1
|
Chen J, Wang Z, Fu J, Cai Y, Cheng H, Cui X, Sun M, Liu M, Zhang X. Ginsenoside compound K induces ferroptosis via the FOXO pathway in liver cancer cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:174. [PMID: 38664638 PMCID: PMC11044296 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor worldwide, traditional Chinese medicine is one of the treatment measures for liver cancer because of its good anti-tumor effects and fewer toxic side effects. Ginsenoside CK (CK) is an active component of ginseng. This study explored the mechanism by which CK induced ferroptosis in liver cancer cells. We found that CK inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 cells, induced ferroptosis of cells. Ferrostatin-1, an ferroptosis inhibitor, was used to verify the role of CK in inducing ferroptosis of liver cancer cells. Network pharmacological analysis identified the FOXO pathway as a potential mechanism of CK, and western blot showed that CK inhibited p-FOXO1. In cells treated with the FOXO1 inhibitor AS1842856, further verify the involvement of the FOXO pathway in regulating CK-induced ferroptosis in HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 cells. A HepG2 cell-transplanted tumor model was established in nude mice, and CK inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice, p-FOXO1 was decreased in tumor tissues, and SLC7A11 and GPX4 expressions were also down-regulated after CK treatment. These findings suggested that CK induces ferroptosis in liver cancer cells by inhibiting FOXO1 phosphorylation and activating the FOXO signaling pathway, thus playing an antitumor role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhuoshi Wang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jinghao Fu
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yuesong Cai
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Haoyi Cheng
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xinmu Cui
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Manqing Sun
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li XL, Yin Q, Wang W, Ma RH, Ni ZJ, Thakur K, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Effect of ginsenoside CK combined with cisplatin on the proliferation and migration of human cervical cancer HeLa cells via Ras/ERK/MAPK pathway. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
|
3
|
PGK1 modulates balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by interacting with ITI-H4. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114437. [PMID: 36841032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITI-H4) is one of the acute phase proteins and is mainly related with inflammatory diseases such as bacterial bloodstream infection and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). In a previous study, ITI-H4 was reported to be cleaved by kallikrein B1 (KLKB1) and its cleaved form induces the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, in this study, putative substrates of ITI-H4 were isolated by immunoprecipitation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis. Of those, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) was found to be a binding protein of ITI-H4. PGK1 increases the level of ITI-H4 expression and blocks the cleavage of ITI-H4 mediated by KLKB1. It also inhibits pro-inflammatory response by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Therefore, PGK1, a novel binding partner of ITI-H4, is expected to have cellular functions in the pathogenesis of ITI-H4-related inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ajoolabady A, Kaplowitz N, Lebeaupin C, Kroemer G, Kaufman RJ, Malhi H, Ren J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver diseases. Hepatology 2023; 77:619-639. [PMID: 35524448 PMCID: PMC9637239 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that fosters the correct folding of linear polypeptides and proteins, a process tightly governed by the ER-resident enzymes and chaperones. Failure to shape the proper 3-dimensional architecture of proteins culminates in the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins within the ER, disturbs ER homeostasis, and leads to canonically defined ER stress. Recent studies have elucidated that cellular perturbations, such as lipotoxicity, can also lead to ER stress. In response to ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to reestablish ER homeostasis ("adaptive UPR"), or, conversely, to provoke cell death when ER stress is overwhelmed and sustained ("maladaptive UPR"). It is well documented that ER stress contributes to the onset and progression of multiple hepatic pathologies including NAFLD, alcohol-associated liver disease, viral hepatitis, liver ischemia, drug toxicity, and liver cancers. Here, we review key studies dealing with the emerging role of ER stress and the UPR in the pathophysiology of liver diseases from cellular, murine, and human models. Specifically, we will summarize current available knowledge on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that may be used to target maladaptive UPR for the treatment of nonmalignant liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tam DNH, Nam NH, Cuong NTK, Hung DT, Soa DT, Altom A, Tran L, Elhadad H, Huy NT. Compound K: A systematic review of its anticancer properties and probable mechanisms. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36691721 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a common natural product, which is well-known to have a wide range of pharmacological activities in cancer. Its metabolite, compound K (CK), has been reported to have anticancer activity. We aimed to systematically review the literature for evidence of anticancer effects of CK. We conducted a systematic search in eight databases. We included all in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the anticancer effects of CK with no restrictions. Quality assessment was applied by ToxRTool. Fifty-four articles were included in our study. The purity of CK in our included studies was at least 95%. The in vitro studies reported that CK had a potential anticancer activity on several cell lines including human lung cancer cell lines (A549, PC-9), nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (Hk-1), liver cancer cell line (BEL 7402), and pediatric acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (Kasumi-1, MV4-11). The in vivo studies reported a significant decrease in tumor volume in mice treated with CK. CK is a potential supplementary treatment in cancer chemotherapies. The safety and further clinical trials of CK should be explored for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Asia Shine Trading & Service Co., Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hai Nam
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nguyen The Ky Cuong
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Oncology Department, Thu Duc City Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang The Hung
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Soa
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Vinh Medical University, Nghe An, 43000-44000, Vietnam
| | - Ahmad Altom
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Heba Elhadad
