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Bich Thi Le H, Viet Ho D, Minh Nguyen H, Tuan Le A, Tran TVA, Nguyen HT. A new spirostanol steroid and a new spirostanol steroidal saponin from Aspidistra triradiata and their cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3595-3604. [PMID: 35788165 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2095635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new spirostanol steroid, aspidiata A (1), and a new spirostanol steroidal saponin, aspidiata B (2), along with three known compounds, paris saponin VII (3), daucosterol (4), and (25R)-spirostane-1β,2β,3β,4β,5β,6β-hexol (5), were isolated from whole plants of Aspidistra triradiata collected in Vietnam. Their chemical structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with previously published data. Compound 3 showed strong cytotoxicity against LU-1, Hep-G2, MCF-7, and KB human cancer cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 0.57 to 1.23 µM. Compound 5 exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against the LU-1 cell line, with an IC50 value of 95.81 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Bich Thi Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, VAST, Mien Trung Institute for Scientific Research, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Anh Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
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Timilsena YP, Phosanam A, Stockmann R. Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13538. [PMID: 37686341 PMCID: PMC10487995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a diverse group of naturally occurring plant secondary metabolites present in a wide range of foods ranging from grains, pulses, and green leaves to sea creatures. They consist of a hydrophilic sugar moiety linked to a lipophilic aglycone, resulting in an amphiphilic nature and unique functional properties. Their amphiphilic structures enable saponins to exhibit surface-active properties, resulting in stable foams and complexes with various molecules. In the context of food applications, saponins are utilized as natural emulsifiers, foaming agents, and stabilizers. They contribute to texture and stability in food products and have potential health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering and anticancer effects. Saponins possess additional bioactivities that make them valuable in the pharmaceutical industry as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents to name a few. Saponins can demonstrate cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines and can also act as adjuvants, enhancing the immune response to vaccines. Their ability to form stable complexes with drugs further expands their potential in drug delivery systems. However, challenges such as bitterness, cytotoxicity, and instability under certain conditions need to be addressed for effective utilization of saponins in foods and related applications. In this paper, we have reviewed the chemistry, functionality, and application aspects of saponins from various plant sources, and have summarized the regulatory aspects of the food-based application of quillaja saponins. Further research to explore the full potential of saponins in improving food quality and human health has been suggested. It is expected that this article will be a useful resource for researchers in food, feed, pharmaceuticals, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakindra Prasad Timilsena
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia;
| | - Arissara Phosanam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakhon Nakon 47000, Thailand;
| | - Regine Stockmann
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia;
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In Vivo Analysis of Extract of Leaves of Mistletoe as a Benalu Duku: Clinical Chemical Value Associated with Histopathology, Liver, Kidneys, and Lethal Dose Determinate. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:1182866. [PMID: 36544714 PMCID: PMC9763007 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1182866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The active compounds from the leaves of Dendrophthoe pentandra L. Miq., also known as, Benalu Duku (in Indonesia), are known to contain progesterone-like compounds (PLCs). This study aims to determine the effect of giving a single dose of PLCs on liver and kidney function in rats and the dose limit that causes the death of experimental animals. The PLCs were analyzed for chemical and physical characterization and compared to a pure standard of progesterone using HPLC, IR spectrometry, thermogravimetry, and NMR. The research was carried out in two sections. In section one, thirty-five healthy adult male rats were divided into six experimental groups and a control group of five rats each. The groups received, respectively, 50 to 75 mg/kg of PLCs (i.p.). The control group was given a 0.5 mL Aqua Pro injection. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were assessed using the clinical chemistry of blood serum analysis. Cell disruptions were analyzed to determine the degeneration effects of PLCs on the liver and kidney in the experimental and control groups. In section two, thirty healthy adult male rats were divided into 6 groups, each group of 5 rats, and injected with PLCs at a dose of 0.9-2.1 g/kg BW, followed by a lethal dose test. The control groups were available for 5 individual rats at 0 g/kg BW of PLCs. Our findings indicated that PLCs have a similarity chemical and physical characterized each other compounds, then the following administration of 50 to 75 mg/kg of PLCs did not affect the parameters of clinical chemistry. Histopathology analysis of the liver and kidney revealed normal subcellular levels in the experimental group, with the nonlethal dose at 0.9 g/kg BW.
