nanosheets under the attack of free chlorine and reactive chlorine species (RCS), a widely used oxidant/disinfectant and a class of ubiquitous radical species, respectively. g-C3N4 nanosheets were slowly oxidized by free chlorine even at a high concentration of 200-1200 mg L-1, but they decomposed rapidly when ClO· and/or Cl2•- were the key oxidants. Though Cl2•- and ClO· are considered weaker oxidants in previous studies due to their lower reduction potentials and slower reaction kinetics than ·OH and Cl·, our study highlighted that their electrophilic attack efficacy on g-C3N4 nanosheets was on par with ·OH and much higher than Cl·. A trace level of covalently bonded Cl (0.28-0.55 at%) was introduced to g-C3N4 nanosheets after free chlorine and RCS oxidation. Our study elucidates the environmental fate and transformation of g-C3N4 nanosheets, particularly under the oxidation of chlorine-containing species, and it also provides guidelines for designing reactive, robust, and safe nanomaterials for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
| | - David P Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland21402, United States
| | - Gordon Waller
- Chemistry Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California92521, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota57701, United States
| | - Hanning Chen
- Texas Advanced Computing Center, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78758, United States
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.20052, United States
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10
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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11
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Guo Z, Hatakeyama T, Yoshimura C, Wang T, Hatano Y. Basic influent sewage quality reflects sewershed characteristics in Tokyo city. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:972-984. [PMID: 35768971 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage comprises multifarious information on sewershed characteristics. For instance, influent sewage quality parameters (ISQPs) (e.g., total nitrogen (TN)) are being monitored regularly at all treatment plants. However, the relationship between ISQPs and sewershed characteristics is rarely investigated. Therefore, this study statistically investigated relationships between ISQPs and sewershed characteristics, covering demographic, social, and economic properties in Tokyo city as an example of a megacity. To this end, we collected ISQPs and sewershed characteristic data from 2015 to 2020 in 10 sewersheds in Tokyo city. By principal component analysis, spatial variability of ISQPs was aggregated into two principal components (89.8% contribution in total), indicating organics/nutrients and inorganic salts, respectively. Concentrations of organics/nutrients were significantly correlated with the population in sewersheds (daytime population density, family size, age distribution, etc.). Inorganic salts are significantly correlated with land cover ratios. Finally, a multiple regression model was developed for estimating the concentration of TN based on sewershed characteristics (R2=0.97). Scenario analysis using the regression model revealed that possible population movements in response to the coronavirus pandemic would substantially reduce the concentration of TN. These results indicate close relationships between ISQPs and sewershed characteristics and the potential applicability of big data of ISQPs to estimate sewershed characteristics and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan E-mail:
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan E-mail:
| | - Tingting Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan E-mail:
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12
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Wang J, Bu L, Wu Y, Sun J, Li G, Zhou S. Disinfection profiles and mechanisms of E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis in UV365/chlorine process: Inactivation, reactivation, and DBP formation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Belghit A, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Bouhelassa M, Al-Zahrani S. The multiple role of inorganic and organic additives in the degradation of reactive green 12 by UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:835-847. [PMID: 32762301 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1807609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of various mineral anions, diverse organic substrates and different environmental matrices on the removal of C.I. reactive green 12 (RG12), a refractory textile dye, by UV/chlorine emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) was performed. The co-exposure of RG12 (20 mg L-1) to UV and chlorine (0.5 mM) at pH 5 produced a strong synergism on the degradation rate. Radical probe technique showed that ●OH and Cl2●- were the main source of the synergistic effect. Bromide, bicarbonate and chloride at small dosage, i.e. 1 mM, enhanced the rate of RG12 degradation, but higher concentrations of these anions quenched the degradation process. Sulphate anions did not alter the degradation rate of the dye, but nitrite quenched it at ∼ 90%. The inhibiting effect of nitrate appeared only at advanced reaction time (>1 min).On the other hand, natural organic matter (NOM) reduced effectively the degradation rate. Besides, SDS surfactant at only 1 µM accelerated the degradation efficiency by ∼12%. However, Tween 80 has shown an insignificant effect, whereas reductions of 10% and 30% were recorded by Triton X100 and Tween 20, respectively. The RG12-degradation rate was not affected in the mineral water, but it was drastically improved in seawater. Conversely, a huge drop in the RG12-degradation efficiency was obtained in the wastewater effluent. UV/chlorine process is highly viable for degrading pollutant in matrices free of NOM. However, the process losses its potential application in matrices riche of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouattef Belghit
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bouhelassa
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Salah Boubnider Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Saeed Al-Zahrani
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Stanbury DM. Misconceptions about the Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine Atoms and HClOH •(aq), and a Revised Mechanism for the Photochemical Peroxydisulfate/Chloride Reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12541-12549. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely considered that aqueous chlorine atoms (Cl•) convert to the species HClOH• with a half life of about 3 µs and that this species plays an important role...
