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Hsieh YH, Hsu PH, Hu A, Cheng YJ, Shih TL, Chen JJ. Synthesis of Flavonols and Assessment of Their Biological Activity as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:2041. [PMID: 38731532 PMCID: PMC11085485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of flavanols were synthesized to assess their biological activity against human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549). Among the sixteen synthesized compounds, it was observed that compounds 6k (3.14 ± 0.29 µM) and 6l (0.46 ± 0.02 µM) exhibited higher potency compared to 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu, 4.98 ± 0.41 µM), a clinical anticancer drug which was used as a positive control. Moreover, compound 6l (4'-bromoflavonol) markedly induced apoptosis of A549 cells through the mitochondrial- and caspase-3-dependent pathways. Consequently, compound 6l might be developed as a candidate for treating or preventing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Hsieh
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Anren Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan;
| | - Yang-Je Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Tzenge-Lien Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251301, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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Li D, Luo ZB, Zhu J, Wang JX, Jin ZY, Qi S, Jin M, Quan LH. Ginsenoside F2-Mediated Intestinal Microbiota and Its Metabolite Propionic Acid Positively Impact the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:339-350. [PMID: 38150707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory skin disease induced by multiple factors. AD can also cause intestinal inflammation and disorders of the gut microbiota. Ginseng is a kind of edible and medicinal plant; its main active components are ginsenosides. Ginsenosides have a variety of anti-inflammatory effects and regulate the gut microbiota; however, their role in AD and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we found that intragastric administration of ginsenoside F2 improved AD-like skin symptoms and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, serum immunoglobulin E levels, and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in AD mice. 16s rRNA sequencing analysis showed that ginsenoside F2 altered the intestinal microbiota structure and enriched the short-chain fatty acid-producing microbiota in AD mice. Metabolomic analysis revealed that ginsenoside F2 significantly increased the propionic acid (Pa) content of feces and serum in AD mice, which was positively correlated with significant enrichment of Parabacteroides goldsteinii and Lactobacillus plantarum in the intestines. Pa inhibits inflammatory responses in the gut and skin of AD mice through the G-protein-coupled receptor43/NF-κB pathway, thereby improving skin AD symptoms. These results revealed, for the first time, the mechanism by which ginsenoside F2 improves AD through the Pa (a metabolite of intestinal microbiota)-gut-skin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Li
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jun-Xia Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zheng-Yun Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Shaobo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Yang R, Lu Y, Yin N, Faiola F. Transcriptomic Integration Analyses Uncover Common Bisphenol A Effects Across Species and Tissues Primarily Mediated by Disruption of JUN/FOS, EGFR, ER, PPARG, and P53 Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19156-19168. [PMID: 37978927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common endocrine disruptor widely used in the production of electronic, sports, and medical equipment, as well as consumer products like milk bottles, dental sealants, and thermal paper. Despite its widespread use, current assessments of BPA exposure risks remain limited due to the lack of comprehensive cross-species comparative analyses. To address this gap, we conducted a study aimed at identifying genes and fundamental molecular processes consistently affected by BPA in various species and tissues, employing an effective data integration method and bioinformatic analyses. Our findings revealed that exposure to BPA led to significant changes in processes like lipid metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis in the tissues/cells of mammals, fish, and nematodes. These processes were found to be commonly affected in adipose, liver, mammary, uterus, testes, and ovary tissues. Additionally, through an in-depth analysis of signaling pathways influenced by BPA in different species and tissues, we observed that the JUN/FOS, EGFR, ER, PPARG, and P53 pathways, along with their downstream key transcription factors and kinases, were all impacted by BPA. Our study provides compelling evidence that BPA indeed induces similar toxic effects across different species and tissues. Furthermore, our investigation sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these toxic effects. By uncovering these mechanisms, we gain valuable insights into the potential health implications associated with BPA exposure, highlighting the importance of comprehensive assessments and awareness of this widespread endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Kumar A, Kashver S, Sharma K, Kumar P, Devi V, Kumar A, Singh K. Microwave-Assisted Iodotrimethylsilane-Promoted Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolyl Chalcones. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2099199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, District Sirmaur, India
| | - Shikha Kashver
- Department of Chemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, District Sirmaur, India
| | - Kajal Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, District Sirmaur, India