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Durán AG, Calle JM, Butrón D, Pérez AJ, Macías FA, Simonet AM. Steroidal Saponins with Plant Growth Stimulation Effects; Yucca schidigera as a Commercial Source. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233378. [PMID: 36501417 PMCID: PMC9740418 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-stimulation bioactivity of triterpenoid saponins is well known, especially for oleanane-type compounds. Nevertheless, a few phytotoxicity bioassays performed on some steroidal saponins have shown hormesis profiles and growth stimulation on Lactuca sativa roots. The focus of the work described here was on the use of the wheat coleoptile bioassay to evaluate plant growth stimulation, and on the search for a commercially available source of active saponins by bio-guided fractionation strategy. Selected saponins were tested and a cluster analysis showed that those saponins with a sugar chain of more than five units had a hormesis profile, while saponins with growth enhancement had fewer sugar residues. Two saponins showed similar activity to the positive control, namely the phytohormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). As a potential source of these metabolites, a commercial extract of Yucca schidigera used as a fertilizer was selected. Bio-guided fractionation led to the identification of two fractions of defined composition and these showed stimulation values similar to the positive control. It was observed that the presence of a carbonyl group at C-12 on the aglycone skeleton led to improved activity. A saponin-rich fraction from Y. schidigera could be proposed to enhance crop quality and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan M. Calle
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Davinia Butrón
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Andy J. Pérez
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana M. Simonet
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cádiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
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Structure, Bioactivity and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Yucca Saponins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175251. [PMID: 34500685 PMCID: PMC8433717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Yucca is one of the main sources of steroidal saponins, hence different extracts are commercialized for use as surfactant additives by beverage, animal feed, cosmetics or agricultural products. For a deeper understanding of the potential of the saponins that can be found in this genus, an exhaustive review of the structural characteristics, bioactivities and analytical methods that can be used with these compounds has been carried out, since there are no recent reviews on the matter. Thus, a total of 108 saponins from eight species of the genus Yucca have been described. Out of these, the bioactivity of 68 saponins derived from the isolation of Yucca or other genera has been evaluated. Regarding the evaluation and quality control of the saponins from this genus LC-MS technique is the most often used. Nevertheless, the development of methods for their routine analysis in commercial preparations are needed. Moreover, most of the studies found in the literature have been carried out on Y. schidigera extract, since is the most often used for commercial purposes. Only eight of the 50 species that belong to this genus have been studied, which clearly indicates that the identification of saponins present in Yucca genus is still an unresolved question.
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Simonet AM, Durán AG, Pérez AJ, Macías FA. Features in the NMR spectra of the aglycones of Agave spp. saponins. HMBC method for aglycone identification (HMAI). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:38-61. [PMID: 32515107 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis and detection of steroidal saponins is mainly performed using chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a potential tool that can be combined with these techniques to obtain unambiguous structural characterisation. OBJECTIVE This work provides a review of the carbon-13 (13 C)- and proton (1 H)-NMR spectroscopic data of aglycones from Agave saponins reported in the literature and also the development of an easy identification method for these natural products. METHODS The database Scifinder was used for spectroscopic data collection in addition to data obtained from the Cadiz Allelopathy research group. The keywords used were Agave, spirostanic, furostanic, and saponin. RESULTS The shielding variations produced by functional groups on the aglycone core and the structural features of the most representative aglycones from Agave species are described. The effects are additive for up to four long-range connectivities. A method for the identification of aglycones (HMAI) is proposed to classify aglycones from Agave spp. through the use of 1 H-NMR and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) experiments. CONCLUSIONS The HMBC spectrum is representative of the structural features of aglycones from Agave spp. The HMBC method for aglycone identification (HMAI) method allowed the identification of pure saponins or mixtures thereof and this method can be used in combination with chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry to provide a more thorough analysis of Agave samples that contain aglycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Simonet
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Alexandra G Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Andy J Pérez