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15
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Formation of toxic iodinated by-products during the oxidation process of iohexol by catalytic ozonation in water. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Roy N, Alex SA, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A, Kannabiran K. A comprehensive update on antibiotics as an emerging water pollutant and their removal using nano-structured photocatalysts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:104796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Increased concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM), a complex mixture of organic substances found in most surface waters, have recently emerged as a substantial environmental issue. NOM has a significant variety of molecular and chemical properties, which in combination with its varying concentrations both geographically and seasonally, introduce the opportunity for an array of interactions with the environment. Due to an observable increase in amounts of NOM in water treatment supply sources, an improved effort to remove naturally-occurring organics from drinking water supplies, as well as from municipal wastewater effluents, is required to continue the development of highly efficient and versatile water treatment technologies. Photocatalysis has received increasing interest from around the world, especially during the last decade, as several investigated processes have been regularly reported to be amongst the best performing water treatment technologies to remove NOM from drinking water supplies and mitigate the formation of disinfection by products. Consequently, this overview highlights recent research and developments on the application of photocatalysis to degrade NOM by means of TiO2-based heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysts. Analytical techniques to quantify NOM in water and hybrid photocatalytic processes are also reviewed and discussed.
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18
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Liu H, Pu Y, Qiu X, Li Z, Sun B, Zhu X, Liu K. Humic Acid Extracts Leading to the Photochemical Bromination of Phenol in Aqueous Bromide Solutions: Influences of Aromatic Components, Polarity and Photochemical Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030608. [PMID: 33503850 PMCID: PMC7926322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is considered to play an important role in the abiotic transformation of organobromine compounds in marine environment, for it produces reactive intermediates photochemically and is recognized as a significant source of reactive halogen species in seawater. However, due to the complex composition of DOM, the relationship between the natural properties of DOM and its ability to produce organobromine compounds is less understood. Here, humic acid (HA) was extracted and fractionated based on the polarity and hydrophobicity using silica gel, and the influences of different fractions (FA, FB and FC) on the photochemical bromination of phenol was investigated. The structural properties of HA fractions were characterized by UV-vis absorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the photochemical reactivity of HA fractions was assessed by probing triplet dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). The influences of HA fractions on the photo-bromination of phenol were investigated in aqueous bromide solutions under simulated solar light irradiation. FA and FB with more aromatic and polar contents enhanced the photo-bromination of phenol more than the weaker polar and aromatic FC. This could be attributed to the different composition and chemical properties of the three HAs’ fractions and their production ability of •OH and 3DOM*. Separating and investigating the components with different chemical properties in DOM is of great significance for the assessment of their environmental impacts on the geochemical cycle of organic halogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-411-8472-3303
| | - Yingying Pu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (Y.P.); (X.Q.); (Z.L.); (B.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Kaiying Liu
- School of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
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Dong Y, Peng W, Liu Y, Wang Z. Photochemical origin of reactive radicals and halogenated organic substances in natural waters: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123884. [PMID: 33113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds, also termed organohalogens, were initially regarded to be of almost exclusively anthropogenic origin. However, recent research has demonstrated that photochemical reactions are important abiotic sources of organohalogen compounds in sunlit surface waters. Halide ions (X-, X represents Cl, Br and I) are common anions in natural waters and might be oxidized by reactive species originated from photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) or inorganic photoactive species. The resulting reactive halogen species may react with organic substances with diverse bimolecular reaction rate constants, depending on the complexity and structure of organic substances. Therefore, the chemical mechanism of halogenation remains challenging to be fully elucidated. To better understand the trends in the existing data and to identify the knowledge gaps that may merit further investigation, this review gives an integrative summary on the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halogen radicals (X/X2-). Photochemical halogenation of phenolic compounds and formation of methyl halide and brominated organic pollutants are highlighted. By evaluating existing literature and identifying some uncertainties, this review emphasizes the environmental significance of sunlight-driven halogenation and proposes further research directions on mechanistic investigation and rational experimental design close to natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Dong
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenya Peng
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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20
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Croce AC. Photobiology and Endogenous Fluorophore Based Applications, from Natural Environment to Biomedicine to Improve Human Life. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235707. [PMID: 33287262 PMCID: PMC7731228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-0382-986-428