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banerjee A, Sriramulu S, Catanzaro R, He F, Chabria Y, Balakrishnan B, Hari S, Ayala A, Muñoz M, Pathak S, Marotta F. Natural Compounds as Integrative Therapy for Liver Protection against Inflammatory and Carcinogenic Mechanisms: From Induction to Molecular Biology Advancement. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:216-231. [PMID: 35297348 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220316102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is exposed to several harmful substances that bear the potential to cause excessive liver damage ranging from hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to extreme cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver ailments have been effectively treated from very old times with Chinese medicinal herbal formulations and later also applied by controlled trials in Japan. However, these traditional practices have been hardly well characterized in the past till in the last decades when more qualified studies have been carried out. Modern advances have given rise to specific molecular targets which are specifically good candidates for affecting the intricate mechanisms that play a role at the molecular level. These therapeutic regimens that mainly affect the progression of the disease by inhibiting the gene expression levels or by blocking essential molecular pathways or releasing cytokines may prove to play a vital role in minimizing the tissue damage. This review, therefore, tries to throw light upon the variation in the therapies for the treatment of benign and malignant liver disease from ancient times to the current date. Nonetheless, clinical research exploring the effectiveness of herbal medicines in the treatment of benign chronic liver diseases as well as prevention and treatment of HCC is still warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Roberto Catanzaro
- Dept of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fang He
- Dept of Nutrition, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yashna Chabria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | | | - Sruthi Hari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Antonio Ayala
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Muñoz
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera R&D International for Aging Intervention, Milano, Italy and Vitality and Longevity Medical Science Commission, FEMTEC World Federation
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu Y, Guo Y, Lu C, Yu L, Fang C, Li C. Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide Inhibited Liver Cancer in a Simulated Tumor Microenvironment by Eliminating TLR4/STAT3 Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1249-1259. [PMID: 37661404 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors and one of the most common malignant tumors which seriously threatens human health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was reported to resist the proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential anti-cancer effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) on the tumor immune microenvironment in liver cancer cells. HepG2 and Hep3B cells were pretreated in the absence or the presence of PSP (20, 50, 100 µg/mL) for a period of 24 h. Subsequently, dendritic cells (DCs) were co-cultured with HepG2 and Hep3B cell supernatant to investigate the effect of PSP on the tumor microenvironment. The results showed that PSP dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Meanwhile, PSP dose-dependently inhibited migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of liver cancer cells. In addition, PSP dose-dependently induced inflammatory response of DCs, characterized by increases of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in DCs. Mechanically, PSP dose-dependently reduced the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and noncanonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed the anti-oncogenic effects of PSP in liver cancer cells. Taken together, PSP inhibited liver cancer in a simulated tumor microenvironment by eliminating TLR4/STAT3 pathway. PSP promises an important and useful alternative to liver cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Changyou Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Linlin Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Chuntao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen J, Sun M, Cui X, Zhang X. Ginsenoside compound K induces mitochondrial apoptosis in human hepatoma cells through Bclaf1-mediated modulation of ERK signaling. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2134313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manqing Sun
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmu Cui
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Guo J, Yang N, Huang Y, Hu T, Rao C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death in liver injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1051. [PMID: 36535923 PMCID: PMC9763476 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an important intracellular organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are induced when the body is exposed to adverse external stimuli. It has been established that ERS can induce different cell death modes, including autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, through three major transmembrane receptors on the ER membrane, including inositol requirement enzyme 1α, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and activating transcription factor 6. These different modes of cell death play an important role in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and liver injury. As the largest metabolic organ, the liver is rich in enzymes, carries out different functions such as metabolism and secretion, and is the body's main site of protein synthesis. Accordingly, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum system is present in hepatocytes to help the liver perform its physiological functions. Current evidence suggests that ERS is closely related to different stages of liver injury, and the death of hepatocytes caused by ERS may be key in liver injury. In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests that modulating ERS has great potential for treating the liver injury. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the relationship between ERS and four types of cell death. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism of ERS and UPR in different liver injuries and their potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Nannan Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Yan Huang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Tingting Hu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XState Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang J, Tong Y, Lu X, Dong F, Ma X, Yin S, He Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Fan D. A derivant of ginsenoside CK and its inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma. Life Sci 2022; 304:120698. [PMID: 35690105 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a main cause of tumor death worldwide. Accumulating data indicate that ginsenoside CK is an effective compound for preventing HCC growth and development. However, improvement of pharmaceutical effect of the ginsenoside CK is still needed. In our study, we performed acetylation of ginsenoside CK (CK-3) and investigated the antitumor effects of the derivative in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity analysis revealed that compared with CK, CK-3 could inhibit the proliferation of multiple tumor cell lines at a lower concentration. Treating with CK-3 on HCC cells arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase and induced cell apoptosis through AO/EB staining, TUNEL analysis and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, CK-3 significantly inhibited tumor growth in an HCC xenograft model and showed no side effect on the function of the main organs. Mechanistically, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that the antitumor effect of CK-3 was involved in the Hippo signaling pathway. The immunoblotting and immunofluorescence results illustrated that CK-3 directly facilitated the phosphorylation of YAP1 and decreased the expression of the main transcription factor TEAD2 in HCC cell lines and tumor tissue sections. Collectively, our results demostrate the formation of a new derivative of ginsenoside CK and its regulatory mechanism in HCC, which could activate the Hippo-YAP1-TEAD2 signaling pathway to regulate HCC progression. This research could provide a new direction for traditional Chinese medicine in the therapy of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yangliu Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Fangming Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Shiyu Yin
