1
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Manya BS, Kumar MRP, Rajagopal K, Hassan MA, Rab SO, Alshehri MA, Emran TB. Insights into the Biological Activities and Substituent Effects of Pyrrole Derivatives: The Chemistry-Biology Connection. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400534. [PMID: 38771305 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrole, with its versatile heterocyclic ring structure, serves as a valuable template for generating a diverse range of lead compounds with various pharmacophores. Researchers and scientists globally are intrigued by pyrrole and its analogs for their broad pharmacological potential, prompting thorough investigations aimed at advancing human welfare. This comprehensive review delves into the diverse activities exhibited by pyrrole compounds, encompassing their synthesis, reactions, and pharmacological properties alongside their derivatives. In addition to detailing the characteristics of pyrrole and its derivatives within the context of green chemistry, the review also examines microwave-assisted reactions. It provides insights into their chemical structures, natural occurrences, and potential applications across various domains. Furthermore, the article investigates structural alterations of pyrrole compounds and their implications on their functionality, highlighting their versatility as foundational elements for both functional materials and bioactive compounds. The review emphasizes the need for ongoing research and development in the field of pyrrole compounds to discover new activities and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Manya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, India
| | - M R Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, India
| | - Kalirajan Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Md Abul Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
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2
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Wang L, Zhang J, Li C, Dang W, Guo W, Xie J, Zhou F, Zhang Q. Access to 2,4-Disubstituted Pyrrole-Based Polymer with Long-Wavelength and Stimuli-Responsive Properties via Copper-Catalyzed [3+2] Polycycloaddition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300652. [PMID: 38407457 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrole-based polymers (PBPs), a type of fascinating functional polymers, play a crucial role in materials science. However, efficient synthetic strategies of PBPs with diverse structures are mainly focused on conjugated polypyrroles and still remain challenging. Herein, an atom and step economy protocol is described to access various 2,4-disubstituted PBPs by in situ formation of pyrrole core structure via copper-catalyzed [3+2] polycycloaddition of dialkynones and diisocyanoacetates. A series of PBPs is prepared with high molecular weight (Mw up to 18 200 Da) and moderate to good yield (up to 87%), which possesses a fluorescent emission located in the green to yellow light region. Blending the PBPs with polyvinyl alcohol, the stretchable composite films exhibit a significant strengthening of the mechanical properties (tensile stress up to 59 MPa, elongation at break >400%) and an unprecedented stress-responsive luminescence enhancement that over fourfold fluorescent emission intensity is maintained upon stretching up to 100%. On the basis of computational studies, the unique photophysical and mechanical properties are attributed to the substitution of carbonyl chromophores on the pyrrole unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Dang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Fengtao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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3
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Gotsko MD, Saliy IV, Ushakov IA, Sobenina LN, Trofimov BA. Functionalized 2,3'-Bipyrroles and Pyrrolo[1,2- c]imidazoles from Acylethynylpyrroles and Tosylmethylisocyanide. Molecules 2024; 29:885. [PMID: 38398639 PMCID: PMC10893325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of pharmaceutically prospective but still rare functionalized 2,3'-bipyrroles (in up to 80% yield) by the cycloaddition of easily available acylethynylpyrroles with tosylmethylisocyanide (TosMIC) has been developed. The reaction proceeds under reflux (1 h) in the KOH/THF system. In the t-BuONa/THF system, TosMIC acts in two directions: along with 2,3'-bipyrroles, the unexpected formation of pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles is also observed (products ratio~1:1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Boris A. Trofimov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (M.D.G.); (I.V.S.); (I.A.U.); (L.N.S.)