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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21
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Tufail A, Price WE, Hai FI. A critical review on advanced oxidation processes for the removal of trace organic contaminants: A voyage from individual to integrated processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127460. [PMID: 32673866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation, Fenton process, anodic oxidation, sonolysis, and wet air oxidation, have been investigated extensively for the removal of a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). A standalone AOP may not achieve complete removal of a broad group of TrOCs. When combined, AOPs produce more hydroxyl radicals, thus performing better degradation of the TrOCs. A number of studies have reported significant improvement in TrOC degradation efficiency by using a combination of AOPs. This review briefly discusses the individual AOPs and their limitations towards the degradation of TrOCs containing different functional groups. It also classifies integrated AOPs and comprehensively explains their effectiveness for the degradation of a wide range of TrOCs. Integrated AOPs are categorized as UV irradiation based AOPs, ozonation/Fenton process-based AOPs, and electrochemical AOPs. Under appropriate conditions, combined AOPs not only initiate degradation but may also lead to complete mineralization. Various factors can affect the efficiency of integrated processes including water chemistry, the molecular structure of TrCOs, and ions co-occurring in water. For example, the presence of organic ions (e.g., humic acid and fulvic acid) and inorganic ions (e.g., halide, carbonate, and nitrate ions) in water can have a significant impact. In general, these ions either convert to high redox potential radicals upon collision with other reactive species and increase the reaction rates, or may act as radical scavengers and decrease the process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbab Tufail
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Lab, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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22
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Lin KC, Muthiah B, Chang HP, Kasai T, Chang YP. Halogen-related photodissociation in atmosphere: characterisation of atomic halogen, molecular halogen, and hydrogen halide. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1822590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiu-Pu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Toshio Kasai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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23
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Loureiro Dos Louros V, Silva CP, Nadais H, Otero M, Esteves VI, Lima DLD. Photodegradation of sulfadiazine in different aquatic environments - Evaluation of influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109730. [PMID: 32516634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics, such as sulfadiazine (SDZ), in the aquatic environment contributes to the generation of antimicrobial resistance, which is a matter of great concern. Photolysis is known to be a major degradation pathway for SDZ in surface waters. Therefore, influencing factors affecting SDZ photodegradation in different aquatic environments were here evaluated in order to have a better knowledge about its persistence in the environment. Photodegradation of SDZ was found to be more efficient at higher pH (t1/2 = 6.76 h, at pH = 7.3; t1/2 = 12.2 h, at pH = 6.3), in the presence of humic substances (HS) (t1/2 between 1.76 and 2.42 h), as well as in the presence of NaCl (t1/2 = 1.00 h) or synthetic sea salts (t1/2 = 0.78 h). Using ˙OH and 1O2 scavengers, it was possible to infer that direct photolysis was the main pathway for SDZ photodegradation in ultrapure water. Furthermore, results under N2 purging confirmed that 1O2 was not relevant in the phototransformation of SDZ. Then, the referred observations were used for the interpretation of results obtained in environmental matrices, namely the final effluent of a sewage treatment plant (STPF), fresh and brackish water (t1/2 between 2.3 and 3.48 h), in which SDZ photodegradation was found to be much faster than in ultrapure water (t1/2 = 6.76 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Loureiro Dos Louros
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Patrícia Silva
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Nadais
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana L D Lima
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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24
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Stanbury DM. Mechanisms of Advanced Oxidation Processes, the Principle of Detailed Balancing, and Specifics of the UV/Chloramine Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4658-4663. [PMID: 32126765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes tend to have very complex reaction mechanisms, and models containing over 150 steps have been developed to describe the chemistry. Without the aid of automation, it is extremely difficult to avoid the development of kinetic mechanisms that violate the principle of detailed balancing. Here, we apply DETBAL, a computer application, to systematically identify many violations of the principle of detailed balancing in a model proposed for the UV/chloramine process. We then show that these violations can also be found in dozens of other proposed models for advanced oxidation processes. Suggested repairs to these violations are provided. These repairs lead to no significant changes in the model predictions because the illegal loops include steps that are unnecessary under the conditions modeled. The model omits certain steps that do have significant effects on the model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Stanbury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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25