- Shaanxi Giant Biotechnology Co., LTD, No. 20, Zone C, Venture R&D Park, No. 69, Jinye Road, High-tech Zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710076, China
| | - Ying He
- Shaanxi Giant Biotechnology Co., LTD, No. 20, Zone C, Venture R&D Park, No. 69, Jinye Road, High-tech Zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710076, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Shaanxi Giant Biotechnology Co., LTD, No. 20, Zone C, Venture R&D Park, No. 69, Jinye Road, High-tech Zone, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710076, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang B, Fu R, Duan Z, Shen S, Zhu C, Fan D. Ginsenoside CK induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting glutamine metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115101. [PMID: 35618001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has replaced lung cancer as the most common cancer worldwide. Ginsenoside CK (CK) can effectively inhibit triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the occurrence and development of which are associated with glutamine addiction. However, the connection between CK and glutamine metabolism in TNBC proliferation and the mechanism of cell death induction remains unclear. Here, we found that high glutamine-addicted TNBC cells were particularly sensitive to CK treatment. CK exerted antitumour activity against TNBC by suppressing glutamine consumption and glutamate production via downregulation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) expression. CK treatment further decreased cellular ATP production, reduced the utilisation of amino acids associated with glutamine metabolism, and induced glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, consequently triggering apoptosis in TNBC. Furthermore, CK decreased GLS1 expression in SUM159 xenograft mouse mammary tumours and significantly inhibited tumour growth with few side effects. Together, our data provide a powerful theoretical basis for the application of CK as a glutamine metabolic inhibitor in TNBC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Shihong Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park J, Kim J, Ko ES, Jeong JH, Park CO, Seo JH, Jang YS. Enzymatic bioconversion of ginseng powder increases the content of minor ginsenosides and potentiates immunostimulatory activity. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:304-314. [PMID: 35509827 PMCID: PMC9058844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are biologically active components of ginseng and have various functions. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of a ginseng product generated from ginseng powder (GP) via enzymatic bioconversion. This product, General Bio compound K-10 mg solution (GBCK10S), exhibited increased levels of minor ginsenosides, including ginsenoside-F1, compound K, and compound Y. Methods The immunomodulatory properties of GBCK10S were confirmed using mice and a human natural killer (NK) cell line. We monitored the expression of molecules involved in immune responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, NK cell-targeted cell destruction, quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses. Results Oral administration of GBCK10S significantly increased serum immunoglobulin M levels and primed splenocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. Oral administration of GBCK10S also activated NK cells in mice. Furthermore, GBCK10S treatment stimulated a human NK cell line in vitro, thereby increasing granzyme B gene expression and activating STAT5. Conclusion GBCK10S may have potent immunostimulatory properties and can activate immune responses mediated by B cells, Th1-type T cells, and NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisang Park
- Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Ko
- R&D Center, General Bio Co., Ltd., Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jeong
- R&D Center, General Bio Co., Ltd., Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Oh Park
- R&D Center, General Bio Co., Ltd., Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Seo
- R&D Center, General Bio Co., Ltd., Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou L, Li ZK, Li CY, Liang YQ, Yang F. Anticancer properties and pharmaceutical applications of ginsenoside compound K: A review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:286-300. [PMID: 34793617 PMCID: PMC9541358 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is the major intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginsenosides that exhibits anticancer potential in various cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer types, mechanisms, and effects of CK in the past decade have been summarized in this review. Briefly, CK exerts anticancer effects via multiple molecular mechanisms, including the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, and anti‐angiogenesis. Some signaling pathways play a significant role in related processes, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JNK/MAPK pathway, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the effects of CK combined with nanocarriers for anticancer efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, we aimed to review the research progress of CK against cancer in the past decade, which might provide theoretical support and effective reference for further research on the medicinal value of small molecules, such as CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue-Qin Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint Surgery, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command Lhasa, Lhasa, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jin Y, Huynh DTN, Myung CS, Heo KS. Ginsenoside Rh1 Prevents Migration and Invasion through Mitochondrial ROS-Mediated Inhibition of STAT3/NF-κB Signaling in MDA-MB-231 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910458. [PMID: 34638797 PMCID: PMC8508665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) a very common cancer in women worldwide. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been shown to have a poor prognosis with a high level of tumor metastatic spread. Here, the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside-Rh1 (Rh1) on BC metastasis, and its underlying signaling pathway in TNBC were investigated. Rh1-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were analyzed for metastasis using a wound healing assay, transwell migration and invasion assay, western blotting, and qRT-PCR. Rh1 treatment significantly inhibited BC metastasis by inhibiting the both protein and mRNA levels of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A. Further, Rh1-mediated inhibitory effect on BC migration was associated with mitochondrial ROS generation. Rh1 treatment significantly eliminated STAT3 phosphorylation and NF-κB transactivation to downregulate metastatic factors, such as MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A. In addition, Mito-TEMPO treatment reversed Rh1 effects on the activation of STAT3, NF-κB, and their transcriptional targets. Rh1 further enhanced the inhibitory effects of STAT3 or NF-κB specific inhibitor, stattic or BAY 11-7082 on MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A expression, respectively. In summary, our results revealed the potent anticancer effect of Rh1 on TNBC migration and invasion through mtROS-mediated inhibition of STAT3 and NF-κB signaling.