| | - Parmod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Lingaya's Vidyapeeth, Nachauli, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vandana Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Arya PG College Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Karan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, Haryana, India
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Liu S, Yu H, Li P, Wang C, Liu G, Zhang X, Zhang C, Qi M, Ji H. Dietary nano-selenium alleviated intestinal damage of juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella) induced by high-fat diet: Insight from intestinal morphology, tight junction, inflammation, anti-oxidization and intestinal microbiota. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:235-248. [PMID: 34988305 PMCID: PMC8688880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, high-fat diet (HFD) has been widely applied in aquaculture, which reduces the intestinal health of cultured fish. The current study evaluated the protective effects of nano-selenium (nano-Se) on intestinal health of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with HFD. A total of 135 experimental fish were fed with a regular diet (Con), a HFD (HFD) and a HFD containing nano-Se at 0.6 mg/kg (HSe) for 10 weeks. The results showed that dietary nano-Se significantly improved the survival rate and feed efficiency which were reduced by HFD in juvenile grass carp (P < 0.05). Also, nano-Se (0.6 mg/kg) supplement alleviated intestinal damage caused by the HFD, thus maintaining the integrity of the intestine. Moreover, it significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to tight junction (ZO-1, c laudin-3 and o ccludin), anti-oxidization (GPx4a andGPx4b), and the protein of ZO-1 in the intestine of juvenile grass carp, which were depressed by the HFD (P < 0.05). Furthermore, nano-Se supplementation significantly suppressed the expressions of genes related to the inflammation, including inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6), signaling molecules (TLR4, p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65), and protein expression of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α in the intestine of juvenile grass carp which were induced by the HFD (P < 0.05). Besides, dietary nano-Se normalized the intestinal microbiota imbalance of juvenile grass carp caused by the HFD through increasing the abundance of the beneficial bacteria, e.g., Fusobacteria. Finally, dietary nano-Se increased the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestine, especially for butyric acid and caproic acid, which were negatively related to the increase of intestinal permeability and inflammation. In summary, supply of nano-Se (0.6 mg/kg) in HFD could effectively alleviate intestinal injury of juvenile grass carp by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress. These positive effects may be due to the regulation of nano-Se on intestinal microbiota and the subsequently increased beneficial SCFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengju Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guohao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Se-enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankang, 725000, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Hamilton V, Harris C, Hall CL, Potticary J, Cremeens ME, D'Ambruoso GD, Matsumoto M, Warren SD, Pridmore NE, Sparkes HA, Hall SR. Structural effects of halogen bonding in iodochalcones. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2021; 77:347-356. [PMID: 34096516 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520621002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures of three iodochalcones, functionalized with fluorine or a nitro group, have been investigated to explore the impact of different molecular electrostatic distributions on the halogen bonding within each crystal structure. The strongly withdrawing nitro group presented a switch of the halogen bond from a lateral to a linear motif. Surprisingly, this appears to be influenced by a net positive shift in charge distribution around the lateral edges of the σ-hole, making the lateral I...I bonding motif less preferable. A channel of amphoteric I...I type II halogen bonds is observed for a chalcone molecule, which was not previously reported in chalcones, alongside an example of the common synthon involving extended linear chains of I...O2N donor-acceptor halogen bonds. This work shows that halogenated chalcones may be an interesting target for developing halogen bonding as a significant tool within crystal engineering, a thus far underexplored area for this common structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hamilton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Connah Harris
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie L Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Potticary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew E Cremeens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 E Boone Ave, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Gemma D D'Ambruoso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 E Boone Ave, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Masaomi Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 E Boone Ave, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Stephen D Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gonzaga University, 502 E Boone Ave, Spokane, WA 99258, USA
| | - Natalie E Pridmore