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Saeed A, Altarawneh M, Siddique K, Conesa JA, Ortuño N, Dlugogorski BZ. Photodecomposition properties of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110272. [PMID: 32061989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the geometric and electronic properties of selected BFRs in their ground (S0) and first singlet excited (S1) states deploying methods of the density functional theory (DFT) and the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We estimate the effect of the S0→ S1 transition on the elongations of the C-Br bond, identify the frontier molecular orbitals involved in the excitation process and compute partial atomic charges for the most photoreactive bromine atoms. The bromine atom attached to an ortho position in HBB (with regard to C-C bond; 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexabromobiphenyl), TBBA (with respect to the hydroxyl group; 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromobisphenol A), HBDE and BTBPE (in reference to C-O linkage; 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexabromodiphenylether and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, respectively) bears the highest positive atomic charge. This suggests that, these positions undergo reductive debromination reactions to produce lower brominated molecules. Debromination reactions ensue primarily in the aromatic compounds substituted with the highest number of bromine atoms owing to the largest stretching of the C-Br bond in the first excited state. The analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals indicates that, excitations of BFRs proceed via π→π*, or π→σ* or n→σ* electronic transitions. The orbital analysis reveals that, the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (EH-L) for all investigated bromine-substituted aromatic molecules falls lower (1.85-4.91 eV) than for their non-brominated analogues (3.39-8.07 eV), in both aqueous and gaseous media. The excitation energies correlate with the EH-L values. The excitation energies and EH-L values display a linear negative correlation with the number of bromine atoms attached to the molecule. Spectral analysis of the gaseous-phase systems reveals that, the highly brominated aromatics endure lower excitation energies and exhibit red shifts of their absorption bands in comparison to their lower brominated congeners. We attained a satisfactory agreement between the experimentally measured absorption peak (λmax) and the theoretically predicted oscillator strength (λmax) for the UV-Vis spectra. This study further confirms that, halogenated aromatics only absorb light in the UV spectral region and that effective photodegradation of these pollutants requires the presence of photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saeed
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Mohammednoor Altarawneh
- United Arab Emirates University, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Street, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Kamal Siddique
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Juan A Conesa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante Apartado 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Ortuño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante Apartado 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Bogdan Z Dlugogorski
- Charles Darwin University, Office of Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Research & Innovation, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
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26
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Liu H, Tong T, Pu Y, Sun B, Zhu X, Yan Z. Insight Into the Formation Paths of Methyl Bromide From Syringic Acid in Aqueous Bromide Solutions Under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2081. [PMID: 32245114 PMCID: PMC7142905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is one of the largest natural sources of bromine in the stratosphere, where it leads to ozone depletion. This paper reported the photochemical production of CH3Br from syringic acid (SA) that has been used as an environmentally relevant model compound for terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter. The formation of CH3Br increased with the increase of bromide ion concentration ranging from 0.8 to 80 mmol L-1. Ferric ions (Fe(III)) enhanced CH3Br production, while chloride inhibited it, with or without Fe(III). Meanwhile, methyl chloride (CH3Cl) was generated in the presence of chloride and was inhibited by Fe(III). The different effects of Fe(III) on the formation of CH3Cl and CH3Br indicate their diverse formation paths. Based on the intermediates identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the confirmation of the formation of Fe(III)-SA complexes, it was proposed that there were two formation paths of CH3Br from SA in the bromide-enriched water under simulated sunlight irradiation. One path was via nucleophilic attack of Br- on the excited state protonation of SA; the other was via the combination of methyl radical and bromine radical when Fe(III) was present. This work suggests that the photochemical formation of CH3Br may act as a potential natural source of CH3Br in the bromide-enriched environmental matrix, and helps in better understanding the formation mechanism of CH3Br.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (T.T.); (Y.P.); (B.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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27
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Menacherry SPM, Min DW, Jeong D, Aravindakumar CT, Lee W, Choi W. Halide-induced dissolution of lead(IV) oxide in frozen solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121298. [PMID: 31585282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dark dissolution behavior of plattnerite (ß-PbO2) was investigated in frozen solutions containing halide ions and compared with those in aqueous solution. The amount of dissolved lead in the frozen solutions varied depending on the solution pH and the kind and concentration of halide ions. The presence of bromide and iodide ions enhanced the dissolution of lead in the aqueous phase, whereas the effect of chloride was insignificant. Compared with the aqueous phase dissolution, ß-PbO2 dissolution in the frozen solution was slightly enhanced in the presence of bromide but suppressed in the presence of iodide. Iodide ions seemed to be relatively more trapped in the bulk ice (ice-crystal lattice) than bromide ions, which might be related to the suppressed dissolution of lead oxide in the presence of iodide. The co-existence of bromide (or iodide) and chloride ions in the frozen solution enhanced the dissolution of lead, which seems to be enabled by an additional reaction pathway involving the formation of mixed halide radicals, whereas such kind of synergistic enhancements were not observed in aqueous solution. The halide-induced lead oxide dissolution in frozen solutions can be related to the behavior of lead ions found in various media of frozen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paul M Menacherry