Collapse
|
16
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Multiple regulatory roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112005. [PMID: 34426262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a basic cellular stress response that maintains cellular protein homeostasis under endogenous or exogenous stimuli, which depends on the stimulus, its intensity, and action time. The ER produces a corresponding cascade reaction for crosstalk of adaptive and/or pro-death regulation with other organelles. Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors with an extremely poor prognosis. Viral hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and steatohepatitis are closely related to the occurrence and development of HCC, and ER stress has gradually been shown to be a major mechanism. Moreover, an increasing need for protein and lipid products and relative deficiencies of oxygen and nutrients for rapid proliferation and endoplasmic reticulum stress are undoubtedly involved. Therefore, to fully and comprehensively understand the regulatory role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the occurrence and progression of HCC is of vital importance to explore its pathogenesis and develop novel anti-cancer strategies. METHODOLOGY We searched for relevant publications in the PubMed databases using the keywords "Endoplasmic reticulum stress", "hepatocellular carcinoma" in last five years,and present an overview of the current knowledge that links ER stress and HCC, which includes carcinogenesis, progression, and anti-cancer strategies, and propose directions of future research. RESULT ER stress were confirmed to be multiple regulators or effectors of cancer, which also be confirmed to drive tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Targeting ER stress signaling pathway and related molecules could play a critical role for anti-HCC and has become a research hotspot for anti-cancer in recent years. CONCLUSION ER stress are critical for the processes of the tumorigenesis and progression of tumors. For HCC, ER stress was associated with tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance, targeting ER stress has emerged as a potential anti-tumor strategy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang L, Ke J, Wang C, Li Y, Wu G, Ding Q, Luo Q, Cai R, Lv P, Song T, Xiong S. Efficacy and Safety of Banxia XieXin Decoction, a Blended Traditional Chinese Medicine, as Monotherapy for Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735420942587. [PMID: 32787468 PMCID: PMC7427017 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420942587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore a new therapeutic option for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the efficacy and safety of a group of traditional Chinese medicines (Banxia XieXin recipe) as monotherapy for patients with advanced HCC was studied. Materials and Methods: The study included 68 patients with advanced HCC from August 16,2016 to August 15,2019 for analysis. These eligible patients received treatment with Banxia XieXin recipe for at least 1 month. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The secondary efficacy endpoints included objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). In addition, safety was also assessed. Results: The median treatment duration of these 68 patients was 10.3 months (range = 1.6-33.5 months), and follow-up is still ongoing. The median PFS was 6.07 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.748-8.392 months), and the median OS was 12.60 months (95% CI = 8.019-17.181 months). The ORR was 10.3% and the DCR was 41.2%. In the subgroup analysis, the median OS in the transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) group was not reached, and the median OS in the NO TACE group was 11.30 months (95% CI = 3.219-19.381 months). In addition, no drug-related serious adverse events were observed during the study. Conclusion: This is the first clinical analysis of traditional Chinese medicine as a single treatment for advanced HCC. The obtained results are encouraging as they suggest that this panel of Chinese herbs is safe and it may be effective for patients with advanced HCC in a real-world clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianlong Ke
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yaling Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guoyu Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiuyue Luo
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Panpan Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shaoquan Xiong
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen S, Ye H, Gong F, Mao S, Li C, Xu B, Ren Y, Yu R. Ginsenoside compound K exerts antitumour effects in renal cell carcinoma via regulation of ROS and lncRNA THOR. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:38. [PMID: 33649829 PMCID: PMC7905530 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common type of kidney cancer that lacks effective therapeutic options. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), an active metabolite of ginsenosides, has been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of CK in RCC remain to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor effects of CK on RCC cells. The effects of CK on the proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis of RCC cell lines (Caki-1 and 768-O) were investigated using MTT, wound healing, Transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Changes in the expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Transfections with testis associated oncogenic (THOR) small interfering RNA and pcDNA were performed to knock down and overexpress lncRNA THOR, respectively. It was found that CK could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. CK also induced cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in RCC cells. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the lncRNA THOR played important roles in the antitumour effects of CK in RCC cells. The present data revealed that CK was a potent antitumour agent against RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiu Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Fanger Gong