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel A Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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Ibrahim N‘I, Naina Mohamed I. Interdependence of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Squalene-Implication for Cardiovascular Health. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 33573041 PMCID: PMC7911491 DOI: 10.3390/life11020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been recognized as the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 31% of global mortality. Among the risk factors of CVD, hyperlipidemia has been established as the most potent risk factor. Statins, a class of drug that reduces lower-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), are the preferred medical treatment. However, due to the development of statin-associated muscle symptoms, statins are associated with patients' discontinuation and nonadherence. Other statin-induced side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal upset, all contribute to patients choosing alternative medicines. Squalene (SQ), an unsaturated hydrocarbon naturally synthesized in plants and animals, could become the alternative treatment or supplementary agent for cardiovascular health. SQ has been shown to exert cardioprotective effect via its antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses are closely related to each other, which proposes an interdependence relation between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Therefore, this review explores the interdependence between the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of SQ implicated on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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8
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Tetramethylpyrazine attenuates endotoxin-induced retinal inflammation by inhibiting microglial activation via the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110273. [PMID: 32460188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular inflammation is a common pathological condition of a series of retinal degenerative diseases. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a Chinese herbal extraction, is widely used in the treatment of several ocular diseases in Eastern countries. However, the exact mechanisms correlating the vision protective effects of TMP have not been elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to investigate TMP's molecular targets in anti-inflammatory activity in endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced retinal inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. The primary cultured retinal microglial cells were pretreated with TMP and then activated by LPS. We found pretreatment with TMP significantly inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of CD68, a marker of mononuclear microglia activation. The morphological changes induced by LPS were also inhibited by the TMP pretreatment. Moreover, Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (p-IκB-α) and the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) were significantly downregulated in retinal microglial cells with TMP pretreatment, which indicated that TMP might suppress LPS-induced retinal microglial activation through TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway. And these results were confirmed in vivo. Pretreatment with TMP inhibited microglial activation, migration and regeneration, especially in ganglion cell layer (GCL). In addition to the inhibition of TLR4, TMP significantly inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p-65 to the nucleus in vivo. The downstream genes of NF-κB, such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were significantly downregulated by TMP pretreatment in the retina. Accordingly, the increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and the decreased ratio of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) to Bcl-2 associated X Protein (Bax) were significantly attenuated by TMP. TUNEL assay also demonstrated that TMP exerted neuroprotective effects in the retina. Therefore, this study elucidated a novel mechanism that TMP inhibits retinal inflammation by inhibiting microglial activation via a TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Ur Rashid H, Xu Y, Ahmad N, Muhammad Y, Wang L. Promising anti-inflammatory effects of chalcones via inhibition of cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin E 2, inducible NO synthase and nuclear factor κb activities. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:335-365. [PMID: 30921740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones (1, 3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) consist of a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system and act as precursors for the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants. However, laboratory synthesis of various chalcones has also been reported. Both natural and synthetic chalcones are known to exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and antituberculosis. These promising activities, ease of synthesis and simple chemical structure have awarded chalcones considerable attraction. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of chalcones, caused by their inhibitory action primarily against the activities and expressions of four key inflammatory mediators viz., cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin E2, inducible NO synthase, and nuclear factor κB. Various methodologies for the synthesis of chalcones have been discussed. The potency of recently synthesized chalcones is given in terms of their IC50 values. Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs) of a variety of chalcone derivatives have been discussed. Computational methods were applied to calculate the ideal orientation of a typical chalcone scaffold against three enzymes, namely, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase for the formation of stable complexes. The global market of anti-inflammatory drugs and its expected growth (from 2018 to 2026) have been discussed. SAR analysis, docking studies, and future prospects all together provide useful clues for the synthesis of novel chalcones of improved anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ur Rashid
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China; Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, 25000 Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yiming Xu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 530004 Nanning, China; Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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