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4
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Zhou C, Zheng H, Chen Y, Mao G, Deng GJ. Modular Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles through a Four-Component Cyclization Strategy Using Ammonium Salt as the Nitrogen Source. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1533-1544. [PMID: 36655334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A four-component synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrroles was developed under metal-free conditions. The pyrrole ring was formed in one pot through [2 + 1 + 1 + 1] condensation using ammonium salt as the nitrogen source. In this strategy, 1,4-naphthoquinones and maleimides were used as the versatile C2 fragments to provide substituted benzo[f]isoindole-4,9-diones and pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3-diones, respectively. This work is highlighted by using ammonium salt as the nitrogen source, readily available starting materials and multibond formation (two C-C and two C-N bonds) in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Haolin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Ya Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Guojiang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
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5
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Jiao L, Wang Y, Ding L, Zhang C, Wang XN, Chang J. Synthesis of 2-Aminopyrroles Via Metal-Free Annulation of Ynamides with 2 H-Azirines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15564-15570. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Jiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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6
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Ibrahim H, Bala MD, Friedrich HB. Poly-functional imino-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: Synthesis, complexation, and catalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Dihydrooxazine Byproduct of a McMurry–Melton Reaction en Route to a Synthetic Bacteriochlorin. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to gem-dimethyl-substituted bacteriochlorins—models of native bacteriochlorophylls—relies on the formation of a dihydrodipyrrin precursor via a series of established reactions: van Leusen pyrrole formation, Vilsmeier formylation, Henry reaction, borohydride reduction, Michael addition, and McMurry–Melton pyrroline formation. The latter is the least known of the series. Here, the McMurry–Melton reaction of a 2-(6-oxo-2-nitrohexyl)pyrrole in the presence of TiCl3 and an ammonium acetate buffer formed the expected Δ1-pyrroline, as well as an unexpected polar, cyclic byproduct (a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,2-oxazin-6-ol), each attached to the 2-methylpyrrole unit. Both species were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The McMurry–Melton reaction is a type of intercepted Nef reaction (the transformation of a nitroalkyl motif into a carbonyl group), where both the Δ1-pyrroline and the dihydrooxazine derive from the reaction of the nitrogen derived from the nitro group upon complete or partial reductive deoxygenation, respectively, with the γ-keto group. The report also considers competing Nef and McMurry–Melton reactions, the nature of available TiCl3 reagents, and the use of ammonium acetate for buffering the TiCl3/HCl reagent.
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8
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Patel RK, Chauhan A, Jha P, Kant R, Kumar R. Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Alkylative Desymmetrization of Cyclohexa-2,5-dienones: Access to Linear and Bridged Polycyclic Pyrroles and 3-Arylpyrroles. Org Lett 2022; 24:5422-5427. [PMID: 35852460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic [3 + 2]-cycloaddition/Friedel-Crafts alkylative desymmetrization strategy has been developed for the stereoselective construction of linear and bridged polycyclic pyrroles from alkynylcyclohexa-2,5-dienones. This strategy was further explored for the synthesis of 3-arylpyrroles under Brønsted acid catalysis. Reaction is highly chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective and is compatible with wide range of functionalized cyclohexa-2,5-dienones/pyrroles (>51 examples, ≤98% yields). Gram-scale synthesis and synthetic utility of the products have also been demonstrated to showcase the robustness of present method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Patel
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad UP-201002, India
| | - Priyankar Jha
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad UP-201002, India
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9
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Boichuk S, Syuzov K, Bikinieva F, Galembikova A, Zykova S, Gankova K, Igidov S, Igidov N. Computational-Based Discovery of the Anti-Cancer Activities of Pyrrole-Based Compounds Targeting the Colchicine-Binding Site of Tubulin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092873. [PMID: 35566235 PMCID: PMC9101527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the tubulin-binding agents (TBAs) that are widely used in the clinic for cancer therapy, tumor resistance to TBAs (both inherited and acquired) significantly impairs their effectiveness, thereby decreasing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates, especially for the patients with metastatic, recurrent, and unresectable forms of the disease. Therefore, the development of novel effective drugs interfering with the microtubules’ dynamic state remains a big challenge in current oncology. We report here about the novel ethyl 2-amino-1-(furan-2-carboxamido)-5-(2-aryl/tert-butyl-2-oxoethylidene)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates (EAPCs) exhibiting potent anti-cancer activities against the breast and lung cancer cell lines in vitro. This was due to their ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization and induce cell cycle arrest in M-phase. As an outcome, the EAPC-treated cancer cells exhibited a significant increase in apoptosis, which was evidenced by the expression of cleaved forms of PARP, caspase-3, and increased numbers of Annexin-V-positive cells. By using the in silico molecular modeling methods (e.g., induced-fit docking, binding metadynamics, and unbiased molecular dynamics), we found that EAPC-67 and -70 preferentially bind to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Lastly, we have shown that the EAPCs indicated above and colchicine utilizes a similar molecular mechanism to inhibit tubulin polymerization via targeting the T7 loop in the β-chain of tubulin, thereby preventing the conformational changes in the tubulin dimers required for their polymerization. Collectively, we identified the novel and potent TBAs that bind to the colchicine-binding site and disrupt the microtubule network. As a result of these events, the compounds induced a robust cell cycle arrest in M-phase and exhibited potent pro-apoptotic activities against the epithelial cancer cell lines in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Boichuk
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Biologically Active Terpenoids Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-917-397-80-93; Fax: +7-843-236-06-52
| | - Kirill Syuzov
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Firuza Bikinieva
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Aigul Galembikova
- Department of Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (K.S.); (F.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Svetlana Zykova
- Department of Pharmacology, Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, 614990 Perm, Russia; (S.Z.); (K.G.); (S.I.); (N.I.)
