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Lu J, Chen J, Li SY, Pan GJ, Ou Y, Yuan LF, Jiang JP, Zeng LH, Zhao J. Naringin and Naringenin: Potential Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11596-024-2921-z. [PMID: 39347923 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. The etiology of AD is multifactorial, and its complex pathophysiology involves tau and amyloid-β deposition, increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, metabolic disorders, and massive neuronal loss. Due to its complex pathology, no effective cure for AD has been found to date. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for the development of new drugs against AD. Natural products are known to be good sources of compounds with pharmacological activity and have potential for the development of new therapeutic agents. Naringin, a naturally occurring flavanone glycoside, is predominantly found in citrus fruits and Chinese medicinal herbs. Mounting evidence shows that naringin and its aglycone, naringenin, have direct neuroprotective effects on AD, such as anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-neuroinflammatory effects, as well as metal chelation. Furthermore, they are known to improve disordered glucose/lipid metabolism, which is a high risk factor for AD. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the impact of naringin and naringenin on the molecular mechanisms involved in AD pathophysiology. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current clinical applications of naringin and naringenin. The novel delivery systems for naringin and naringenin, which can address their widespread pharmacokinetic limitations, are also discussed. The literature indicates that naringin and naringenin could be multilevel, multitargeted, and multifaceted for preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Shu-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Guang-Jie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Yi Ou
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Li-Fu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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Sushma, Sahu MR, Murugan NA, Mondal AC. Amelioration of Amyloid-β Induced Alzheimer's Disease by Bacopa monnieri through Modulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and GSK-3β/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300245. [PMID: 38143280 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia, affecting a large number of populations. Despite being under scrutiny for decades, an effective therapeutic option is still not available. METHODS AND RESULTS This study explores the therapeutic role of a nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri (BM) in AD-like pathological conditions produced by injecting preformed amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) fibril bilaterally into hippocampus of Wistar rats, and ethanolic extract of BM is orally administered for 4 weeks. Assessment of behavioral changes reveals that BM treatment ameliorates Aβ42-induced cognitive impairment and compromised explorative behavior. Supplementation of BM also reduces oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and cholinesterase activity in the AD rats. Additionally, BM treatment restores Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/ B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) imbalance, increases neurotrophic factors expression, and prevents neurodegeneration validated by quantifying Nissl-positive hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, BM administration eliminates amyloid plaques in the hippocampal region and normalizes the Aβ42-induced increase in phospho-tau and total tau expression. Mechanistic investigations reveal that BM interacts with glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β) and restores Wnt/β-catenin signaling. CONCLUSION BM has been used in diet as a nootropic herb for several centuries. This study highlights the anti-Alzheimer activity of BM from the behavioral to the molecular level by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction, and GSK-3β mediates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Natarajan Arul Murugan
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Iram F, Shahid M, Ansari J, Ashraf GM, Hassan MI, Islam A. Navigating the Maze of Alzheimer's disease by exploring BACE1: Discovery, current scenario, and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102342. [PMID: 38762102 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurological condition that has become a leading cause of cognitive decline in elder individuals. Hardly any effective medication has been developed to halt the progression of AD due to the disease's complexity. Several theories have been put forward to clarify the mechanisms underlying AD etiology. The identification of amyloid plaques as a hallmark of AD has sparked the development of numerous drugs targeting the players involved in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as the β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) blockers. Over the last ten years, preclinical and early experimental research has led several pharmaceutical companies to prioritize producing BACE1 inhibitors. Despite all these efforts, earlier discovered inhibitors were discontinued in consideration of another second-generation small molecules and recent BACE1 antagonists failed in the final stages of clinical trials because of the complications associated either with toxicity or effectiveness. In addition to discussing the difficulties associated with development of BACE1 inhibitors, this review aims to provide an overview of BACE1 and offer perspectives on the causes behind the failure of five recent BACE1 inhibitors, that would be beneficial for choosing effective treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Iram
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Viswanathan S, Arumugam T, Subramanian K, Sivaraj R, Ramesh V, Vasanthi AHR. Molecular docking analysis of flavonoids with AChE and BACE-1. Bioinformation 2024; 20:103-109. [PMID: 38497082 PMCID: PMC10941774 DOI: 10.6026/973206300200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are promising therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, it is of interest to study the anti-AD potential of 35 flavonoids towards the inhibition of AchE and BACE-1. Hence, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity risk and drug-likeliness of the selected 35 flavonoids were computed. Further, the molecular docking analysis of flavonoids with AChE and BACE-1 were completed. A binding energy of -10.42 kcal/mol Epicatechin gallate, -10.16 kcal/mol sterubin and -10.11 kcal/mol Fisetin was observed with AchE as potential inhibitors. Similarly, Biochainin-A -9.81kcal/mol, Sterubin -8.96 kcal/mol and Epicatechin gallate -7.4 7 kcal/mol showed with BACE-1. Thus, these flavonoids are potential leads for structure-based design of effective anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittarthan Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution), Puducherry - 605006, India
| | - Thennavan Arumugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Central Animal House, JIPMER, Puducherry - 605006
| | - Kavimani Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution), Puducherry - 605006, India
| | - Rengaraj Sivaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital, Puducherry 607402
| | - Vimalavathini Ramesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution), Puducherry - 605006, India
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Uguz H, Avcı B, Palabıyık E, Nurseli Sulumer A, Kızıltunç Özmen H, Demir Y, Aşkın H. Naringenin, Hesperidin and Quercetin Ameliorate Radiation-Induced Damage In Rats: In Vivo And In Silico Evaluations. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301613. [PMID: 38105348 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to determine how well naringenin, hesperidin, and quercetin prevented damage brought on by radiotherapy. During the investigation, 48 adult female Sprague Dawley rats were used. Eight groups of eight rats each were formed by randomly assigning the rats to the groups. The normal control group was represented by Group 1. Group 2 rats were those that received a dose of 15 Gray (Gy) of radiotherapy. The rats assigned to Group 3 received only Naringenin, whereas those assigned to Group 4 received only quercetine, and those assigned to Group 5 received only hesperidin. Rats in Group 6, 7 and 8 were received naringenin, quarcetin and hesperidin at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily for one week prior to radiotheraphy exposition. After radiotheraphy and phenolic compounds rats were sacrificed and some metabolic enzyme (aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) activity was determined in eye and brain tissues. It was found that phenolic compounds have protective effect against radiation-induced damage because of their anti-diabetic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, hesperidin was found to be superior to quercetin and naringenin in terms of enzyme activity efficacy. Furthermore, hesperidin exhibited favorable binding affinity for BChE in silico compared to other enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Uguz
- Deparment Department of Field Crops, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bahri Avcı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Palabıyık
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Nurseli Sulumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hilal Kızıltunç Özmen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25200 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, 75700, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - Hakan Aşkın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25200, Erzurum, Turkey