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea; School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Dae Wi Min
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daun Jeong
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Woojin Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Lin MH, Mehraeen S, Cheng G, Rusinek C, Chaplin BP. Role of Near-Electrode Solution Chemistry on Bacteria Attachment and Poration at Low Applied Potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:446-455. [PMID: 31793293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated mechanisms for biofouling control at boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode surfaces polarized at low applied potentials (e.g., -0.2 to 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl), using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism. Results indicated that electrostatic interactions between bacteria and ionic electrode functional groups facilitated bacteria attachment at the open-circuit potential (OCP). However, under polarization, the applied potential governed these electrostatic interactions and electrochemical reactions resulted in surface bubble formation and near-surface pH modulation that decreased surface attachment under anodic conditions. The poration of the attached bacteria occurred at OCP conditions and increased with the applied potential. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) provided near-surface pH and oxidant formation measurements under anodic and cathodic polarizations. The near-surface pH was 3.1 at 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl and 8.0 at -0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and was possibly a contributor to bacteria poration. Interpretation of SECM data using a reactive transport model allowed for a better understanding of the near-electrode chemistry. Under cathodic conditions, the primary oxidant formed was H2O2, and under anodic conditions, a combination of H2O2, Cl•, HO2•, Cl2•-, and Cl2 formations likely contributed to bacteria poration at potentials as low as 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Shafigh Mehraeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Cory Rusinek
- MSU-Fraunhofer Center for Coatings and Diamond Technologies, 1449 Engineering Research Court, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 945 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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29
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Oktem YA, Yuzer B, Aydin MI, Okten HE, Meric S, Selcuk H. Chloride or sulfate? Consequences for ozonation of textile wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:749-755. [PMID: 31279806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of chloride-rich textile wastewater is a common pretreatment practice in order to increase biodegradability and therefore meet the discharge limits. This study is the first to investigate ozone-chloride/bromide interactions and formation of hazardous adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in real textile wastewater. Initially effect of ozonation on chloride-rich real textile wastewater samples were investigated for adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) formation, biodegradability and toxicity. After 15 min of ozonation, maximum levels of chlorine/bromine generation (0.3 mg/l) and AOX formation (399 mg/l) were reached. OUR and SOUR levels both increased by approximately 58%. Daphnia magna toxicity peaked at 100% for 10 min ozonated sample. Considering adverse effects of ozonation on chloride-rich textile industry effluents, we proposed replacement of NaCl with Na2SO4. Comparative ozonation experiments were carried out for both chloride and sulfate containing synthetic dyeing wastewater samples. Results showed that use of sulfate in reactive dyeing increased biodegradability and decreased acute toxicity. Although sulfate is preferred over chloride for more effective dyeing performance, the switch has been hampered due to sodium sulfate's higher unit cost. However, consideration of indirect costs such as contributions to biodegradability, toxicity, water and salt recovery shall facilitate textile industry's switch from chloride to sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Askin Oktem
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak Yuzer
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Iberia Aydin
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Okten
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept.,Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sureyya Meric
- Namik Kemal University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept., Corlu 59860, Tekirdag, 59860, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Selcuk
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Xie P, Zou Y, Jiang S, Wang J, Zhang L, Wang Z, Yue S, Feng X. Degradation of imipramine by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) system: Influencing parameters, mechanisms, and variation of acute toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:282-291. [PMID: 31176129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of imipramine (IMI) in the VUV system (VUV185 + UV254) was firstly evaluated in this study. Both HO• oxidation and UV254 direct photolysis accounted for IMI degradation. The quantum yields of UV254 direct photolysis of deprotonated and protonated IMI were 1.31×10-2 and 3.31×10-3, respectively, resulting in the higher degradation efficiency of IMI at basic condition. Increasing the initial IMI concentration lowered the degradation efficiency of IMI. While elevating reaction temperature significantly improved IMI degradation efficiency through the promotion of both the quantum yields of HO• and the UV254 direct photolysis rate. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be about 26.6 kJ mol-1. Negative-linear relationships between the kobs of IMI degradation and the concentrations of HCO3-/CO32-, NOM and Cl- were obtained. The degradation pathways were proposed that cleavage of side chain and hydroxylation of iminodibenzyl and methyl groups were considered as the initial steps for IMI degradation in the VUV system. Although some high toxic intermediate products would be produced, they can be further transformed to other lower toxic products. The good degradation efficiency of IMI under realistic water matrices further suggests that the VUV system would be a good method to degrade IMI in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Durham, 27708-0287, USA
