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Calderon MJP, Dumancas GG, Gutierrez CS, Lubguban AA, Alguno AC, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Producing polyglycerol polyester polyol for thermoplastic polyurethane application: A novel valorization of glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19491. [PMID: 37662775 PMCID: PMC10472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biodiesel generates glycerol as a by-product that needs valorization. Glycerol, when converted to polyglycerol, is a potential polyol for bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) production. In this study, a novel polyglycerol polyester polyol (PPP) was developed from refined glycerol and coconut oil-based polyester polyol. Glycerol was first converted to glycerol acetate and then polymerized with coconut oil-based polyester polyol (CPP) as secondary polyol and phthalic anhydride. The resulting PPP polymerized at 220 °C and OH:COOH molar ratio of 2.5 exhibited an OH number of <100 mg KOH·g sample-1, an acid number of <10 mg KOH·g sample-1, and a molecular weight (MW) of 3697 g mol-1 meeting the polyol requirement properties for TPU (Handlin et al., 2001; Parcheta et al., 2020) [1-2]. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic characterization determined that higher reaction temperatures increase the polymerization rate and decrease the OH and acid numbers. Further, higher OH:COOH molar ratios decrease the polymerization rate and acid number, and increase the OH number. Gel permeation chromatography determined the molecular weight of PPP and suggested two distinct molecular structures which differ only in the number of moles of CPP in the structure. A differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) experiment on a sample of PPP-based polyurethane revealed that it was able to melt and remelt after 3 heating cycles which demonstrates its thermoplastic ability. The novel PPP derived from the glycerol by-product of biodiesel industries can potentially replace petroleum-derived polyols for TPU production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jhun P. Calderon
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Gerard G. Dumancas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Carlo S. Gutierrez
- Comparative Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 11926
| | - Alona A. Lubguban
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Studies, University of the Philippines Rural High School, Paciano Rizal, Bay, Laguna, 4033, Philippines
| | - Arnold C. Alguno
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Roberto M. Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
| | - Arnold A. Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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Fritsche K, Ziková-Kloas A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals Affecting the Liver: Screening, Testing, and Molecular Pathway Identification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032686. [PMID: 36769005 PMCID: PMC9916672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body. The plethora of anabolic and catabolic pathways in the liver is tightly regulated by physiological signaling but may become imbalanced as a consequence of malnutrition or exposure to certain chemicals, so-called metabolic endocrine disrupters, or metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs). Among different metabolism-related diseases, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitute a growing health problem, which has been associated with a western lifestyle combining excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In the past years, awareness of chemical exposure as an underlying cause of metabolic endocrine effects has continuously increased. Within this review, we have collected and summarized evidence that certain environmental MDCs are capable of contributing to metabolic diseases such as liver steatosis and cholestasis by different molecular mechanisms, thereby contributing to the metabolic syndrome. Despite the high relevance of metabolism-related diseases, standardized mechanistic assays for the identification and characterization of MDCs are missing. Therefore, the current state of candidate test systems to identify MDCs is presented, and their possible implementation into a testing strategy for MDCs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fritsche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ziková-Kloas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100
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Rietdijk J, Aggarwal T, Georgieva P, Lapins M, Carreras-Puigvert J, Spjuth O. Morphological profiling of environmental chemicals enables efficient and untargeted exploration of combination effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155058. [PMID: 35390365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals are commonly studied one at a time, and there is a need to advance our understanding of the effect of exposure to their combinations. Here we apply high-content microscopy imaging of cells stained with multiplexed dyes (Cell Painting) to profile the effects of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Bisphenol A (BPA), and Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) exposure on four human cell lines; both individually and in all combinations. We show that morphological features can be used with multivariate data analysis to discern between exposures from individual compounds, concentrations, and combinations. CTAB and DBTDL induced concentration-dependent morphological changes across the four cell lines, and BPA exacerbated morphological effects when combined with CTAB and DBTDL. Combined exposure to CTAB and BPA induced changes in the ER, Golgi apparatus, nucleoli and cytoplasmic RNA in one of the cell lines. Different responses between cell lines indicate that multiple cell types are needed when assessing combination effects. The rapid and relatively low-cost experiments combined with high information content make Cell Painting an attractive methodology for future studies of combination effects. All data in the study is made publicly available on Figshare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Rietdijk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Tanya Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Polina Georgieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maris Lapins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jordi Carreras-Puigvert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Zhou C, Li P, Han M, Gao X. Daidzein stimulates fatty acid-induced fat deposition in C2C12 myoblast cells via the G protein-coupled receptor 30 pathway. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:851-863. [PMID: 33164657 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1842749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fat deposition in skeletal muscle is an important aspect of improving meat quality. Isoflavones can promote animal anabolism, but whether and how they regulate muscle fat deposition remain largely unclear. In this study, we explored the role and corresponding molecular mechanism of one of the major isoflavones, daidzein, in fat deposition in C2C12 myoblast cells. In the absence of fatty acids (FAs), daidzein did not promote triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet formation in cells but increased sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression and maturation. In the presence of FAs, daidzein enhanced FAs-induced fat deposition and the SREBP-1c signaling. Daidzein promoted FAs-induced nuclear factor κB1 (NFκB1) phosphorylation and activated the SREBP-1c signaling in a PI3K-dependent manner. G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) knockdown but not estrogen receptor α (ERα) knockdown blocked the stimulation of daidzein on the PI3K-NFκB1-SREBP-1c signaling pathway, while both knockdown did not affect the stimulation of FAs on this signaling. qRT-PCR and ChIP-qPCR further detected that daidzein stimulated NFκB1-targeted SREBP-1c transcription. Daidzein did not affect ERα expression in cells, but it stimulated GPR30 expression and cytoplasmic localization. These results reveal that daidzein promotes FAs-induced fat deposition through the GPR30 signaling in C2C12 myoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Meihong Han
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Luo Y, Xu P, Huang Z. PPAR-Mediated Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020352. [PMID: 32028670 PMCID: PMC7072218 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, attract wide attention as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of multiple diseases, and their target selective ligands were also intensively developed for pharmacological agents such as the approved drugs fibrates and thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Despite their potent pharmacological activities, PPARs are reported to be involved in agent- and pollutant-induced multiple organ toxicity or protective effects against toxicity. A better understanding of the protective and the detrimental role of PPARs will help to preserve efficacy of the PPAR modulators but diminish adverse effects. The present review summarizes and critiques current findings related to PPAR-mediated types of toxicity and protective effects against toxicity for a systematic understanding of PPARs in toxicology and applied pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuping Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +1-412-708-4694(P.X.); +86-20-39943092 (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +1-412-708-4694(P.X.); +86-20-39943092 (Z.H.)
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