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Barbosa DB, do Bomfim MR, de Oliveira TA, da Silva AM, Taranto AG, Cruz JN, de Carvalho PB, Campos JM, Santos CBR, Leite FHA. Development of Potential Multi-Target Inhibitors for Human Cholinesterases and Beta-Secretase 1: A Computational Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1657. [PMID: 38139784 PMCID: PMC10748024 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease causes chronic neurodegeneration and is the leading cause of dementia in the world. The causes of this disease are not fully understood but seem to involve two essential cerebral pathways: cholinergic and amyloid. The simultaneous inhibition of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1, essential enzymes involved in those pathways, is a promising therapeutic approach to treat the symptoms and, hopefully, also halt the disease progression. This study sought to identify triple enzymatic inhibitors based on stereo-electronic requirements deduced from molecular modeling of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 active sites. A pharmacophore model was built, displaying four hydrophobic centers, three hydrogen bond acceptors, and one positively charged nitrogen, and used to prioritize molecules found in virtual libraries. Compounds showing adequate overlapping rates with the pharmacophore were subjected to molecular docking against the three enzymes and those with an adequate docking score (n = 12) were evaluated for physicochemical and toxicological parameters and commercial availability. The structure exhibiting the greatest inhibitory potential against all three enzymes was subjected to molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) to assess the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme systems. The results of this in silico approach indicate ZINC1733 can be a potential multi-target inhibitor of AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1, and future enzymatic assays are planned to validate those results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyse B. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
| | - Mayra R. do Bomfim
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
| | - Tiago A. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Informática, Gestão e Desenho, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Divinópolis 30575-180, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alisson M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Desenho de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil; (A.M.d.S.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Alex G. Taranto
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Desenho de Fármacos, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil; (A.M.d.S.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Jorddy N. Cruz
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
| | - Paulo B. de Carvalho
- Feik School of Pharmacy, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, USA;
| | - Joaquín M. Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de la Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Cleydson B. R. Santos
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia—Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Franco H. A. Leite
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil; (D.B.B.); (M.R.d.B.); (F.H.A.L.)
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Inthachat W, Temviriyanukul P, On-Nom N, Kanoongon P, Thangsiri S, Chupeerach C, Suttisansanee U. Optimization of Phytochemical-Rich Citrus maxima Albedo Extract Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104121. [PMID: 37241861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were employed to optimize the conditions for the extraction of C. maxima albedo from agricultural waste, to obtain notable phytochemicals. Ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and extraction time were included as key factors contributing to the extraction. The results showed that the optimum extraction condition for C. maxima albedo was 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol at 30 °C for 4 h, which provided total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents at 15.79 mg of gallic equivalent/g dry weight (DW) and 4.50 mg of quercetin equivalent/g DW, respectively. Considerable amounts of hesperidin and naringenin at 161.03 and 3430.41 µg/g DW, respectively, were detected in the optimized extract using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The extract was later subjected to a test for its enzyme-inhibitory activities against key enzymes relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD), obesity, and diabetes as well as for its mutagenicity potential. Among enzyme inhibitory activities, the extract showed the highest inhibitory strength against β-secretase (BACE-1), which is a drug target for AD treatment. The extract was also devoid of mutagenicity properties. Overall, this study demonstrated a simple and optimal extraction procedure for C. maxima albedo with a significant quantity of phytochemicals, health benefits, and genome safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nattira On-Nom
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Panyaporn Kanoongon
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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On-nom N, Thangsiri S, Inthachat W, Temviriyanukul P, Sahasakul Y, Chupeerach C, Pruesapan K, Trisonthi P, Siriwan D, Suttisansanee U. Seasonal Effects on Phenolic Contents and In Vitro Health-Promoting Bioactivities of Sacred Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1441. [PMID: 37050065 PMCID: PMC10097295 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a commercial product in Asian countries. Almost all parts of the lotus plant are consumed as food or used as traditional medicine due to their high contents of secondary metabolites such as phenolics and alkaloids. However, agricultural management of the sacred lotus occurs during the rainy season, and the plant enters a resting stage during the dry season. Thus, seasonal variation (beginning, middle and end of the rainy season) was investigated for total phenolic contents (TPCs), antioxidant capacities and inhibitions of the key enzymes relevant to chronic diseases including Alzheimer's disease (β-secretase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase), hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme), obesity (lipase) and diabetes (α-glucosidase) of different sacred lotus parts (seed embryo, petal, stamen, old leaf, leaf stalk and flower stalk). Results indicated that an aqueous extract of stamen in all harvesting seasons exhibited potentially high TPCs, which led to high antioxidant activities and most enzyme inhibitions (up to 53.7-fold higher) than the others collected in the same harvesting period. The phenolic content and biochemical activities in stamen harvested at the beginning of the rainy season were up to 4-fold higher than during other harvesting periods. This information benefits the agricultural management of sacred lotus and supports consumption of different sacred lotus parts for health promotion. Results can be used as an initial database for future product development from different sacred lotus parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattira On-nom
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Yuraporn Sahasakul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Pruesapan
- Plant Varieties Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Piyapat Trisonthi
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dalad Siriwan
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Dose-dependent biological toxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles in rat's brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22642. [PMID: 36587179 PMCID: PMC9805464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles, in general, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), in particular, have been the focus of numerous studies over the last two decades. Recently, the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has been favored over chemical synthesis due to its low toxicity and easy preparation. The present study aims to investigate the dose-dependent toxicity of green synthesized AgNPs on rats' brains. Thirty-four Wistar male rats were divided into four groups. The first, second, and third groups were administered for 14 days with three different doses (0.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of AgNPs, respectively. The fourth group, which served as a control group, was given normal saline for the same period. The toxicity of the green synthesized AgNPs on the cortical and hippocampal levels of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, and GSH) as well as the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the monoamine neurotransmitters (DA, NE, and 5H-T) were investigated. AgNPs showed minimal oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus for the administered doses. However, AgNPs showed an inhibitory effect on AchE activity in a dose-dependent manner and a decrease in the 5H-T and NE levels. The green synthesized AgNPs showed an ultrastructural change in the cellular membranes of the neurons. The green synthesis of AgNPs has reduced their cytotoxic oxidative effects due to their capping with biologically compatible and boosting molecules such as flavonoids. However, another neurotoxicity was observed in a dose-dependent manner.