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco A Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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El Sayed AM, Basam SM, El-Naggar EMBA, Marzouk HS, El-Hawary S. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS profiling as well as the antimicrobial effect of leaves of selected Yucca species introduced to Egypt. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17778. [PMID: 33082381 PMCID: PMC7575531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies thoroughly investigated different Yucca species introduced to Egypt. As a part of our ongoing investigation of the Yucca species; Yucca aloifolia and its variety Yucca aloifolia variegata, Yucca filamentosa, and Yucca elephantipes (Asparagaceae) were extensively subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation. Yucca species cultivated in Egypt showed no antimicrobial effect. GC/MS of the lipoid contents of Y. aloifolia variegata was carried out. Twenty-six fatty acids were identified. Saturated fatty acids established almost twice the unsaturated ones and constituted 64.64% of which palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid signifying 58.28% and 30.98%, respectively. Hydrocarbons were 21 constituting 39.64% of the unsaponifiable fraction. Only three sterols 42.36% were detected, major was γ-sitosterol. LC–MS/MS comparison of the 4 plant extracts imply that Y.aloifolia variegata L extract was the richest, which was apparent through its superior biological activity. LC–MS/MS analysis of the total alcoholic extract (Alc) of the leaves of Y.aloifolia variegata L. was performed using MS-techniques at different voltages; equal to 35 and 135 eV. Negative and positive-ion modes analyses at low fragmentation energy allowed the tentative identification of 41 and 34 compounds, respectively. The LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis in the positive mode proved to be better in the identification of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, P.O. Box 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Samar M Basam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Hanan S Marzouk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Seham El-Hawary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, P.O. Box 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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Identification and Structural Analysis of Spirostanol Saponin from Yucca schidigera by Integrating Silica Gel Column Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173848. [PMID: 32847104 PMCID: PMC7504267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Yucca schidigera Roezl (Mojave), a kind of ornamental plant belonging to the Yucca genus (Agavaceae), whose extract exhibits important roles in food, beverage, cosmetic and feed additives owing to its rich spirostanol saponins. To provide a comprehensive chemical profiling of the spirostanol saponins in it, this study was performed by using a multi-phase liquid chromatography method combining a reversed phase chromatography T3 column with a normal phase chromatography silica column for the separation and an ESI-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS in positive ion mode as the detector. By comparing the retention time and ion fragments with standards, thirty-one spirostanol saponins were identified. In addition, according to the summary of the chromatographic retention behaviors and the MS/MS cleavage patterns and biosynthetic pathway, another seventy-nine spirostanol saponins were speculatively identified, forty ones of which were potentially new ones. Moreover, ten novel spirostanol saponins (three pairs of (25R/S)-spirostanol saponin isomer mixtures) were targeted for isolation to verify the speculation. Then, the comprehensive chemical profiling of spirostanol saponins from Y. schidigera was reported here firstly.
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Ho DV, Hoang HNT, Vo HQ, Nguyen KV, Pham TV, Le AT, Van Phan K, Nguyen HM, Morita H, Nguyen HT. Three new steroidal saponins from Aspidistra letreae plants and their cytotoxic activities. J Nat Med 2020; 74:591-598. [PMID: 32200514 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three new steroidal saponins, aspiletreins A-C (1-3), together with 2H-chromen-2-one (4), and α-tocopherol (5), were isolated from whole Aspidistra letreae plants collected in Vietnam. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, IR, and HRESIMS, and by comparison with the reported data in the literature. Compounds 1-3 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against the LU-1, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and MKN-7 human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 7.69 ± 0.40 to 20.46 ± 3.11 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Viet Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Nhu Thi Hoang
- Faculty of Basic Science, Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hung Quoc Vo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Khan Viet Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Ty Viet Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hue University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- Quang Tri Center of Science and Technology, Mientrung Inst. for Scientific Research, VAST, Dien Bien Phu, Dong Ha, Quang Tri, Vietnam
| | - Kiem Van Phan
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Hoai Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 06 Ngo Quyen, Hue, Vietnam.
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