| | - Yujia Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zongping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Siyang Yue
- School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaonan Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Yang F, Sheng B, Wang Z, Yuan R, Xue Y, Wang X, Liu Q, Liu J. An often-overestimated adverse effect of halides in heat/persulfate-based degradation of wastewater contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104918. [PMID: 31234000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Halides (X-) in the industrial wastewater are usually thought to adversely affect the degradation kinetics and mineralization rates in several SO4--based advanced oxidation processes. However, their unfavorable effects might be overestimated, particularly the heat/persulfate (PS) system as tested in the present study. Here the degradation of phenol, benzoic acid, coumarin and acid orange 7 (AO7) was examined with the presence of chloride or bromide in a heat/PS process. Cl- was found to have a dual effect (inhibition followed by enhancement) on the decomposition rates of organic pollutants, whereas the effects of Br- are insignificant within the tested concentration (0-0.2 mM). However, some chlorinated or brominated compounds were still identified in this heat/PS system. Unexpectedly, the mineralization rates of AO7, phenol, benzoic acid and coumarin were not apparently inhibited. In addition, the formation of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) in the heat/PS system was much less than those in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/Cl- or PMS/Br- systems. According to the results of kinetic modeling, SO4- was the dominating radical for AO7 degradation without Cl- or Br-, but Cl2- was the main oxidant in the presence of Cl-, SO4-, Br and Br2- were responsible for the oxidation of AO7 in the presence of Br-. The present study assumes that X2/HOX, rather than halogen radicals, is responsible for the enhanced formation of organohalogens. These findings are meaningful to evaluate the PS-based technologies for the high-salinity wastewater and to develop useful strategies for mitigating the negative effects of halides in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bo Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Ruixia Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 15 163318, China
| | - Ying Xue
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qingze Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianshe Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Brüninghoff R, van Duijne AK, Braakhuis L, Saha P, Jeremiasse AW, Mei B, Mul G. Comparative Analysis of Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Degradation of 4-Ethylphenol in Saline Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8725-8735. [PMID: 31282148 PMCID: PMC6686150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated electrochemical degradation (ECD) and photocatalytic degradation (PCD) technologies for saline water purification, with a focus on rate comparison and formation and degradation of chlorinated aromatic intermediates using the same non-chlorinated parent compound, 4-ethylphenol (4EP). At 15 mA·cm-2, and in the absence of chloride (0.6 mol·L-1 NaNO3 was used as supporting electrolyte), ECD resulted in an apparent zero-order rate of 30 μmol L-1·h-1, whereas rates of ∼300 μmol L-1·h-1 and ∼3750 μmol L-1·h-1 were computed for low (0.03 mol·L-1) and high (0.6 mol·L-1) NaCl concentration, respectively. For PCD, initial rates of ∼330 μmol L-1·h-1 and 205 μmol L-1·h-1 were found for low and high NaCl concentrations, at a photocatalyst (TiO2) concentration of 0.5 g·L-1, and illumination at λmax ≈ 375 nm, with an intensity ∼0.32 mW·cm-2. In the chlorine mediated ECD approach, significant quantities of free chlorine (hypochlorite, Cl2) and chlorinated hydrocarbons were formed in solution, while photocatalytic degradation did not show the formation of free chlorine, nor chlorine-containing intermediates, and resulted in better removal of non-purgeable hydrocarbons than ECD. The origin of the minimal formation of free chlorine and chlorinated compounds in photocatalytic degradation is discussed based on photoelectrochemical results and existing literature, and explained by a chloride-mediated surface-charge recombination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brüninghoff
- PhotoCatalytic
Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alyssa K. van Duijne
- PhotoCatalytic
Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Braakhuis
- PhotoCatalytic
Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pradip Saha
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. Jeremiasse
- MAGNETO
Special Anodes B.V. (an Evoqua brand), Calandstraat 109, 3125 BA Schiedam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian Mei
- PhotoCatalytic
Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- PhotoCatalytic
Synthesis Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Studies on the Kinetics of Doxazosin Degradation in Simulated Environmental Conditions and Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical behavior of doxazosin (DOX) in simulated environmental conditions using natural waters taken from local rivers as a solvent was studied. The chemical characteristics of applied waters was done and a correlation analysis was used to explain the impact of individual parameters of matrix on the rate of the DOX degradation. It was stated that DOX is a photoliable compound in an aqueous environment. Its degradation is promoted by basic medium, presence of environmentally important ions such as Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and organic matter. The kinetics of DOX reactions with OH− and SO4− radicals were examined individually. The UV/H2O2, classical Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, were applied for the generation of hydroxyl radicals while the UV/VIS:Fe2(SO4)3:Na2SO2 system was employed for production of SO4− radicals. The obtained results pointed that photo-Fenton, as well as UV/VIS:Fe2(SO4)3:Na2SO2, are very reactive in ratio to DOX, leading to its complete degradation in a short time. A quantitative density functional theory (DFT) mechanistic study was carried out in order to explain the molecular mechanism of DOX degradation using the GAUSSIAN 09 program.