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Goyal A, Verma A, Dubey N, Raghav J, Agrawal A. Naringenin: A prospective therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14415. [PMID: 36106706 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are a cluster of progressive, severe, and disabling disorders that affect millions of people worldwide and are on the surge. These disorders are characterized by the gradual loss of a selectively vulnerable group of neurons. Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind neurodegeneration and despite enormous efforts and understanding of the occurrence and progression of NDs, there is still a lack of an effective treatment for such diseases. Therefore, the development of a new therapeutic strategy for NDs is an unmet clinical need. Various natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants or fruits have shown promising activities in treating different types of NDs by targeting multiple signaling pathways. Among natural entities, flavonoids have incited a rise in public and scientific interest in recent years because of their purported health-promoting effects. Dietary supplementation of flavonoids has been shown to mitigate the severity of NDs such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dementia by their antioxidant effects. Naringenin is a citrus flavonoid that is known to possess numerous biological activities like antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, naringenin has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent that exerts preventive and curative effects on several neurological disorders. Increasing evidence has attained special attention on the variety of therapeutic targets along with complex signaling pathways of naringenin, which suggest its possible therapeutic applications in several NDs. Derived from the results of several pre-clinical research and considering the therapeutic effects of this compound, this review focuses on the potential role of naringenin as a pharmacological agent for the treatment and management of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The overall neuroprotective effects and different possible underlying mechanisms related to naringenin are discussed. In the light of substantial evidence for naringenin's neuroprotective efficacy in several experimental paradigms, this review suggests that this molecule should be investigated further as a viable candidate for the management of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, with an emphasis on mechanistic and clinical trials to determine its efficacy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Naringenin is a flavanone, aglycone of Naringin, predominantly found in citrus fruits with a variety of pharmacological actions. Naringenin has been shown to exhibit remarkable therapeutic efficacy and has emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of a variety of diseases such as various heart, liver, and metabolic disorders. Similarly, it has shown efficacy in neurodegenerative illnesses. Therefore, this review enables us to better understand the neuroprotective effects and different possible underlying mechanisms of naringenin. Also, this review provides a new indication to manage the symptoms of NDs like AD and PD. Furthermore, naringenin will be useful in the field of medicine as a new active ingredient for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsas Goyal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Aanchal Verma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Nandini Dubey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jyoti Raghav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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11
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Dehghan M, Fathinejad F, Farzaei MH, Barzegari E. In silico unraveling of molecular anti-neurodegenerative profile of Citrus medica flavonoids against novel pharmaceutical targets. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Li J, Sun M, Cui X, Li C. Protective Effects of Flavonoids against Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Hypothesis, Potential Targets, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710020. [PMID: 36077418 PMCID: PMC9456554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which there is no available cure. Currently, it is generally believed that AD is a disease caused by multiple factors, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Multitarget prevention and treatment strategies for AD are recommended. Interestingly, naturally occurring dietary flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have been reported to have multiple biological activities and anti-AD effects in several AD models owing to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic properties. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing multiple pathogenic factors of AD. Moreover, we further elaborate on the biological activities of natural flavonoids and their potential mode of action and targets in managing AD by presenting a wide range of experimental evidence. The gathered data indicate that flavonoids can be regarded as prophylactics to slow the advancement of AD or avert its onset. Different flavonoids have different activities and varying levels of activity. Further, this review summarizes the structure–activity relationship of flavonoids based on the existing literature and can provide guidance on the design and selection of flavonoids as anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
| | - Min Sun
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
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13
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Anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of traditional chinese medicinal herbs as inhibitors of BACE1 and AChE enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113576. [PMID: 36007279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly population. At present, most drugs for AD on the market are single-target drugs, which have achieved certain success in the treatment of AD. However, the efficacy and safety of single-target drugs have not achieved the expected results because AD is a multifactorial disease. Multi-targeted drugs act on multiple factors of the disease network to improve efficacy and reduce adverse reactions. Therefore, the search for effective dual-target or even multi-target drugs has become a new research trend. Many of results found that the dual-target inhibitors of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) found from traditional Chinese medicine have a good inhibitory effect on AD with fewer side effects. This article reviews sixty-six compounds extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs, which have inhibitory activity on BACE1 and AChE. This provides a theoretical basis for the further development of these compounds as dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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14
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Mohamed Yusof NIS, Abdullah ZL, Othman N, Mohd Fauzi F. Structure–Activity Relationship Analysis of Flavonoids and Its Inhibitory Activity Against BACE1 Enzyme Toward a Better Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Chem 2022; 10:874615. [PMID: 35832462 PMCID: PMC9271896 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.874615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffers from a high attrition rate. In 2021, 117 agents tested in phases I and II and 36 agents tested in phase III were discontinued. Natural product compounds may be good lead compounds for AD as they contain functional groups that are important for binding against key AD targets such as β-secretase enzyme (BACE1). Hence, in this study, 64 flavonoids collected from rigorous literature search and screening that have been tested from 2010 to 2022 against BACE1, which interferes in the formation of amyloid plaque, were analyzed. The 64 unique flavonoids can be further classified into five core fragments. The flavonoids were subjected to clustering analysis based on its structure, and each representative of the clusters was subjected to molecular docking. There were 12 clusters formed, where only 1 cluster contained compounds from two different core fragments. Several observations can be made where 1) flavanones with sugar moieties showed higher inhibitory activity compared to flavanones without sugar moieties. The number of sugar moieties and position of glycosidic linkage may also affect the inhibitory activity. 2) Non-piperazine-substituted chalcones when substituted with functional groups with decreasing electronegativity at the para position of both rings result in a decrease in inhibitory activity. Molecular docking indicates that ring A is involved in hydrogen bond, whereas ring B is involved in van der Waals interaction with BACE1. 3) Hydrogen bond is an important interaction with the catalytic sites of BACE1, which are Asp32 and Asp228. As flavonoids contain favorable structures and properties, this makes them an interesting lead compound for BACE1. However, to date, no flavonoids have made it through clinical trials. Hence, these findings may aid in the design of highly potent and specific BACE1 inhibitors, which could delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Norodiyah Othman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
- Haematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health Complex, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fazlin Mohd Fauzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Fazlin Mohd Fauzi,
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15
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Wdowiak K, Walkowiak J, Pietrzak R, Bazan-Woźniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132647. [PMID: 35807828 PMCID: PMC9268531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents. This paper described the limitations resulting from the low bioavailability of the presented compounds and gathered the methods aiming at its improvement. Moreover, this work reviewed studies providing pieces of evidence for neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties of hesperidin and hesperetin as well as providing a detailed look into the significance of reported modes of action in chronic diseases. On account of a well-documented pro-healthy activity, it is important to look for ways to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Bazan-Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Wdowiak K, Rosiak N, Tykarska E, Żarowski M, Płazińska A, Płaziński W, Cielecka-Piontek J. Amorphous Inclusion Complexes: Molecular Interactions of Hesperidin and Hesperetin with HP-Β-CD and Their Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074000. [PMID: 35409360 PMCID: PMC9000012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at obtaining hesperidin (Hed) and hesperetin (Het) systems with HP-β-CD by means of the solvent evaporation method. The produced systems were identified using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, in silico docking and molecular dynamics studies were performed to assess the most preferable site of interactions between tested compounds and HP-β-CD. The changes of physicochemical properties (solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability) were determined chromatographically. The impact of modification on biological activity was tested in an antioxidant study as well as with regards to inhibition of enzymes important in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The results indicated improvement in solubility over 1000 and 2000 times for Hed and Het, respectively. Permeability studies revealed that Hed has difficulties in crossing biological membranes, in contrast with Het, which can be considered to be well absorbed. The improved physicochemical properties influenced the biological activity in a positive manner by the increase in inhibitory activity on the DPPH radical and cholinoesterases. To conclude the use of HP-β-CD as a carrier in the formation of an amorphous inclusion complex seems to be a promising approach to improve the biological activity and bioavailability of Hed and Het.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Rosiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marcin Żarowski
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Anita Płazińska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Tamfu AN, Kucukaydin S, Yeskaliyeva B, Ozturk M, Dinica RM. Non-Alkaloid Cholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from Natural Sources. Molecules 2021; 26:5582. [PMID: 34577053 PMCID: PMC8472022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder of different brain regions accompanied by distresses and affecting more than 25 million people in the world. This progressive brain deterioration affects the central nervous system and has negative impacts on a patient's daily activities such as memory impairment. The most important challenge concerning AD is the development of new drugs for long-term treatment or prevention, with lesser side effects and greater efficiency as cholinesterases inhibitors and the ability to remove amyloid-beta(Aβ) deposits and other related AD neuropathologies. Natural sources provide promising alternatives to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors and many have been reported for alkaloids while neglecting other classes with potential cholinesterase inhibition. This review summarizes information about the therapeutic potential of small natural molecules from medicinal herbs, belonging to terpenoids, coumarins, and phenolic compounds, and others, which have gained special attention due to their specific modes of action and their advantages of low toxicity and high efficiency in the treatment of AD. Some show superior drug-like features in comparison to synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors. We expect that the listed phytoconstituents in this review will serve as promising tools and chemical scaffolds for the discovery of new potent therapeutic leads for the amelioration and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, 454 Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Selcuk Kucukaydin
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Koycegiz Vocational School of Health Services, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48800, Turkey;
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Turkey; (B.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Rodica Mihaela Dinica
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania
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18
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Walczak-Nowicka ŁJ, Herbet M. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in their Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9290. [PMID: 34502198 PMCID: PMC8430571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and aggregation of pathological proteins. There is a search for new compounds that can prevent the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and slow down their course. The aim of this review is to present the role of AChE in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review aims to reveal the benefits of using AChE inhibitors to treat these diseases. The selected new AChE inhibitors were also assessed in terms of their potential use in the described disease entities. Designing and searching for new drugs targeting AChE may in the future allow the discovery of therapies that will be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8bStreet, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Suttisansanee U, Thiyajai P, Chalermchaiwat P, Wongwathanarat K, Pruesapan K, Charoenkiatkul S, Temviriyanukul P. Phytochemicals and In Vitro Bioactivities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Common Vegetables in Thai Food. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081563. [PMID: 34451608 PMCID: PMC8400534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed the consumption of fruits and vegetables because they are rich in phytochemicals that sustainably ameliorate the occurrence of NCDs. Thai food contains many spices and vegetables with recognized health benefits. Quality control of plant samples encountered a bottleneck in the field and comparative studies of plant control origins including species or cultivar identification, growing area and appropriate harvesting time are limited. To address this issue, all plant samples used in this study were cultivated and controlled by the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand. The samples were phytochemically screened and determined their health-promoting bioactivities via antioxidant activities and inhibition of NCD-related enzymes including lipase (obesity), α-amylase and α-glucosidase (diabetes), angiotensin-converting enzyme (hypertension), as well as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and β-secretase (Alzheimer’s disease). The non-enzymatic reaction toward glycation was also evaluated. The results showed that Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger, Citrus hystrix DC. and Solanum melongena ‘Kermit’ extracts exhibited high antioxidant activities. Moreover, Citrus hystrix DC. extract was a potent inhibitor against lipase, angiotensin-converting enzyme and butyrylcholinesterase, while Coriandrum sativum L. and Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. were potent anti-diabetic agents and Senegalia pennata subsp. insuavis (Lace) Maslin, and Seigler & Ebinger was a potent anti-glycation agent. Our data provide a comparative analysis of ten vegetables to encourage healthy food consumption and development to control NCDs in Thailand in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (U.S.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parunya Thiyajai
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (U.S.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parisut Chalermchaiwat