| | - Ksenia Gankova
- Department of Pharmacology, Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, 614990 Perm, Russia; (S.Z.); (K.G.); (S.I.); (N.I.)
| | - Sergei Igidov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, 614990 Perm, Russia; (S.Z.); (K.G.); (S.I.); (N.I.)
| | - Nazim Igidov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, 614990 Perm, Russia; (S.Z.); (K.G.); (S.I.); (N.I.)
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10
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Computational-Based Discovery of the Anti-Cancer Activities of Pyrrole-Based Compounds Targeting the Colchicine-Binding Site of Tubulin. Molecules 2022. [PMID: 35566235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092873.(] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the tubulin-binding agents (TBAs) that are widely used in the clinic for cancer therapy, tumor resistance to TBAs (both inherited and acquired) significantly impairs their effectiveness, thereby decreasing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates, especially for the patients with metastatic, recurrent, and unresectable forms of the disease. Therefore, the development of novel effective drugs interfering with the microtubules' dynamic state remains a big challenge in current oncology. We report here about the novel ethyl 2-amino-1-(furan-2-carboxamido)-5-(2-aryl/tert-butyl-2-oxoethylidene)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates (EAPCs) exhibiting potent anti-cancer activities against the breast and lung cancer cell lines in vitro. This was due to their ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization and induce cell cycle arrest in M-phase. As an outcome, the EAPC-treated cancer cells exhibited a significant increase in apoptosis, which was evidenced by the expression of cleaved forms of PARP, caspase-3, and increased numbers of Annexin-V-positive cells. By using the in silico molecular modeling methods (e.g., induced-fit docking, binding metadynamics, and unbiased molecular dynamics), we found that EAPC-67 and -70 preferentially bind to the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. Lastly, we have shown that the EAPCs indicated above and colchicine utilizes a similar molecular mechanism to inhibit tubulin polymerization via targeting the T7 loop in the β-chain of tubulin, thereby preventing the conformational changes in the tubulin dimers required for their polymerization. Collectively, we identified the novel and potent TBAs that bind to the colchicine-binding site and disrupt the microtubule network. As a result of these events, the compounds induced a robust cell cycle arrest in M-phase and exhibited potent pro-apoptotic activities against the epithelial cancer cell lines in vitro.
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11
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Jiang L, Yan S, Dong J, Ye L, Cheng Y, Chu X. Catalyst‐free one‐pot three‐component rapid synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles by liquid‐assisted grinding. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Si‐Yu Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Jing‐Wen Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Li‐Dan Ye
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Deqing County Huzhou China
| | - Xiao‐He Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou China
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12
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Fatahala SS, Mohamed MS, Sabry JY, Mansour YEED. Synthesis Strategies and Medicinal Value of Pyrrole and its Fused Heterocyclic Compounds. Med Chem 2022; 18:1013-1043. [PMID: 35339189 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220325141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, interest in pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives increases owing to their biological importance, such as anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-histaminic, anti-malarial, anti-Parkinson, antioxidant and anti-viral, specially recently against COVID-19. These tremendous biological features motivated scientists to discover more pyrrole and fused pyrrole derivatives, owing to the great importance of the pyrrole nucleus as a pharmacophore in many drugs, and motivated us to present this article, highlighting on the different synthetic pathways of pyrrole and its fused compounds specially pyrrolopyrimidine, as well as their medicinal value from 2017 till 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Said Fatahala
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mosaad Sayed Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jaqueline Youssef Sabry
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Esam El-Deen Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Abozeid MA, Kim HY, Oh K. Silver-Catalyzed Asymmetric Desymmetrization of Cyclohexadienones via Van Leusen Pyrrole Synthesis. Org Lett 2022; 24:1812-1816. [PMID: 35200032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric desymmetrization of cyclohexadienones was accomplished via Van Leusen pyrrole synthesis in the presence of a chiral silver catalyst. The ready access to chiral-fused pyrrole derivatives is attributed to the identification of a suitable isocyanomethyl sulfone surrogate, NasMIC. The current Ag(I)-chiral phosphino-carboamide ligand system can be extended to the kinetic resolution of racemic cyclohexadienones, capitalizing on the differentiated reactivity of chiral quaternary complexes from AgSbF6, chiral ligand (L*), cyclohexadienone, and NasMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Abozeid
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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14
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Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-4-heteroarylpyrrole Derivatives by the Van Leusen Method. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and structural diversification of N-heterocycles systems have attracted much attention because of their potential applications. Three 6-aryl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde 4 derivatives, in reaction with acetophenones 5, via conventional Claisen–Schmidt condensation reactions, generated the respective enones. The enones were used as electron-deficient olefins in a “formal” [2+3] cycloaddition reaction using p-tosylmethyl isocyanide—TosMIC 7. This protocol allows access to 3-(substituted aroyl)-4-heteroaryl pyrrole derivatives by the Van Leusen method.