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34
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Bulman DM, Mezyk SP, Remucal CK. The Impact of pH and Irradiation Wavelength on the Production of Reactive Oxidants during Chlorine Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4450-4459. [PMID: 30888799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine photolysis is an advanced oxidation process which relies on photolytic cleavage of free available chlorine (i.e., hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite) to generate hydroxyl radical, along with ozone and a suite of halogen radicals. Little is known about the impact of wavelength on reactive oxidant generation even though chlorine absorbs light within the solar spectrum. This study investigates the formation of reactive oxidants during chlorine photolysis as a function of pH (6-10) and irradiation wavelength (254, 311, and 365 nm) using a combination of reactive oxidant quantification with validated probe compounds and kinetic modeling. Observed chlorine loss rate constants increase with pH during irradiation at high wavelengths due to the higher molar absorptivity of hypochlorite (p Ka = 7.5), while there is no change at 254 nm. Hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical steady-state concentrations are greatest under acidic conditions for all tested wavelengths and are highest using 254 and 311 nm irradiation. Ozone generation is observed under all conditions, with maximum cumulative concentrations at pH 8 for 311 and 365 nm. A comprehensive kinetic model generally predicts the trends in chlorine loss and oxidant concentrations, but a comparison of previously published kinetic models reveals the challenges of modeling this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Manley Bulman
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Stephen P Mezyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University at Long Beach Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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Liu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Li W, Hang C, Sharma VK. Phototransformation of halophenolic disinfection byproducts in receiving seawater: Kinetics, products, and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:68-76. [PMID: 30508715 PMCID: PMC6390291 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flushing toilet with seawater is an effective method for preserving freshwater resources, but it introduces iodide and bromide ions into domestic wastewater. During chlorine disinfection, iodide and bromide ions in the saline wastewater effluent lead to the formation of iodinated and brominated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Examples of aromatic DBPs include iodophenolic, bromophenolic and chlorophenolic compounds, which generally display substantially higher toxicity than haloaliphatic DBPs. This paper presented for the first time the rates of phototransformation of 21 newly identified halophenolic DBPs in seawater, the receiving waterbody of the wastewater effluent. The phototransformation rate constants (k) were in the range from 7.75 × 10-4 to 4.62 × 10-1 h-1, which gave half-lives of 1.5-895 h. A quantitative structure-activity relationship was established for the phototransformation of halophenolic DBPs as logk=-0.0100×ΔGf0+5.7528×logMW+0.3686×pKa-19.1607, where ΔGf0 is standard Gibbs formation energy, MW is molecular weight, and pKa is dissociation constant. This model well predicted the k values of halophenolic DBPs. Among the tested DBPs, 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol were found to exhibit relatively high risks on marine organisms, based on toxicity indices and half-lives. In seawater, the two DBPs underwent photonucleophilic substitutions by bromide, chloride and hydroxide ions, resulting in the conversion to their bromophenolic and chlorophenolic counterparts (which are less toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs) and to their hydroxyphenolic counterparts (iodo(hydro)quinones, which are more toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs). The formed iodo(hydro)quinones further transformed to hydroxyl-iodo(hydro)quinones, which have lower toxicity than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Hang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Hong R, Zhang L, Zhu W, Gu C. Photo-transformation of atrazine in aqueous solution in the presence of Fe 3+-montmorillonite clay and humic substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:224-233. [PMID: 30366323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most troublesome herbicides, the natural behavior of atrazine has drawn great attentions. Currently, most studies investigated the adsorption of atrazine on clay minerals and humic substances (HSs), whereas, the transformation of atrazine catalyzed by clay and HSs was still unknown. In the present study, photo-degradation of atrazine in the presence of Fe3+-montmorillonite and Suwannee river fulvic acid (SRFA) in aqueous solution was systematically studied. In the Fe3+-montmorillonite system, the hydroxyl radical (OH) induced removal of atrazine was strongly pH-dependent and the reaction rate increased with the decrease of pH. The presence of SRFA suppressed the atrazine degradation by Fe3+-montmorillonite at pH 3 but promoted its removal rate in the pH range of 4-6. Our results demonstrated that both OH and singlet oxygen are responsible for the degradation process in the Fe3+-montmorillonite/SRFA hybrid system. The degradation of atrazine followed the cleavage of the CN bonds in aliphatic chains of atrazine, and three major products, desethylatrazine, desisopropylatrazine and desethyldesisopropylatrazine were detected. The toxicity assessment showed that the toxicity of the reaction solution significantly decreased after the radical reactions, indicating that the transformation of atrazine on natural clay minerals with/without HSs could be considered as a detoxification pathway, which might be important to evaluate the environmental risk of atrazine in a