- Food and Nutrition Program, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Khanitha Wongwathanarat
- Biotechnology Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kanchana Pruesapan
- Plant Varieties Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (U.S.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (U.S.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-2800-2380 (ext. 326)
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20
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Cruz-Vicente P, Passarinha LA, Silvestre S, Gallardo E. Recent Developments in New Therapeutic Agents against Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases: In-Silico Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:2193. [PMID: 33920326 PMCID: PMC8069930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD), are becoming increasingly more common and are recognized as a social problem in modern societies. These disorders are characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration and are considered one of the main causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Currently, there is no existing cure for AD nor PD and the clinically used drugs aim only at symptomatic relief, and are not capable of stopping neurodegeneration. Over the last years, several drug candidates reached clinical trials phases, but they were suspended, mainly because of the unsatisfactory pharmacological benefits. Recently, the number of compounds developed using in silico approaches has been increasing at a promising rate, mainly evaluating the affinity for several macromolecular targets and applying filters to exclude compounds with potentially unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Thus, in this review, an overview of the current therapeutics in use for these two ND, the main targets in drug development, and the primary studies published in the last five years that used in silico approaches to design novel drug candidates for AD and PD treatment will be presented. In addition, future perspectives for the treatment of these ND will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cruz-Vicente
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicology—UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicology—UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Toxicology—UBIMedical, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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21
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Flavonoids-Macromolecules Interactions in Human Diseases with Focus on Alzheimer, Atherosclerosis and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030423. [PMID: 33802084 PMCID: PMC7999194 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, consumed daily in our diet, are associated with a reduced risk for oxidative stress (OS)-related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. The involvement of flavonoids with OS-related chronic diseases have been traditionally attributed to their antioxidant activity. However, evidence from recent studies indicate that flavonoids' beneficial impact may be assigned to their interaction with cellular macromolecules, rather than exerting a direct antioxidant effect. This review provides an overview of the recent evolving research on interactions between the flavonoids and lipoproteins, proteins, chromatin, DNA, and cell-signaling molecules that are involved in the OS-related chronic diseases; it focuses on the mechanisms by which flavonoids attenuate the development of the aforementioned chronic diseases via direct and indirect effects on gene expression and cellular functions. The current review summarizes data from the literature and from our recent research and then compares specific flavonoids' interactions with their targets, focusing on flavonoid structure-activity relationships. In addition, the various methods of evaluating flavonoid-protein and flavonoid-DNA interactions are presented. Our aim is to shed light on flavonoids action in the body, beyond their well-established, direct antioxidant activity, and to provide insights into the mechanisms by which these small molecules, consumed daily, influence cellular functions.
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22
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Cerqueira APM, Santana IB, Araújo JSC, Lima HG, Batatinha MJM, Branco A, Santos Junior MCD, Botura MB. Homology modeling, docking, molecular dynamics and in vitro studies to identify Rhipicephalus microplus acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6787-6797. [PMID: 33645442 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1889666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an important ectoparasite of cattle, causing considerable economical losses. Resistance to chemical acaricides has stimulated the search for new antiparasitic drugs, including natural products as an eco-friendly alternative of control. Flavonoids represent a class of natural compounds with many biological activities, such as enzyme inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase is an essential enzyme for tick survival that stands out as an important target for the development of acaricides. This work aimed to predict this 3D structure by homology modeling and use the model to identify compound with inhibitory activity. The model of R. microplus AChE1 (RmAChE1) was constructed using MODELLER program. The optimization and molecular dynamic investigation were performed in GROMACS program. The model developed was used, by molecular docking, to evaluate the anticholinesterase activity of flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, diosmin, naringin and hesperidin) and an acaricide synthetic (eserine). Additionally, in vitro inhibition of AChE and larval immersion tests were performed. The model of RmAChE1 showed to be sterically and energetically acceptable. In molecular dynamics simulations, the 3D structure remains stable with Root Mean Square Deviation = 3.58 Å and Root Mean Square Fluctuation = 1.43 Å. In molecular docking analyses, only eserine and quercetin show affinity energy to the RmAChE (Gridscore: -52.17 and -39.44 kcal/mol, respectively). Among the flavonoids, quercetin exhibited the best in vitro inhibition of AChE activity (15.8%) and mortality of larvae tick (30.2%). The use of in silico and in vitro techniques has shown that quercetin showed promising anti-tick activity and structural requirements to interact with RmAChE1. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ponce Morais Cerqueira
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Isis Bugia Santana
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Janay Stefany Carneiro Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Hélimar Gonçalves Lima
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Hospital de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria José Moreira Batatinha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia, Hospital de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Borges Botura
- Departamento de Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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23
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Wannasaksri W, On-Nom N, Chupeerach C, Temviriyanukul P, Charoenkiatkul S, Suttisansanee U. In Vitro Phytotherapeutic Properties of Aqueous Extracted Adenia viridiflora Craib. towards Civilization Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041082. [PMID: 33670795 PMCID: PMC7922288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenia viridiflora Craib. is an indigenous edible plant that became an endangered species due to limited consumption of the local population with unknown reproduction and growth conditions. The plant is used as a traditional herb; however, its health applications lack scientific-based evidence. A. viridiflora Craib. plant parts (old leaves and young shoots) from four areas as Kamphaeng Phet (KP), Muang Nakhon Ratchasima (MN), Pakchong Nakhon Ratchasima (PN), and Uthai Thani (UT) origins were investigated for phenolic compositions and in vitro health properties through the inhibition of key enzymes relevant to obesity (lipase), diabetes (α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV), Alzheimer’s disease (cholinesterases and β-secretase), and hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme). Phenolics including p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, naringenin, and apigenin were detected in old leaves and young shoots in all plant origins. Old leaves exhibited higher total phenolic contents (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs), leading to higher enzyme inhibitory activities than young shoots. Besides, PN and MN with higher TPCs and TFCs tended to exhibit greater enzyme inhibitory activities than others. These results will be useful to promote this plant as a healthy food with valuable medicinal capacities to support its consumption and agricultural stimulation, leading to sustainable conservation of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werawat Wannasaksri