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Suming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315210, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8858006. [PMID: 33623532 PMCID: PMC7875636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong City 17579, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yin Q, Chen H, Ma RH, Zhang YY, Liu MM, Thakur K, Zhang JG, Wei ZJ. Ginsenoside CK induces apoptosis of human cervical cancer HeLa cells by regulating autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Food Funct 2021; 12:5301-5316. [PMID: 34013944 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside CK (GCK), as a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, has been studied for its anti-cancer activity. However, its in-depth anti-cancer mechanism on cervical cancer (CC) HeLa cells has not been fully elucidated. This study found that GCK inhibited the proliferation of CC HeLa cells and caused alteration in cell morphology with an IC50 of 45.95 μM. At the same time, GCK treatment blocked the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), contributed to Ca2+ leakage, inhibited HeLa cell metastasis, and stimulated the key markers related to apoptosis, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum pathways. GCK altered the regulation of the Caspase family, Bak/Bcl-xl and down-regulated the endoplasmic reticulum pathways (PERK and IRE1α). Starting from flow cytometry and the protein level, we found that autophagy inhibitors inhibited autophagy while promoting apoptosis, and apoptosis inhibitors reduced the rate of apoptosis while promoting autophagy, which proved that GCK can be used as a suitable novel natural product for CC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Run-Hui Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Miao-Miao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Panossian AG, Efferth T, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Kuchta K, Mukherjee PK, Banerjee S, Heinrich M, Wu W, Guo D, Wagner H. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:630-703. [PMID: 33103257 PMCID: PMC7756641 DOI: 10.1002/med.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptogens comprise a category of herbal medicinal and nutritional products promoting adaptability, resilience, and survival of living organisms in stress. The aim of this review was to summarize the growing knowledge about common adaptogenic plants used in various traditional medical systems (TMS) and conventional medicine and to provide a modern rationale for their use in the treatment of stress-induced and aging-related disorders. Adaptogens have pharmacologically pleiotropic effects on the neuroendocrine-immune system, which explain their traditional use for the treatment of a wide range of conditions. They exhibit a biphasic dose-effect response: at low doses they function as mild stress-mimetics, which activate the adaptive stress-response signaling pathways to cope with severe stress. That is in line with their traditional use for preventing premature aging and to maintain good health and vitality. However, the potential of adaptogens remains poorly explored. Treatment of stress and aging-related diseases require novel approaches. Some combinations of adaptogenic plants provide unique effects due to their synergistic interactions in organisms not obtainable by any ingredient independently. Further progress in this field needs to focus on discovering new combinations of adaptogens based on traditional medical concepts. Robust and rigorous approaches including network pharmacology and systems pharmacology could help in analyzing potential synergistic effects and, more broadly, future uses of adaptogens. In conclusion, the evolution of the adaptogenic concept has led back to basics of TMS and a new level of understanding of holistic approach. It provides a rationale for their use in stress-induced and aging-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and BiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Alexander N. Shikov
- Department of technology of dosage formsSaint‐Petersburg State Chemical‐Pharmaceutical UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Olga N. Pozharitskaya
- Department of BiotechnologyMurmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MMBI KSC RAS)MurmanskRussia
| | - Kenny Kuchta
- Department of Far Eastern Medicine, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal OncologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Pulok K. Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Subhadip Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Natural Product StudiesJadavpur UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, UCL School of Pharmacy, Centre for Pharmacognosy and PhytotherapyUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - De‐an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for TCM Modernization, Shanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hildebert Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Pharma ResearchLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee YC, Wong WT, Li LH, Chu LJ, Menon MP, Ho CL, Chernikov OV, Lee SL, Hua KF. Ginsenoside M1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration of Human Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249704. [PMID: 33352689 PMCID: PMC7766606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 5.8% of all malignancies in Taiwan, and the incidence of OSCC is on the rise. OSCC is also a common malignancy worldwide, and the five-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, new and effective treatments are needed to control OSCC. In the present study, we prepared ginsenoside M1 (20-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), a major deglycosylated metabolite of ginsenoside, through the biotransformation of Panax notoginseng leaves by the fungus SP-LSL-002. We investigated the anti-OSCC activity and associated mechanisms of ginsenoside M1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the viability of human OSCC SAS and OEC-M1 cells. To gain further insight into the mode of action of ginsenoside M1, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 increased the expression levels of Bak, Bad, and p53 and induced apoptotic DNA breaks, G1 phase arrest, PI/Annexin V double-positive staining, and caspase-3/9 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that ginsenoside M1 dose-dependently inhibited the colony formation and migration ability of SAS and OEC-M1 cells and reduced the expression of metastasis-related protein vimentin. Furthermore, oral administration or subcutaneous injection of ginsenoside M1 significantly reduced tumor growth in SAS xenograft mice. These results indicate that ginsenoside M1 can be translated into a potential therapeutic against OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Wei-Ting Wong
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10844, Taiwan;
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Lichieh Julie Chu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mridula P. Menon
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Chen-Lung Ho
- Division of Wood Cellulose, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei 100051, Taiwan;
| | - Oleg V. Chernikov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry FEB RAS, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Sheau-Long Lee
- Wellhead Biological Technology Corporation, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 260007, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.W.); (M.P.M.)