natural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environment Protection of the People's Republic of China, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Zhang YN, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Qu J, Chen J, Li C, Qin W, Zhao Y, Peijnenburg WJGM. Combined effects of dissolved organic matter, pH, ionic strength and halides on photodegradation of oxytetracycline in simulated estuarine waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:155-162. [PMID: 30620012 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00473k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine waters of variable compositions are sinks for many micropollutants. The varying water properties can impact the photodegradation of organic pollutants. In this study, the combined effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM), pH, ionic strength, and halides on the photodegradation of the model organic pollutant oxytetracycline (OTC) were investigated. Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) was used as a representative DOM. The results showed that the observed photolysis rate constant (kobs) of OTC increased rapidly upon increase of pH. SRNOM induced a 11.0-17.9% decrease of the kobs for OTC. In the presence of SRNOM, the ionic strength and specific halide effects promote OTC photodegradation with a 39.2-84.2% and 7.1-28.8% increase of the kobs, respectively. The effects of SRNOM, ionic strength and halides on OTC photodegradation are pH-dependent. Direct photolysis half-lives (t1/2) of OTC were estimated in view of the more important role of direct photolysis compared to indirect photolysis. The estimated t1/2 values decreased from 187.4-206.6 d to 34.4-36.6 d as the pH increases in the Yellow River estuarine region. The results of this research demonstrate that the photodegradation rate of OTC increases rapidly in the gradient from river water to marine water in estuarine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
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Zhang K, Parker KM. Halogen Radical Oxidants in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9579-9594. [PMID: 30080407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute to the transformation of contaminants and biogeochemically important substrates in environmental aquatic systems. Recent research has demonstrated that halogen radicals (e.g., Cl•, Br•, Cl2•-, BrCl•-, Br2•-) impact photochemical processes in sunlit estuarine and coastal waters rich in halides (e.g., chloride, Cl-, and bromide, Br-). In addition, halogen radicals participate in contaminant degradation in some engineered processes, including chlorine photolysis for drinking water treatment and several radical-based processes for brine and wastewater treatment. Halogen radicals react selectively with substrates (with bimolecular rate constants spanning several orders of magnitude) and via several potential chemical mechanisms. Consequently, their role in photochemical processes remains challenging to assess. This review presents an integrative analysis of the chemistry of halogen radicals and their contribution to aquatic photochemistry in sunlit surface waters and engineered treatment systems. We evaluate existing data on the generation, speciation, and reactivity of halogen radicals, as well as experimental and computational approaches used to obtain this data. By evaluating existing data and identifying major uncertainties, this review provides a basis to assess the impact of halogen radicals on photochemical processes in both saline surface waters and engineered treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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Pinto M, Salgado R, Laia C, Cooper WJ, Sontag G, Burrows HD, Branco L, Vale C, Noronha J. The effect of chloride ions and organic matter on the photodegradation of acetamiprid in saline waters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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40
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Yang Y, Banerjee G, Brudvig GW, Kim JH, Pignatello JJ. Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water by Unactivated Peroxymonosulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5911-5919. [PMID: 29664293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (HSO5- and PMS) is an optional bulk oxidant in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treating wastewaters. Normally, PMS is activated by the input of energy or reducing agent to generate sulfate or hydroxyl radicals or both. This study shows that PMS without explicit activation undergoes direct reaction with a variety of compounds, including antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, phenolics, and commonly used singlet-oxygen (1O2) traps and quenchers, specifically furfuryl alcohol (FFA), azide, and histidine. Reaction time frames varied from minutes to a few hours at pH 9. With the use of a test compound with intermediate reactivity (FFA), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging experiments ruled out sulfate and hydroxyl radicals. Although 1O2 was detected by EPR and is produced stoichiometrically through PMS self-decomposition, 1O2 plays only a minor role due to its efficient quenching by water, as confirmed by experiments manipulating the 1O2 formation rate (addition of H2O2) or lifetime (deuterium solvent isotope effect). Direct reactions with PMS are highly pH- and ionic-strength-sensitive and can be accelerated by (bi)carbonate, borate, and pyrophosphate (although not phosphate) via non-radical pathways. The findings indicate that direct reaction with PMS may steer degradation pathways and must be considered in AOPs and other applications. They also signal caution to researchers when choosing buffers as well as 1O2 traps and quenchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , 123 Huntington Street , P.O. Box 1106, New Haven , Connecticut 06504 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , 123 Huntington Street , P.O. Box 1106, New Haven , Connecticut 06504 , United States
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