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Nattira On-Nom
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (W.W.); (N.O.-N.); (C.C.); (P.T.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-(0)-2800-2380 (ext. 422)
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24
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Salehi B, Cruz-Martins N, Butnariu M, Sarac I, Bagiu IC, Ezzat SM, Wang J, Koay A, Sheridan H, Adetunji CO, Semwal P, Schoebitz M, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Hesperetin's health potential: moving from preclinical to clinical evidence and bioavailability issues, to upcoming strategies to overcome current limitations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4449-4464. [PMID: 33491467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are common in the plant kingdom and many of them have shown a wide spectrum of bioactive properties. Hesperetin (Hst), the aglycone form of hesperidin, is a great example, and is the most abundant flavonoid found in Citrus plants. This review aims to provide an overview on the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies reporting the Hst pharmacological effects and to discuss the bioavailability-related issues. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, carbohydrate dysregulation, bone health, and other pathologies. Clinical studies have supported the Hst promissory effects as cardioprotective and neuroprotective agent. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the other Hst effects observed in preclinical trials, as well as to a more in-depth understanding of its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Sarac
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Timisoara, Discipline of Microbiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Jinfan Wang
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron Koay
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Sheridan
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.,Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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25
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Mahomoodally F, Abdallah HH, Suroowan S, Jugreet S, Zhang Y, Hu X. In silico Exploration of Bioactive Phytochemicals Against Neurodegenerative Diseases Via Inhibition of Cholinesterases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:4151-4162. [PMID: 32178608 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316125517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are estimated to become the second leading cause of death worldwide by 2040. Despite the widespread use of diverse allopathic drugs, these brain-associated disorders can only be partially addressed and long term treatment is often linked with dependency and other unwanted side effects. Nature, believed to be an arsenal of remedies for any illness, presents an interesting avenue for the development of novel neuroprotective agents. Interestingly, inhibition of cholinesterases, involved in the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, has been proposed to be neuroprotective. This review therefore aims to provide additional insight via docking studies of previously studied compounds that have shown potent activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in vitro. Indeed, the determination of potent plant-based ligands for this purpose through in silico methods enables the elimination of lengthy and costly traditional methods of drug discovery. Herein, a literature search was conducted to identify active phytochemicals which are cholinesterase inhibitors. Following which in silico docking methods were applied to obtain docking scores. Compound structures were extracted from online ZINC database and optimized using AM1 implemented in gaussian09 software. Noteworthy ligands against AChE highlighted in this study include: 19,20-dihydroervahanine A and 19, 20-dihydrotabernamine. Regarding BChE inhibition, the best ligands were found to be 8-Clavandurylkaempferol, Na-methylepipachysamine D; ebeiedinone; and dictyophlebine. Thus, ligand optimization between such phytochemicals and cholinesterases coupled with in vitro, in vivo studies and randomized clinical trials can lead to the development of novel drugs against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Hassan H Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University, 44002 Erbil, Iraq
| | - Shanoo Suroowan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Sharmeen Jugreet
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Mauritius
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Hwang J, Youn K, Lim G, Lee J, Kim DH, Jun M. Discovery of Natural Inhibitors of Cholinesterases from Hydrangea: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010254. [PMID: 33477276 PMCID: PMC7830924 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease conceptualized as a clinical-biological neurodegenerative construct where amyloid-beta pathophysiology is supposed to play a role. The loss of cognitive functions is mostly characterized by the rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by cholinesterases including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Moreover, both enzymes are responsible for non-catalytic actions such as interacting with amyloid β peptide (Aβ) which further leads to promote senile plaque formation. In searching for a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, the present study focused on two isocoumarines from hydrangea, thunberginol C (TC) and hydrangenol 8-O-glucoside pentaacetate (HGP). Hydrangea-derived compounds were demonstrated to act as dual inhibitors of both AChE and BChE. Furthermore, the compounds exerted selective and non-competitive mode of inhibition via hydrophobic interaction with peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzymes. Overall results demonstrated that these natural hydrangea-derived compounds acted as selective dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE, which provides the possibility of potential source of new type of anti-cholinesterases with non-competitive binding property with PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeong Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Gyutae Lim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-200-7323; Fax: +82-51-200-7535
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27
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Potential Nutraceutical Properties of Leaves from Several Commonly Cultivated Plants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111556. [PMID: 33203123 PMCID: PMC7698063 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic dietary ingestion of suitable phytochemicals may assist with limiting or negating neurodegenerative decline. Current therapeutics used to treat Alzheimer disease elicit broad adverse drug reactions, and alternative sources of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are required. Herein, we screened methanolic extracts from seven commonly cultivated plants for their nutraceutical potential; ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl-cholinesterase (BuChE), and provision of antioxidant activity through their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging capabilities. Potential neurotoxicity of plant extracts was examined via application to SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells and quantitation of cell viability. Methanolic extracts of Citrus limon (Lemon), Bombax ceiba (Red silk-cotton), Lawsonia inermis (Henna), Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus), Ocimum basilicum (Basil), Citrus reticulata (Mandarin orange), and Mentha spicata (Spearmint) all displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of AChE and BuChE. The majority of extracts inhibited AChE and BuChE to near equipotency, with Henna and Eucalyptus extracts the two most potent ChEIs. All plant extracts were able to scavenge free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, with Eucalyptus the most potent antioxidant. Toxicity of plant extracts to neuronal cells was concentration dependent, with Eucalyptus also the most toxic extract. Fractionation of plant extracts and analysis by mass spectrometry identified a number of plant polyphenols that might have contributed to the cholinesterase inhibition: 3-caffeoylquinic acid, methyl 4-caffeoylquinate, kaempferol-acetyl-glycoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside, quercetin-acetyl-glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside. In silico molecular modeling of these polyphenols demonstrated their improved AChE and BuChE binding affinities compared to the current FDA-approved dual ChEI, galantamine. Collectively, all the plant extracts contained nutraceutical agents as antioxidants and ChEIs and, therefore, their chronic consumption may prove beneficial to combat the pathological deficits that accrue in Alzheimer disease.