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15
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Ganjkhanlou Y, Maris JE, Koek J, Riemersma R, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. Dual Fluorescence in Glutathione-Derived Carbon Dots Revisited. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:2720-2727. [PMID: 35178139 PMCID: PMC8842246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dual-fluorescence carbon dots have great potential as nanosensors in life and materials sciences. Such carbon dots can be obtained via a solvothermal synthesis route with glutathione and formamide. In this work, we show that the dual-fluorescence emission of the synthesis products does not originate from a single carbon dot emitter, but rather from a mixture of physically separate compounds. We characterized the synthesis products with UV-vis, Raman, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy, and identified blue-emissive carbon dots and red-emissive porphyrin. We demonstrate an easy way to separate the two compounds without the need for time-consuming dialysis. Understanding the nature of the system, we can now steer the synthesis toward the desired product, which paves the way for a cheap and environmentally friendly synthesis route toward carbon dots, water-soluble porphyrin, and mixed systems.
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16
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Saliy IV, Gotsko MD, Sobenina LN, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Chemo- and stereoselective synthesis of E-2-(2-acyl-1-tosylvinyl)pyrroles from tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) and 2-(acylethynyl)pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Bhat SI, Kigga M, Heravi MM. Multicomponent Reactions Based on In Situ Generated Isocyanides for the Construction of Heterocycles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Nickel-catalyzed sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles through dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Dias do Espírito Santo R, Capitão RM, Santos Barbosa P, Simão dos Santos EF, Roque Duarte Correia C. The Chemistry and Biological Applications of 3
H‐
Pyrrolo[2,3‐
c
]quinolines and Marinoquinolines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dias do Espírito Santo
- Department of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Institute University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083–970 Brazil
| | - Rebeca Monique Capitão
- Department of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Institute University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083–970 Brazil
| | - Patrícia Santos Barbosa
- Department of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Institute University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083–970 Brazil
| | - Eric Francisco Simão dos Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Institute University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083–970 Brazil
| | - Carlos Roque Duarte Correia
- Department of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Institute University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083–970 Brazil
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20
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Pokhriyal A, Singh Karki B, Kant R, Rastogi N. Redox-Neutral 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines with 2,4,6-Triarylpyrylium Salts under Visible Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4661-4670. [PMID: 33677969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel visible light mediated redox-neutral 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2H-azirines with 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate salts providing tetrasubstituted pyrroles has been developed. The 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salt acts as dipolarophile as well as photosensitizer in the reaction, under blue light irradiation. The control experiments indicated single electron oxidation of 2H-azirines by photoexcited pyrylium salts, followed by coupling between an azaallenyl radical cation and triarylpyranyl radical as the key mechanistic feature. The mild conditions, wide substrate scope, and complete regioselectivity are the noticeable attributes of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhupal Singh Karki
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Namrata Rastogi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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21
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Agafonova AV, Funt LD, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. An isoxazole strategy for the synthesis of alkyl 5-amino-4-cyano-1 H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates - versatile building blocks for assembling pyrrolo-fused heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1976-1984. [PMID: 33566047 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00053e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A full atom-economical domino method has been developed for the preparation of alkyl 5-amino-4-cyano-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates by transannulation of 5-alkoxyisoxazoles with malononitrile under Fe(ii) catalysis. Alkyl 5-amino-4-cyano-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates are excellent building blocks for various annulation reactions, leading to new derivatives of 1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine. The DFT calculations of mechanistic details of alkyl 5-amino-4-cyano-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate formation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V Agafonova
- St Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Liya D Funt
- St Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- St Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- St Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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22
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Xu X, Chen J, Ke J, Zhang K, Wu P, Wang S. Recent Advances on Pyrrole Synthesis through Different Annulation Modes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202005018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Wei L, Xu SM, Jia Z, Tao HY, Wang CJ. A new entry to highly functionalized pyrroles via a cascade reaction of α-amino esters and alkynals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9691-9694. [PMID: 32697814 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02964e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we developed an expedient access route to highly functionalized pyrroles from readily available α-amino acid ester hydrochlorides and alkynals via a cascade condensation/intramolecular cyclization followed by a unique C-N ester migration process. A variety of 1,2,3-trisubstituted pyrroles, which were difficult to acquire with the common methodologies, were successfully prepared in good yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Kumar P, Kapur M. Ruthenium(II)‐ and Copper(II)‐Mediated Synthesis of Trisubstituted Pyrroles from Isoxazoles and Acrylate Esters. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462066, MP India