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3931-7626
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang S, Zhang M, Chen J, Zhao J, Su J, Zhang X. Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates HIF-1α-Mediated Glycolysis Through Bclaf1 to Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Liver Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:583334. [PMID: 33363466 PMCID: PMC7753211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate that ginsenoside compound K (20 (S)-ginsenoside CK; CK) downregulates Bcl-2-associated transcription factor 1 (Bclaf1), which inhibits the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated glycolysis pathway to inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells. Treatment of hepatoma cells (Bel-7404 and Huh7) under hypoxic conditions with different concentrations of CK showed that CK inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; furthermore, the ability of the cells to form colonies was reduced, and cell growth was blocked in the G0/G1 phase. CK promoted the degradation of HIF-1α ubiquitination in liver cancer cells by regulating the expression of HIF-1α and related ubiquitination proteins; moreover, it reduced the activity of key enzymes involved in glycolysis, the pressure of cellular glycolysis, and the rate of real-time ATP production, thereby inhibiting the glycolysis pathway. It also decreased the expression of Bclaf1 in hypoxic liver cancer cells and thus reduced the ability of Bclaf1 to bind to HIF-1α. CK treatment of Bel-7404 and Huh7 cells with CRISPR/Cas9-engineered knock out of Bclaf1 gene under hypoxic conditions further suppressed the expression of HIF-1α, promoted HIF-1α ubiquitination, and inhibited the glycolysis pathway. In a rat model of primary liver cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine, positron emission tomography and computed tomography scans showed that after CK administration, tumor tissue volumes were reduced and glucose uptake capacity decreased. Increased Bclaf1 and HIF-1α expression promoted the ubiquitination of HIF-1α and inhibited the glycolysis pathway, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of liver cancer cells. In summary, this study confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments that in hypoxic liver cancer cells CK downregulates the expression of Bclaf1, inhibits the HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis pathway, and inhibits cell proliferation, suggesting that the CK-mediated effects on Bclaf1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silin Zhang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | | | - Jiaxin Chen
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jielin Su
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen J, Wang W, Jiang M, Yang M, Wei W. Combination therapy of ginsenoside compound K and methotrexate was efficient in elimination of anaemia and reduction of disease activity in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:1131-1139. [PMID: 33198544 PMCID: PMC7671656 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1844761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenoside compound K (CK) has anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and myelosuppressive protective effects. Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used in combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of combination therapy of CK and MTX on anaemia and anti-arthritis in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS AA was induced in rats by Complete Freund's adjuvant, and divided into five groups (n = 10): normal, AA, CK 80 mg/kg, combination therapy (80 mg/kg CK combined with 0.5 mg/kg MTX), and MTX 0.5 mg/kg. From day 12, CK (once a day for 15 days) or MTX (once every 3 days, five times) were intragastrically administered. RESULTS Combination therapy showed increased haemoglobin to 148.5 ± 10.1 g/L compared with AA (129.8 ± 11.7 g/L) and MTX (128.8 ± 18.4 g/L), and decreased reticulocytes in peripheral blood to 4.9 ± 1.1% compared with MTX (9.3 ± 3.3%). In combination therapy group, paw swelling decreased to 5.6 ± 4.3 mL compared with CK (9.4 ± 3.9 mL) and MTX (13.5 ± 7.4 mL), and swollen joint count decreased to 1.4 ± 0.8 compared with CK (2.1 ± 1.0) and MTX (2.4 ± 1.2) at day 24. Combination therapy showed decreased IL-6 to 25.1 ± 17.2 pg/mL compared with MTX (44.9 ± 4.8 pg/mL), and decreased IL-17 to 5.8 ± 3.9 pg/mL compared with MTX (10.7 ± 4.2 pg/mL). CONCLUSION The anti-anaemia effect of CK deserves further study, and CK can be a candidate effective drug for combined treatment in RA with anaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Jingyu Chen Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Mengya Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- CONTACT Wei Wei
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qi W, Yan X, Xu X, Song B, Sun L, Zhao D, Sun L. The effects of cytarabine combined with ginsenoside compound K synergistically induce DNA damage in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110812. [PMID: 33059263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AML is a kind of hematological malignant tumor that urgently requires different treatment options in order to increase the cure rate and survival rate. Cytarabine (ara-C) is currently the main drug used to treat AML patients and is usually combined with different chemotherapeutic agents. However, due to resistance to ara-C, a new combination is needed to reduce ara-C resistance and improve treatment outcome. As is known to all, ginseng is a traditional Chinese herb; compound K is the principal metabolic product of ginsenoside which also has anti-cancer activity in some cancer cells, while the mechanism is unclear. In our previous study, we found that compound K inhibited AML cell viability and induced apoptosis, and compound K combined with ara-C synergistically induced AML cell proliferation arrest. Thus, we sought to investigate the reason for this by focusing on the mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. In this paper, our results provide a foundation for the clinical evaluation of concomitant administration of compound K and ara-C in order to reduce the resistance to ara-C and improve AML treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuci Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bailin Song
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liping Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharma A, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1028. [PMID: 32664389 PMCID: PMC7407392 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhu S, Liu X, Xue M, Li Y, Cai D, Wang S, Zhang L. 20( S)-ginsenoside Rh2 induces caspase-dependent promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor A degradation in NB4 cells via Akt/Bax/caspase9 and TNF-α/caspase8 signaling cascades. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:295-304. [PMID: 33841010 PMCID: PMC8020289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a hematopoietic malignancy driven by promyelocytic leukemia–retinoic acid receptor A (PML-RARA) fusion gene. The therapeutic drugs currently used to treat APL have adverse effects. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is an anticancer medicine with high effectiveness and low toxicity. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of GRh2-induced PML-RARA degradation and apoptosis in human APL cell line (NB4 cells) remain unclear. Methods Apoptosis-related indicators and PML-RARA expression were determined to investigate the effect of GRh2 on NB4 cells. Z-VAD-FMK, LY294002, and C 87, as inhibitors of caspase, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α ) pathways were used to clarify the relationship between GRh2-induced apoptosis and PML-RARA degradation. Results GRh2 dose- and time-dependently decreased NB4 cell viability. GRh2-induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and caspase3, caspase8, and caspase9 activation in NB4 cells after a 12-hour treatment. GRh2-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells was accompanied by massive production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage and upregulated Bax/Bcl-2 expression. GRh2 also induced PML/PML-RARA degradation, PML nuclear bodies formation, and activation of the downstream p53 pathway in NB4 cells. Z-VAD-FMK inhibited caspase activation and significantly reversed GRh2-induced apoptosis and PML-RARA degradation. GRh2 also upregulated TNF-α expression and inhibited Akt phosphorylation. LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K pathway, enhanced the antitumor effects of GRh2, and C 87, an inhibitor of the TNF-α pathway, reversed NB4 cell viability, and GRh2-mediated apoptosis in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Conclusion GRh2 induced caspase-dependent PML-RARA degradation and apoptosis in NB4 cells via the Akt/Bax/caspase9 and TNF-α/caspase8 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Mei Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of TCM-related Comorbid Depression, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Danhong Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shandong co-innovation center of TCM formula, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250035, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang L, Zou H, Gao Y, Luo J, Xie X, Meng W, Zhou H, Tan Z. Insights into gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenoside metabolites and their bioactivities. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:125-138. [PMID: 31984805 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1714645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota and host co-evolve into a complex 'super-organism,' and this relationship plays a vital role in many physiological processes, such as drug metabolism. Ginseng is an important medicinal resource and the main ingredients are ginsenosides, which are less polar, difficult to absorb, and have low bioavailability. However, studies have shown that the biological activity of ginsenosides such as compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (20(S)-PPT), and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD) is closely related to the gastrointestinal microbiota. In this paper, the metabolic pathway of gastrointestinal microbiota-generated ginsenosides and the main pharmacological effects of these metabolites are discussed. Furthermore, our study provides a new insight into the discovery of novel drugs. Specifically, in new drug screening process, candidates with low biological activity and bioavailability should not be excluded. Because their metabolites may exhibit good pharmacological effects due to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In addition, in further research studies to develop probiotics, a combination of agents could exert greater efficacy than single agents. Moreover, differences in lifestyle and diet lead to differences in the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. Therefore, administration of the same drug dose to different individuals could elicit different therapeutic effects, owing to the involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Thus, treatment accuracy could be achieved by detecting the gastrointestinal microbiota before drug treatment.HighlightsGastrointestinal microbiota plays a decisive role in bioactivities of ginsenosides.The metabolic pathway and main pharmacological effects of ginsenoside metabolites are discussed.It provides new insights into novel drug discovery and further research to find probiotic, combinations to exert greater efficacy.Differences in lifestyle and diet, varies the gastrointestinal microbiota in the human body. However, the same dose of a drug producing different therapeutic effects may involve gastrointestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hecun Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yongchao Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Junjia Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaonv Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wenhui Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhirong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, PR China.,Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang Y, Liu X, Li S, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Han J, Wu G, Ding Q. Genome-scale CRISPR screening for potential targets of ginsenoside compound K. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:39. [PMID: 31959745 PMCID: PMC6971025 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of biological activities in maintaining physical health; however, the molecule underpinnings underlining these biological activities remain to be defined. Here, we took a cellular condition that compound K (CK) induces autophagic cell death in HeLa cells, and setup a high-throughput genetic screening using CRISPR technology. We have identified a number of CK-resistant and CK-sensitive genes, and further validated PMAIP1 as a CK-resistant gene and WASH1 as a CK-sensitive gene. Compound K treatment reduces the expression of WASH1, which further accelerates the autophagic cell death, highlighting WASH1 as an interesting downstream mediator of CK effects. Overall, our study offers an easy-to-adopt platform to study the functional mediators of ginsenosides, and provides a candidate list of genes that are potential targets of CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yanhao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yongxu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yuda Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
7- epi-Clusianone, a Multi-Targeting Natural Product with Potential Chemotherapeutic, Immune-Modulating, and Anti-Angiogenic Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234415. [PMID: 31816878 PMCID: PMC6930650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have changed the treatment of cancer, giving new hope to many patients in recent years. The shortcomings of targeted therapies including acquired resistance, limited susceptible patients, high cost, and high toxicities, have led to the necessity of combining these therapies with other targeted or chemotherapeutic treatments. Natural products are uniquely capable of synergizing with targeted and non-targeted anticancer regimens due to their ability to affect multiple cellular pathways simultaneously. Compounds which provide an additive effect to the often combined immune therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies, are exceedingly rare. These compounds would however provide a strengthening bridge between the two treatment modalities, increasing their effectiveness and improving patient prognoses. In this study, 7-epi-clusianone was investigated for its anticancer properties. While previous studies have suggested clusianone and its conformational isomers, including 7-epi-clusianone, are chemotherapeutic, few cancer types have been demonstrated to exhibit sensitivity to these compounds and little is known about the mechanism. In this study, 7-epi-clusianone was shown to inhibit the growth of 60 cancer cell types and induce significant cell death in 25 cancer cell lines, while simultaneously modulating the immune system, inhibiting angiogenesis, and inhibiting cancer cell invasion, making it a promising lead compound for cancer drug discovery.