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Sritalahareuthai V, Temviriyanukul P, On-nom N, Charoenkiatkul S, Suttisansanee U. Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. Foods 2020; 9:E1222. [PMID: 32887386 PMCID: PMC7555767 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kadsura spp. in the Schisandraceae family are woody vine plants, which produce edible red fruits that are rich in nutrients and antioxidant activities. Despite their valuable food applications, Kadsura spp. are only able to grow naturally in the forest, and reproduction handled by botanists is still in progress with a very low growth rate. Subsequently, Kadsura spp. were listed as endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in 2011. Two different Kadsura spp., including Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. and Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib, are mostly found in northern Thailand. These rare, wild fruits are unrecognizable to outsiders, and there have only been limited investigations into its biological properties. This study, therefore, aimed to comparatively investigate the phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory activities against the key enzymes involved in diabetes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1)) in different fruit parts (exocarp, mesocarp (edible part), seed, and core) of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm. and Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib. The results suggested that Kadsura spp. extracts were rich in flavonol (quercetin), flavanone (naringenin), anthocyanidins (cyanidin and delphinidin), and anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (kuromanin), cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (ideain), cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (keracyanin), and cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (cyanin)). These flavonoids were found to be responsible for the high antioxidant activities and key enzyme inhibitions detected in Kadsura spp. extracts. The findings of the present study can support further development of Kadsura spp. as a potential source of phenolics and anti-oxidative agents with health benefits against diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Besides, exocarp and the core of Kadsura spp. exhibited higher phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and key enzyme inhibitory activities compared to the mesocarp and seeds, respectively. This information can promote the use of fruit parts other than the edible mesocarp for future food applications using Kadsura spp. rather than these being wasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varittha Sritalahareuthai
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (V.S.); (P.T.); (N.O.-n.); (S.C.)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (V.S.); (P.T.); (N.O.-n.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Nattira On-nom
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (V.S.); (P.T.); (N.O.-n.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (V.S.); (P.T.); (N.O.-n.); (S.C.)
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (V.S.); (P.T.); (N.O.-n.); (S.C.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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29
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Temviriyanukul P, Sritalahareuthai V, Promyos N, Thangsiri S, Pruesapan K, Srinuanchai W, Nuchuchua O, Siriwan D, On-nom N, Suttisansanee U. The Effect of Sacred Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera) and Its Mixtures on Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitions of the Key Enzymes Relevant to Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:E3713. [PMID: 32824050 PMCID: PMC7463813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has long been used as a food source and ingredient for traditional herbal remedies. Plant parts contain neuroprotective agents that interact with specific targets to inhibit Alzheimer's disease (AD). Organic solvents including methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, and n-butanol, are widely employed for extraction of sacred lotus but impact food safety. Seed embryo, flower stalk, stamen, old leaf, petal, and leaf stalk of sacred lotus were extracted using hot water (aqueous extraction). The extractions were analyzed for their bioactive constituents, antioxidant and anti-AD properties as key enzyme inhibitory activities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-secretase 1 (BACE-1). Results showed that the sacred lotus stamen exhibited significant amounts of phenolics, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, that contributed to high antioxidant activity via both single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanisms, with anti-AChE, anti-BChE, and anti-BACE-1 activities. To enhance utilization of other sacred lotus parts, a combination of stamen, old leaf and petal as the three sacred lotus plant components with the highest phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and enzyme inhibitory properties was analyzed. Antagonist interaction was observed, possibly from flavonoids-flavonoids interaction. Further in-depth elucidation of this issue is required. Findings demonstrated that an aqueous extract of the stamen has potential for application as a functional food to mitigate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Temviriyanukul
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Varittha Sritalahareuthai
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
| | - Natnicha Promyos
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
| | - Kanchana Pruesapan
- Plant Varieties Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Wanwisa Srinuanchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (W.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Onanong Nuchuchua
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (W.S.); (O.N.)
| | - Dalad Siriwan
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Nattira On-nom
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (P.T.); (V.S.); (N.P.); (S.T.); (N.O.-n.)
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Combining In Silico and In Vitro Studies to Evaluate the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Profile of Different Accessions and the Biomarker Triterpenes of Centella asiatica. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25153353. [PMID: 32721993 PMCID: PMC7436049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most cause of dementia in elderly adults. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important beneficial target for AD to control cholinergic signaling deficit. Centella asiatica (CA) has proven to be rich with active ingredients for memory enhancement. In the present study, the chemical profiling of three accession extracts of CA namely SECA-K017, SECA-K018, and, SECA-K019 were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four biomarker triterpene compounds were detected in all CA accessions. Quantitative analysis reveals that madecassoside was the highest triterpene in all the CA accessions. The biomarker compounds and the ethanolic extracts of three accessions were investigated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity using Ellman's spectrophotometer method. The inhibitory activity of the triterpenes and accession extracts was compared with the standard AChE inhibitor eserine. The results from the in vitro study showed that the triterpene compounds exhibited an AChE inhibitory activity with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values between 15.05 ± 0.05 and 59.13 ± 0.18 µg/mL. Asiatic acid was found to possess strong AChE inhibitory activity followed by madecassic acid. Among the CA accession extracts, SECA-K017 and SECA-K018 demonstrated a moderate AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 481.5 ± 0.13 and 763.5 ± 0.16 µg/mL, respectively from the in silico docking studies, it is observed that asiatic acid and madecassic acid showed very good interactions with the active sites and fulfilled docking parameters against AChE. The present study suggested that asiatic acid and madecassic acid in the CA accessions could be responsible for the AChE inhibitory action and could be used as markers to guide further studies on CA as potential natural products for the treatment of AD.
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Biological and Computational Studies for Dual Cholinesterases Inhibitory Effect of Zerumbone. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051215. [PMID: 32344943 PMCID: PMC7281973 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) mediate the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh), a primary neurotransmitter in the brain. Cholinergic deficiency occurs during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), resulting in widespread cognitive dysfunction and decline. We evaluated the potential effect of a natural cholinesterase inhibitor, zerumbone, using in vitro target enzyme assays, as well as in silico docking and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) simulation. Zerumbone showed a predominant cholinesterase inhibitory property with IC50 values of 2.74 ± 0.48 µM and 4.12 ± 0.42 µM for AChE and BChE, respectively; however, the modes of inhibition were different. Computational docking simulation indicated that Van der Waals interactions between zerumbone and both the cholinesterases were the main forces responsible for its inhibitory effects. Furthermore, zerumbone showed the best physicochemical properties for both bioavailability and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Together, in the present study, zerumbone was clearly identified as a unique dual AChE and BChE inhibitor with high permeability across the BBB, suggesting a strong potential for its physiological benefits and/or pharmacological efficacy in the prevention of AD.