| | - Manmohan Kapur
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri Bhopal 462066, MP India
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25
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Nguyen KC, Wang P, Sommer RD, Lindsey JS. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Bacteriochlorophyll Model Compound Containing trans-Dialkyl Substituents in Ring D. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6605-6619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khiem Chau Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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26
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Zheng X, Liu W, Zhang D. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Oxazole-Based Molecules via van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071594. [PMID: 32244317 PMCID: PMC7180750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxazole compounds, including one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom in a five-membered heterocyclic ring, are present in various biological activities. Due to binding with a widespread spectrum of receptors and enzymes easily in biological systems through various non-covalent interactions, oxazole-based molecules are becoming a kind of significant heterocyclic nucleus, which have received attention from researchers globally, leading them to synthesize diverse oxazole derivatives. The van Leusen reaction, based on tosylmethylisocyanides (TosMICs), is one of the most appropriate strategies to prepare oxazole-based medicinal compounds. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of the synthesis of oxazole-containing molecules utilizing the van Leusen oxazole synthesis from 1972, aiming to look for potential oxazole-based medicinal compounds, which are valuable information for drug discovery and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pesticide Science, Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-188-1775-2588 (W.L.); +86-431-8783-6471 (D.Z.)
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (D.Z.); Tel.: +86-188-1775-2588 (W.L.); +86-431-8783-6471 (D.Z.)
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27
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Singh M, Paul AK, Singh V. A transition metal-free approach towards the regioselective synthesis of β-carboline tethered pyrroles and 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrroles. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free one-pot sequential approach has been unfolded for the synthesis of β-carboline tethered pyrroles and 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles by using highly diverse 1-formyl-9H-β-carbolines as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT)
- Jalandhar
- India
| | - Avijit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT)
- Jalandhar
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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28
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Karki BS, Devi L, Pokhriyal A, Kant R, Rastogi N. Visible Light‐Induced, Metal‐Free Denitrative [3+2] Cycloaddition for Trisubstituted Pyrrole Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4793-4797. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupal S. Karki
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi 110001 India
| | - Lalita Devi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi 110001 India
| | - Ayushi Pokhriyal
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular & Structural Biology DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sec. 10, Jankipuram Extension Sitapur Road, P.O. Box 173 Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research New Delhi 110001 India
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29
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Wang P, Chau Nguyen K, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of the Ring C Pyrrole of Native Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11286-11293. [PMID: 31432671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to develop practical syntheses of members of the family of (bacterio)chlorophylls, two routes to 2-iodo-3-methyl-4-(3-methoxy-1,3-dioxopropyl)pyrrole, a precursor of the universal ring C, have been developed. The β-ketoester of ring C is expected to give rise to ring E upon Knoevenagel condensation and Nazarov cyclization with a ring D constituent as demonstrated in an analogue synthesis. Two viable routes were developed beginning with N-TIPS-pyrrole or with 4-oxo-2-pentene and TosMIC, affording multi-gram-quantities of this ostensibly simple pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Khiem Chau Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-8204 , United States
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30
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An Efficient Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted Pyrroles by the Suzuki⁻Miyaura Coupling Reaction of SEM-Protected Pyrroles. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081594. [PMID: 31013677 PMCID: PMC6514742 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient arylation of SEM-protected pyrroles by the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction has been developed. The reaction can be carried out under mild conditions to provide aryl-substituted pyrroles in moderate to excellent yields. The scope and limitations of the methodology were evaluated, and the reaction was tolerant of a wide range of functionalities. Compared to the reported methods, the protocol has some advantages, such as commercially available materials, no debrominated by-products being formed, and the amine-protecting group being stable under the reaction conditions. The synthetic utility of the product has also been demonstrated, with several common transformations of the aryl-substituted pyrrole product being conducted. This protocol will offer the opportunity to explore other metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions employing SEM-protected pyrroles.
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