Collapse
|
32
|
Micelles modified with a chitosan-derived homing peptide for targeted intracellular delivery of ginsenoside compound K to liver cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115576. [PMID: 31887962 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a major metabolite of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, exhibits significant anticancer activities against various cancer cells. However, CK has poor water solubility and low bioavailability, which have limited its application. In this study, A54 peptide was utilized to fabricate CK-loaded micelles (APD-CK) for liver targeting, using deoxycholic acid-O-carboxymethyl chitosan as the vehicle. The average particle size of APD-CK micelles was about 171.4 nm by dynamic light scattering in the hydrated state and their morphology were spherical with good dispersion. An in vitro release assay indicated pH-responsive and sustained release behavior through a mechanism of non-Fickian diffusion. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the APD-CK micelles against HepG2 and Huh-7 cells was significantly stronger than that of CK up to 20 μg/mL. Enhanced cellular uptake of micelles in both cell types was established using confocal fluorescence scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that APD-CK micelles could promote the protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Therefore, APD-CK micelles are a potential vehicle for delivering hydrophobic drugs in liver cancer therapy, enhancing drug targeting and anticancer activity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Limanskiy V, Vyas A, Chaturvedi LS, Vyas D. Harnessing the potential of gene editing technology using CRISPR in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2177-2187. [PMID: 31143069 PMCID: PMC6526155 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i18.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular scalpel of clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology may be sharp enough to begin cutting the genes implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and consequently decrease the 6.3 billion dollar annual financial healthcare burden in the treatment of IBD. For the past few years CRISPR technology has drastically revolutionized DNA engineering and biomedical research field. We are beginning to see its application in gene manipulation of sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus resistant embryologic twin gene modification and IBD genes such as Gatm (Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2, KRT12 and other genes implicated in adaptive immune convergence pathways have been subjected to gene editing, however there are very few publications. Furthermore, since Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis have shared disease susceptibility and share genetic gene profile, it is paramount and is more advantageous to use CRISPR technology to maximize impact. Although, currently CRISPR does have its limitations due to limited number of specific Cas enzymes, off-target activity, protospacer adjacent motifs and crossfire between different target sites. However, these limitations have given researchers further insight on how to augment and manipulate enzymes to enable precise gene excision and limit crossfire between target sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Limanskiy
- Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA 95231, United States
| | - Arpita Vyas
- College of Medicine, CNSU, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | | | - Dinesh Vyas
- Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA 95231, United States
- College of Medicine and College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan W, Xiangyu C, Ya L, Yu W, Feng X. An orally antitumor chalcone hybrid inhibited HepG2 cells growth and migration as the tubulin binding agent. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:784-790. [PMID: 30740631 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a kind of high mortality cancer due to the difficulty of early diagnosis. It is necessary to develop the anticancer agents to treat liver cancer. Here, a novel chalcone derivative was synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro against liver cancer cell lines (HepG2, SNU-423, SMMC7221, and SNU-398). The chalcone hybrid 9 displayed the antiproliferative effect against HepG2, SNU-423, SMMC7221 and SNU-398 cells with IC50 values of 0.9 μM, 2.7 μM, 6.2 μM and 4.6 μM, respectively. Cellular mechanisms showed that derivative 9 could obviously inhibit HepG2 cells growth and colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Analogue 9 inhibited the migration by regulating the expression levels of migration-releated markers and transcription factors (Snail and Slug). Tubulin polymerization inhibition assay illustrated that chalcone hybrid 9 might be a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor. Importantly, compound 9 displayed the antitumor activity against liver cancer HepG2 cells in vivo with the low toxicity toward mice. Therefore, compound 9 as a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor deserves further investigation to treat liver cancer. Graphical abstract Compound 9 displayed the antitumor activity against liver cancer HepG2 cells in vivo and low toxicity toward mice Figure: Orally antitumor chalcone hybrid 9 inhibited HepG2 cells growth and migration as the tubulin binding agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chen Xiangyu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Li Ya
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu L, Xiao S, Yuan W, Cui J, Su G, Zhao Y. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity Evaluation of Hydrolyzed Derivatives of Panaxnotoginseng Saponins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113021. [PMID: 30463224 PMCID: PMC6278399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To increase the antitumor activity of ginsenosides and acetylsalicylic acid, acid hydrolysis products of Panaxnotoginseng saponin were used as raw materials to be combined with salicylic acid to obtain ginsenoside salicylic acid derivatives. All derivatives were assessed for anti-cancer activity. A total of 20 target compounds were designed and synthesized. The cytotoxic activity on five cancer cell lines, including human colon cancer (HT-29), gastric cancer (BGC-823), cervical cancer (Hela), human breast cancer (MCF-7), human lung cancer cells (A549), and two normal cancer cell lines (human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1), and human ovarian epithelial cells (IOSE144)) was evaluated following treatment with the compounds. The results showed that all compounds inhibited the growth of cancer cells. Compounds 1a, 3a, 7a, 1b, 2b, 3b and 8b showed strong anticancer activity. For MCF-7 cells, compound 3b showed the strongest inhibitory activity, IC50 = 2.56 ± 0.09 μM. In the cytotoxicity test, all compounds showed low toxicity or no toxicity (IC50 > 100 μM). In addition, a cell cycle distribution assay and wound healing assay demonstrated that compound 3b specifically inhibited MCF-7 proliferation and migration ability. Our results indicate that compound 3b represents a promising compound for further cancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
| | - Shengnan Xiao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Weihui Yuan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jiongmo Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China.
| | - Guangyue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ginsenosides: the need to move forward from bench to clinical trials. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:361-367. [PMID: 31308807 PMCID: PMC6606839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, known as Koran ginseng, one of the most commonly used traditional plants, has been demonstrated to show a wide range of pharmacological applications. Ginsenosides are the major active ingredients found in ginseng and are responsible for the biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation, antiinflammation, vasorelaxation, and anticancer actions. Existing studies have mostly focused on identifying and purifying single ginsenosides and investigating pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms in cells and animal models. However, ginsenoside studies based on clinical trials have been very limited. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the currently available clinical trials on ginsenosides and provide insights and future directions for developing ginsenosides as efficacious and safe drugs for human disease.
Collapse
|