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Computational screening of promising beta-secretase 1 inhibitors through multi-step molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations - Pharmacoinformatics approach. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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The Nrf2/HO-1 Axis as Targets for Flavanones: Neuroprotection by Pinocembrin, Naringenin, and Eriodictyol. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4724920. [PMID: 31814878 PMCID: PMC6878820 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4724920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavanones are a group of flavonoids that derive from their immediate chalcone precursors through the action of chalcone isomerase enzymes. The Aromatic A and B rings, C4-keto group, and the 15-carbon flavonoid skeleton are all evident in flavanones, but a notable absence of C2-C3 double bond and a lack of oxygenation at C-3 position of the C-ring makes them distinctively different from other groups such as flavonols (e.g., quercetin). On the basis of oxygenation level in the B ring, flavanones can vary from each other as exemplified by pinocembrin (no oxygenation), naringenin (4′-hydroxyl), or eriodictyol (3′,4′-dihydroxyl substitution). These groups are generally weaker free radical scavengers as compared to quercetin and derivatives though eriodictyol has a better free radical scavenging profile within the group due to the presence of the catechol functional moiety. In this communication, their antioxidant potential through the induction of antioxidant defenses is scrutinized. These compounds as exemplified by pinocembrin could induce the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis leading to amelioration of oxidative stress in cellular and animal models. Their neuroprotective effect through such mechanism is discussed.
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Han J, Ji Y, Youn K, Lim G, Lee J, Kim DH, Jun M. Baicalein as a Potential Inhibitor against BACE1 and AChE: Mechanistic Comprehension through In Vitro and Computational Approaches. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2694. [PMID: 31703329 PMCID: PMC6893645 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major neurodegenerative features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of neurotoxic amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). β-Secretase (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which promote Aβ fibril formation, have become attractive therapeutic targets for AD. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the major efflux pump of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays a critical role in limiting therapeutic molecules. In pursuit of discovering a natural anti-AD candidate, the bioactivity, physicochemical, drug-likeness, and molecular docking properties of baicalein, a major compound from Scutellaria baicalensis, was investigated. Baicalein exhibited strong BACE1 and AChE inhibitory properties (IC50 23.71 ± 1.91 µM and 45.95 ± 3.44 µM, respectively) and reacted in non-competitive and competitive manners with substrates, respectively. in Silico docking analysis was in full agreement with the in vitro results, demonstrating that the compound exhibited powerful binding interaction with target enzymes. Particularly, three continuous hydroxyl groups on the A ring demonstrated strong H-bond binding properties. It is also noteworthy that baicalein complied with all requirements of Lipinski's rule of five by its optimal physicochemical properties for both oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier permeability. Overall, the present study strongly demonstrated the possibility of baicalein having in vivo pharmacological efficacy for specific targets in the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.J.); (K.Y.)
- Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Yeongseon Ji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.J.); (K.Y.)
- Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Kumju Youn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.J.); (K.Y.)
| | - GyuTae Lim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (J.H.); (Y.J.); (K.Y.)
- Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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Nouri Z, Fakhri S, El-Senduny FF, Sanadgol N, Abd-ElGhani GE, Farzaei MH, Chen JT. On the Neuroprotective Effects of Naringenin: Pharmacological Targets, Signaling Pathways, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Perspective. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E690. [PMID: 31684142 PMCID: PMC6920995 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a group of progressive, chronic, and disabling disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect millions of people worldwide, and are on the rise. NDs are known as the gradual loss of neurons; however, their pathophysiological mechanisms have not been precisely revealed. Due to the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind the neurodegeneration, investigating effective and multi-target treatments has remained a clinical challenge. Besides, appropriate neuroprotective agents are still lacking, which raises the need for new therapeutic agents. In recent years, several reports have introduced naturally-derived compounds as promising alternative treatments for NDs. Among natural entities, flavonoids are multi-target alternatives affecting different pathogenesis mechanisms in neurodegeneration. Naringenin is a natural flavonoid possessing neuroprotective activities. Increasing evidence has attained special attention on the variety of therapeutic targets along with complex signaling pathways for naringenin, which suggest its possible therapeutic applications in several NDs. Here, in this review, the neuroprotective effects of naringenin, as well as its related pharmacological targets, signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspective, are described. Moreover, the need to develop novel naringenin delivery systems is also discussed to solve its widespread pharmacokinetic limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Nouri
- Student's Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran.
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Fardous F El-Senduny
- Biochemistry division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol 7383198616, Iran.
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Ghada E Abd-ElGhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Jen-Tsung Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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Lee J, Jun M. Dual BACE1 and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Effects of Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava-An In Vitro and in Silico Study. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E91. [PMID: 30717208 PMCID: PMC6410325 DOI: 10.3390/md17020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases with a multifactorial nature. β-Secretase (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which are required for the production of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) and the promotion of Aβ fibril formation, respectively, are considered as prime therapeutic targets for AD. In our efforts towards the development of potent multi-target, directed agents for AD treatment, major phlorotannins such as eckol, dieckol, and 8,8'-bieckol from Ecklonia cava (E. cava) were evaluated. Based on the in vitro study, all tested compounds showed potent inhibitory effects on BACE1 and AChE. In particular, 8,8'-bieckol demonstrated the best inhibitory effect against BACE1 and AChE, with IC50 values of 1.62 ± 0.14 and 4.59 ± 0.32 µM, respectively. Overall, kinetic studies demonstrated that all the tested compounds acted as dual BACE1 and AChE inhibitors in a non-competitive or competitive fashion, respectively. In silico docking analysis exhibited that the lowest binding energies of all compounds were negative, and specifically different residues of each target enzyme interacted with hydroxyl groups of phlorotannins. The present study suggested that major phlorotannins derived from E. cava possess significant potential as drug candidates for therapeutic agents against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Bioinformatics, KIRBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
- Center for Silver-Targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea.
- Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.
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